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The data envelopment analysis (DEA) models have been widely recognized and applied in various fields. However, these models have limitations, such as their inability to globally rank DMUs, the efficiency values are definite numerical values, they are unable to reflect potential efficiency changes, and they fail to adequately reflect the degree of the decision maker's preference. In order to address these shortcomings, this paper combines possibility theory with self-interest and non-self-interest principles to improve the DEA model to provide a more detailed reflection of the differences between DMUs. First, the self-interest and non-self-interest principles are employed to establish the DEA evaluation model, and the determined numerical efficiency is transformed into efficiency intervals. Second, an attitude function is added to the common possible-degree formula to reflect the decision maker's preference, and a more reasonable method for solving the attitude function is presented. Finally, the improved possible-degree formula proposed in this paper is used to rank and compare the interval efficiencies. This improved method not only provides more comprehensive ranking information but also better captures the decision maker's preferences. This model takes preference issues into account and has improved stability and accuracy compared with existing models. The application of the improved model in airlines shows that the model proposed in this paper effectively achieved a full ranking. From a developmental perspective, the efficiency levels of Chinese airlines were generally comparable. Joyair and One Two Three performed poorly, exhibiting significant gaps compared with other airlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades full-service airlines have targeted price-sensitive passengers, traditionally targeted by low-cost airlines, by promoting their economy class options. This paper aims to guide both types of airlines in promoting their economyclass options by utilizing factors influencing passenger preferences and loyalty. This paper identifies the relationship between the factors influencing economy-class passengers' airline preferences and passenger loyalty. It also shows the moderating the role of the airline business models, i.e., full-service and low-cost, in this relationship. The data was collected at airports from 418 passengers who had just traveled or would soon travel. The results indicate that schedule convenience influences the airline choice of economy-class passengers the most. Furthermore, passenger loyalty is significantly influenced by in-flight experience, schedule convenience, and punctuality, but not by affordability, assurance, and booking experience. Additionally, the type of airline business model moderates the influence of affordability on passenger loyalty. Full-service and low-cost airlines targeting price-sensitive passengers with economy class options are recommended to ensure schedule convenience and punctuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors are crucial in evaluating a company's value. High ESG scores reflect ethical practices, social responsibility, and effective governance. This paper examines the impact of ESG criteria on firm value within the airline industry, focusing on their influence on operational efficiency, risk reduction, and financial performance. Using panel data analysis, the study evaluates ESG scores from 32 airline companies over the period of 2018–2023, with an explanatory power of 36.5%. The research explores how integrating environmental, social, and governance factors into strategic management can foster sustainable competitive advantage. It focuses on utilizing internal resources, meeting the needs of various interested parties, and balancing financial, social, and environmental performance. The findings indicate that while ESG practices enhance firm value through improved efficiency and risk management, they do not always lead to higher short-term firm value. Moreover, the study underscores the significance of governance in the airline industry, where robust governance structures can mitigate risks but may also increase costs. This research contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the link between ESG performance and firm value in the airline industry, emphasizing the importance of integrating ESG principles into strategic management for long-term sustainability and financial success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lidar and in situ observations performed during POLARCAT campaign are reported here in terms of statistics to characterize aerosol properties over northern Europe using daily airborne measurements conducted between Svalbard Island and Scandinavia from 30 March to 11 April 2008. It is shown that during this period, a rather large number of aerosol layers was observed in the troposphere, with a backscatter ratio at 532 nm of 1.2 (1.5 below 2 km, 1.2 between 5 and 7 km and a minimum in-between). Their sources were identified using multispectral backscatter and depolarization airborne lidar measurements after careful calibration analysis. Transport analysis and comparisons between in situ and airborne lidar observations are also provided to assess the quality of this identification. Comparison with level 1 backscatter observations of the spaceborne CALIOP lidar were done to adjust CALIOP multispectral observations to airborne observations on a statistical basis. Re-calibration for CALIOP daytime 1064 nm signals led to an increase of their values by about 30% in agreement with previous analyses. No re-calibration is made at 532 nm, but scattering ratios appear to be biased low. Regional analyses in the European Arctic then performed as a test, emphasize the potential of the CALIOP spaceborne lidar to further monitor more in depth properties of the aerosol layers over Arctic using infrared and depolarization observations. The CALIOP April 2008 global distribution of the aerosol backscatter reveal two regions with large backscatter below 2 km: the Northern Atlantic between Greenland and Norway, and Northern Siberia. The aerosol color ratio increase between the sources regions and the observations at latitudes above 70° N is consistent with a growth of the aerosol size once transported to the Arctic. The distribution of the aerosol optical properties in the mid troposphere supports the known main transport pathways between mid-latitudes and the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present improvement actions to reduce the failure risk of a new vehicle cabin air transporter developed in an automotive plant in the Sul Fluminense region by applying the Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) tool. This analysis method enables the equipment to reduce some existing problems. Thus, it was possible to increase the demand for vehicles, expected by the end of the year 2018. For this purpose, a team was formed with employees from the main areas involved who raised the main failure modes of the equipment through the brainstorming technique. The FMEA worksheet was filled using the severity, occurrence, and detection classification tables to calculate the Risk Priority Number (RPR). Then, it was suggested to apply the technique with the necessary improvement actions for the failure modes, broken down in a 5W1H worksheet. In a conclusion, the importance of applying the FMEA before acquiring new equipment was demonstrated, avoiding waste, and guaranteeing the company's efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the incidence of scheduled training provided to develop the leadership skills of pilots, prior to their operation as the captain of an aircraft in scheduled airline operations, and the subsequent maintenance of their leadership skills after becoming a captain. Method/Approach: The approach used in this paper involved a survey of suitably qualified aviation captains and co-pilots. A total of 741 usable responses were received. The differences between the Captains and Co-pilots responses to the questions related to leadership training were examined using the chi square test. Results/Findings: The majority of both captains (51.0%) and co-pilots (57.1%) had not received training in leadership theory -- this did not systematically differ between the two groups (χ² = 5.88279). In response to the question on leadership practical training the majority of both captains (63.3%) and co-pilots (72.6%) had not received practical training -- this did not systematically differ between the two groups (χ² = 6.2756). In response to the question on ongoing or recurrent leadership training the majority of both captains (52.9%) and co-pilots (69.8%) had not received ongoing or recurrent training -- this however, did systematically differ between the two groups (χ² = 18.106). Implications: The paper provides a review of the issues related to the training requirements of leadership skills for captains of aircraft in commercial passenger operations of aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of literature related to the quality phenomena in the air transportation business over the last decades, to assess if there is some relationship between variables related to the quality concept in this business and how they have been developed during this period. To obtain this goal, a systematic literature review (SRL) has been carried out, based on international academic literature of Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases simultaneously, identifying the corresponding main papers on the research question, as well as carrying out a network analysis resulting from this review. The number of papers related to the quality concept have considerably increased during the last decades, showing, therefore, the dynamism, higher importance and interest that this topic has gained. Findings show, as well, a detailed overview of the most cited articles and productive journals on this research topic and the importance of co-occurrence between the established variables. This study promotes the growing interest that the research topic is receiving, as well as it provides a broad understanding on the variables that frame the development of this concept in the air transportation business, giving, therefore, a general overview and helping researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Since airlines that employ their resources effectively will achieve operating profitability, air route resource allocation is significant for airlines. This study aims to investigate an appropriate model to reallocate resources into each air route of an airline company. Design/methodology/approach - This study proposes a network centralized data envelopment analysis (DEA) models with slack-based measure (SBM). The proposed model not only takes into account the two interconnected stages but also considers the nonradial approach with transfer-in and transfer-out slacks for resource reallocating. Furthermore, the authorsmodify the objective function to an input-oriented function with SBM, and divide the model into passenger and freight parts, which makes the model more realistic for the characteristic of air routes. Findings - The empirical analysis using an airline company's internal data provides airline operators with information on how they increase or decrease input resources, which can serve as a practical guideline of resource reallocation. Specifically, the results indicate that the airline company should increase their input resources into longhaul air routes such as KOR-OCN while decreasing their input resources into short-haul air routes such as Korean-Oceania (KOR-OCN), Korean-Chinese (KOR-CHN), Korean-SoutheastAsian (KOR-SEA), Korean-Japanese (KOR-JPN). Originality/value - Although some papers evaluate air route efficiencies based on the DEA approach, a few existing papers have addressed resource allocation for air routes. This paper is the first to study the resource reallocation for air routes based on the DEA approach, contributing to the literature in expanding the scope of research on resource reallocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade or so and through the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of airlines have risen to global prominence in Asia (especially China), the Middle East, Latin America, Africa, and elsewhere. As each develops, many industry observers are questioning the extent to which these airlines will rival current industry heavyweights around the world. This paper aims to provide a basis for assessing what constitutes a major global carrier in the airline industry, including the likelihood of being so in the foreseeable future. Three key metrics are employed to gauge the global reach of an airline and its corresponding major global carrier status and rank: wide-bodied fleet size, the number of international destinations flown to, and continents served (squared for adequate amplification). Data are sourced from the Centre for Aviation (CAPA) airline database. The paper concludes that major global carrier status for an airline is best viewed in relation to key competitors including the ranking location of those directly above and below any given airline. This ranking approach is therefore about insights generated and is not premised on precise locations on a leader board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the aviation industry has brought about the deterioration of the climate, which makes airline efficiency become a hot issue of social concern. As an important nonparametric method, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), has been widely applied in efficiency evaluation. This paper examines 130 papers published in the period of 1993–2020 to summarize the literature involving the special application of DEA models in airline efficiency. The paper begins with an overall review of the existing literature, and then the radial DEA, nonradial DEA, network DEA, dynamic DEA, and DEA models with undesirable outputs applied in airline efficiency are introduced. The main advantages and disadvantages of the above models are summarized, and the drivers of airline efficiency are analyzed. Finally, the literature review ends up with future research directions and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the varying opinions on the legal groundwork and impact of aviation obligations, this paper review analyses the airline's responsibility and its part in ensuring the security of the passengers when they board the aircraft. In nations without any aviation regulations, the issue gets worse. In these situations, the obligation for instances of air terrorism is established with relevance to principles of general obligation. This is inconsistent, given the nature of air travel and the accidents that occur in this context. Why, if at all, is the air carrier responsible for the harm that terrorist attacks bring to the passengers? The article is to urge global legislators to relieve the airline of its responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-industry clusters are essential for the economic prosperity of a region. However, studies do not address competitive clusters among the airline and tourism industries. Thus, this paper considers the case of both industries in terms of the clusters and synergies formed. This research aim is to provide an understanding of both industries' protagonists' involvement in contributing to insights into the establishment of synergies or clusters among the two industries. Cyprus is highly dependent on tourism and airlines because they facilitate connectivity. The research comprises semi-structured interviews with the leading players and organizations of the airline and tourism industries (government bodies, airports, airlines, tour operators and hotels). The results indicate that in a small geographical context, the notion of clusters involves a synergetic relationship among tourism stakeholders. The airlines' role is essential and affects all stakeholders involved in tourism. Additionally, the research provides new insights into the role of Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) in providing applicable tourism policies that can positively impact effective cooperation among industry partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of COVID 19 infections worldwide by the end of September 2020 rose to more than 34 million cases. At the same time number of fatalities caused by the same virus exceeds one million. In the year 2020 about ten per cent drop of economic growth was experienced compared to the previous year due to COVID 19 crisis and with probably the biggest impact on tourism industry. The results of global tourist international arrivals in April, May and June 2020 with drop of 95-98 per cent are self-explanatory. Thus, stabile and continuing growth from the beginning of 21st century has been suddenly brutally interrupted returning the tourism industry on level of at least 30-40 years back, maybe even more. The consequences of COVID 19 on touristic results have been analysed in the paper. The analysis is based on four different geographical areas - global, European, Southeast European and Croatian, based on the last 20 years of tourism results. Since similar dramatic situation has also affected air transport industry, the correlation between the tourism and air carriers' results in the last two decades is also considered in this paper. Different scenarios of the future recovery of tourism industry are considered in the paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outlines the history of the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act's Employee Protection Program (EPP). Purpose, eligibility requirements and protection; Implementation; Duration of EPP protection; Delays in the implementation of EPP; Employees' initial steps to seek EPP's protection; Delayed assessments of qualifying dislocations; EPP's appropriate statute of limitations; Failure.

Globalisation and intense market competition have affected the business environment of the 21st century. The changes have mainly occurred at the customer level, where expectations in terms of service quality have increased, whilst customer loyalty has not reached the same level of expectation. This change has also been felt in the passenger air transport industry, with passenger airlines increasing their efforts to identify and implement new ways of improving the quality of services they provide to customers. However, air transport, be it cargo or passenger, faces considerable challenges arising from the increasingly dynamic and uncertain environment in which it operates. This paper is part of an empirical study aimed at developing a model for measuring and analysing the quality of air passenger services in order to improve the quality of customer service. This paper therefore aims to present some important aspects of the influence of quality on customer satisfaction in a major international airline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design/methodology/approach: This paper used pervious related to aviation literatures to summarise and viewpoint the current aviation environment and conduct the risks, value, and resilience of grounded aircraft-value in the post-pandemic era. Purpose: Throughout 2020 to date, this major event, known as SARS CoV-2, has had a decisive impact on global air transport. Since the outbreak began, passenger travel has declined due to infection risks and new laws and travel restrictions. Dependent Surveillance-Despite the recent recovery in demand from the airline industry, risks posed by new models remain a concern for many airlines. From the data of Broadcasting (ADS-B) is helpful for preliminary observation and judgment of the value level of a certain type of aircraft. Findings: This paper not only focuses on the aviation environment, but discusses aviation highlights such as international perspectives, domestic (i.e. Taiwan) perspectives, and several issues between industry and academic perspectives. Research limitations/implications: The next phase of research needed in this area is a closer assessment of the value of aircraft in the development of global networks, which could have important policy implications for aircraft manufacturers and the aviation industry. Originality/value: This paper provides a contemplative perspective about the aviation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to examine the financial performance of air passenger carriers in the case of a developing country with transition economy like Bulgaria. It also examines both the main trends in the digital transformation processes of the aviation sector and the obstacles that hinder the widespread implementation of information and communication technologies in the sector. Methodology: Through regression modelling, it is identified which financial performance indicators most strongly influence the digital transformation process of air passenger carriers. Results: The results of the study show that Bulgarian aviation operators are not capable to cover their short-term liabilities and are strongly dependent on their creditors, especially in terms of exogenous shocks like COVID-19 pandemics, political crisis, ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine and uncertain business environment. The country ranks on last place according to the values of DESI index in comparison to EU average levels in terms of digital skills of transport workers, e-commerce, and deployment of ICT. Practical implications: The implications of the study could serve as basis for future research in the field of financial performance of other modes of transport or to be used for examining the air transport of countries with similar political and economic characteristics like Bulgaria. Paper type: Research paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Nobel Laureate Edmund Phelps (2013, p. 123), Mises's critique of economic calculation under socialism renders him the originator of the economic analysis of property rights. This paper also suggests that implicit to Mises's impossibility theorem was also the origins of the theory of transaction costs. This raises the following question: what is the relationship, if any, between the process of economic calculation and the concept of transaction costs? Filtered through a Misesian lens, we argue that transaction costs are the costs of engaging in economic calculation. We illustrate our theoretical point utilizing the case of airline oversales auction system first proposed by Julian Simon (1968). In doing so, we reframe the problem of airline oversales from a transaction‐cost approach, one in which property rights in airline seats are initially poorly defined. By doing so, we illustrate that resources expended to discover the valuable attributes of a good (in this case airline seats), the terms of exchange between potential trading partners, as well as enforcing the terms of an exchange, all of which are transaction costs, are also, by definition, the costs of calculating the exchange value of goods. Thus, the airlines oversales auction system is illustrative of an institutional solution to the problem of economic calculation via a reduction of transaction costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is the propensity of airline catering supply chains to adapt their performance measures in order to meet desired service level due to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is to develop a set of metrics for airline catering organisations and explore the choices of SCOR based performance metrics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: Case study approach involving an airline catering supply chain organisation is adopted in this research. The SCOR framework is applied in the context of the case study supply chain to develop a performance metrics model for the chain. The performance metrics model is analysed and validated by a set of experts in the case study organisation. The experts are formed into a focus group. The performance metrics were prioritised using MoSCoW method based on the experience of the focus group participants on COVID-19 challenges. Findings: A hierarchical performance measure framework is proposed, and a set of 55 metrics from the SCOR framework is identified and validated for airline catering supply chains. MoSCoW based prioritisation of the metrics by the focus group participants results in 7 Level-1 SCOR metrics and 13 Levels 2 & 3 SCOR metrics been considered as necessary to better mitigate COVID-19 pandemic challenges. Research limitations/implications: This research is based on a single case study and a small number of participants, which limits the generalisability of the results. Practical implications: With the development of performance metrics and the prioritisation presented in this paper, airline catering organisations can monitor their catering logistics performance and use techniques such as MoSCoW to decide performance measures priorities in situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Originality/value: The work contributes to measuring performance in the airline catering supply chain and the need for considering adapting performance metrics using techniques such as MoSCoW, during challenging periods as in the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When measuring the electromagnetic parameters of flexible material with an air coaxial line, the specimen is prone to bend and deform in the fixture, which results in erroneous results. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a new measurement method. Firstly, a rigid material is selected and loaded into the air coaxial line for two-port S parameters measurement. Then, the flexible material is attached to one end of the rigid material and loaded into the air coaxial line together for repeated two-port S parameter measurement. According to the S parameters measured and the two-port network cascading theory, the S parameters of the flexible material separately loaded in the fixture can be deduced. Finally, the electromagnetic parameters of the flexible material can be calculated by the Nicolson−Ross−Weir (NRW) method. Experimental results show that the method proposed is effective and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the start, the airline industry has remarkably connected countries all over the world through rapid long-distance transportation, helping people overcome geographic barriers. Consequently, this has ushered in substantial economic growth, both nationally and internationally. The airline industry produces vast amounts of data, capturing a diverse set of information about their operations, including data related to passengers, freight, flights, and much more. Analyzing air travel data can advance the understanding of airline market dynamics, allowing companies to provide customized, efficient, and safe transportation services. Due to big data challenges in such a complex environment, the benefits of drawing insights from the air travel data in the airline industry have not yet been fully explored. This article aims to survey various components and corresponding proposed data analysis methodologies that have been identified as essential to the inner workings of the airline industry. We introduce existing data sources commonly used in the papers surveyed and summarize their availability. Finally, we discuss several potential research directions to better harness airline data in the future.We anticipate this study to be used as a comprehensive reference for both members of the airline industry and academic scholars with an interest in airline research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present-day airline industry is quite a competitive field and crew scheduling represents one of the crucial problems due to significant impact on the airline's cost. The crew scheduling problem is based on the assignment of crew members to operate different tasks of route. The main goal of this paper is to provide an analysis and a solution to one of the biggest problems detected on a small airport in the Serbia - the problem of ground crew scheduling. The paper presents the main characteristics, goals and limitations of a real-life problem identified at this small airport. In order to solve the problem, we developed a dynamic discrete simulation model. The model is developed in a spreadsheet environment of Microsoft Excel. Some of the main limitations found in the development of the model are strong constraints and multiple goals. The model presented in the paper is designed as a useful management tool for smaller airports and is aimed at the improvement of operative processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innvestigation of empirical implications of the contest-ability hypothesis, was conducted. It provides a test of this hypothesis in the context of the U.S. domestic airline industry, which has been cited by proponents of the theory, and challenged by others, as an example of a contestable market. The primary substantive finding is that the airline industry is not perfectly contestable but is imperfectly contestable. From a policy perspective this finding supports the continued encouragement of actual and potential competition in the airline industry. It is hoped that the study has illustrated that contestability is not an all-or-nothing proposition.

The COVID-19 outbreak dealt a severe blow to the global economy, especially to the airline industry, due to worldwide lockdown measures implemented by the authorities. This paper aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the airline stock performance of seven markets in Asia and three other markets in Australia, Germany and the United States. The data is collected from 42 airline firms from 2019 to 2020. The research outcomes indicate that: (a) COVID-19 only temporarily impacts stock returns; (b) Market values plunge immediately after the first confirmed case, and it still shows no evidence of returning to the price levels before the outbreak; (c) COVID-19 has a significant impact on stock volatility; (d) Most stocks do not illustrate any higher exposure to systematic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies a two-tier model based on fuel hedging (model 1) and the testing of the impact of commodity risk on airline capacity forecasting, which is based on a system dynamics framework (model 2). Model 1 provides a comprehensive examination of the worldwide airline industry, including an analysis of the statistical impact of oil price fluctuations on the sector and the corresponding hedging strategies employed by airlines. This study examines a sample of North American and European airlines over a 10-year timeframe to assess the degree to which these airlines have engaged in kerosene hedging for future periods and the potential impact of such hedging on their corporate value and performance. In model 2, the author integrates a capacity-forecasting model within the system dynamics framework, drawing upon the theory of capacity forecasting. The study examines the impact of commodity risk by analysing the influence of fluctuations in the jet fuel spot price on the average airfare and its subsequent effects on other interdependent capacity variables. The hypotheses presented in this study were formulated based on a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and a causal feedback loop diagram. The diagram effectively depicts the dynamic interrelationships between capacity forecasting and risk variables. Furthermore, the diagram capturing causal feedback loops was transformed into a stock-flow diagram. This diagram was then utilised to evaluate the hypotheses that were derived using a dataset that pertains to the domestic airline market in the United States. The verification of the qualitative and quantitative models demonstrates the proven impact of commodity risk on capacity forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air carriers shall not readily relinquish their held flight slots. In cases where the historical flight slot pool cannot be easily altered, a pressing need arises for an allocation method that can efficiently utilize the incremental resources of these time slots. This paper presents an integer planning model to address the efficient allocation of incremental airport time slot resources. The model considers the capacity of key resource nodes and flight waveforms as constraints to maximize the total incremental slots. Moreover, it considers the adaptation of strategic and tactical optimization. After conducting a case study using Beijing Capital International Airport for verification, the proposed model effectively reduces potential operational delays by 66.27% while adding 366 to 397-time slots. Notably, the model demonstrates remarkable delay reduction capabilities and can serve as a valuable decision-support tool for the incremental allocation of time slots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical navigation is crucial for safe aircraft separation and has been traditionally based on the pressure altitude provided by barometric altimeters. New aviation operations require robust determination of geodetic altitude and are expected to primarily rely on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Because deviations between pressure and geodetic altitudes can reach hundreds of meters, an altitude harmonization is needed to use barometers in combination with GNSS. In this paper, we first present a methodology to compute an accurate geodetic altitude from barometer and external weather data. Secondly, we derive error and threat models of this geodetic altitude. Finally, we employ these models within a GNSS integrity monitoring algorithm augmented with the derived altitude. We assess our methodologies against flight test measurements and availability simulations of localizer performance with vertical guidance operations. These analyses illustrate the potential benefits of employing barometers as augmentation or stand-alone systems for geodetic altitude navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of this study is derived from instability situations faced by various markets, particularly in the transport and logistics sectors, and the necessity to ascertain methods for their future advancement. The aim of this paper is to determine transformative modifications in the fundamental principles of strategic management for companies engaged in transport and logistics markets. In the course of the research, various methods were employed, including generalization, system analysis, abstract-logical method, systemic approach, analysis and synthesis method, graphical method, induction, deduction, comparison and systematization method, expert analysis, and selective observations. As a result, the authors identified the prerequisites for the transformation of unique and oversized air carriers into 3PL (Third-Party Logistics) operators, which are divided into the following blocks: needs, threats and risks, and product uniqueness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a solution to a certain macroeconomic model. A multi-alternative problem of aviation transportation optimal organisation in conditions of uncertainty of the subjective preference functions is considered. Conditional optimisation of the objective functional containing the entropy of the individuals' operational effectiveness functions preferences is carried out in the framework of the simplest macroeconomic problem. The principle of the Solow and Cobb–Douglas models, likewise for economic growth, is modified with the Subjective Entropy Maximum Principle. The advantages of the described optimisation approach are demonstrated in generalised terms of the operational effectiveness functions for aviation transportation organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The de-bundling and re-bundling of service products offered by low cost carriers from service innovation have become 'à-la-carte' services and chargeable ancillary services to generate additional revenues in the airline industry. In this paper, we focus on the payable upgrade option in airlines to increase revenue when customers' demands are uncertain. This study is as an extension of planned upgrade, which guarantees the use of low-quality services at a low price, but requires customers to pay to use upgraded benefits. In this paper, we focus on the seat assignment problem with the payable upgrade option to maximize revenue. Also, we set the condition under which payable upgrade options can generate more revenue. Furthermore, applying Belobaba's EMSR approach, we suggest an effective seat assignment method for multiple fare classes with a payable upgrade option to increase the total revenue. With a simple numerical example, we find that introducing a payable upgrade option can increase the revenue. Our method for allocating seats for multiple fare classes with a payable upgrade option can contribute effectively to revenue increases in airlines' branded fare products, as well as in other service industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing number of airports and the expansion of their scale, the aviation network has become complex and hierarchical. In order to investigate the complex network characteristics of aviation networks, this paper constructs a Chinese aviation network model and carries out related research based on complex network theory and K-means algorithm. Initially, the P-space model is employed to construct the Chinese aviation network model. Then, complex network indicators such as degree, clustering coefficient, average path length, betweenness and coreness are selected to investigate the complex characteristics and hierarchical features of aviation networks and explore their causes. Secondly, using K-means clustering algorithm, five values are obtained as the initial clustering parameter K values for each of the aviation network hierarchies classified according to five complex network indicators. Meanwhile, clustering simulation experiments are conducted to obtain the visual clustering results of Chinese aviation network nodes under different K values, as well as silhouette coefficients for evaluating the clustering effect of each indicator in order to obtain the hierarchical classification of aviation networks under different indicators. Finally, the silhouette coefficient is optimal when the K value is 4. Thus, the clustering results of the four layers of the aviation network can be obtained. According to the experimental results, the complex network association discovery method combined with K-means algorithm has better applicability and simplicity, while the accuracy is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to present a systematic review of multiple- criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques used in the assessment of service qual- ity. This study reviewed a total of 79 articles from 51 journals, published from 2001 to 2015. Articles were classified into 10 application areas and scopes. Furthermore, articles were categorised based on an author, year, application area, the nationality of the author, ‏technique, a number of criteria, research purpose, gap and research problem, results and outcome. The best criteria were determined in each article. The results of this study re- vealed that more papers on MCDM were published in 2011 than in any other year. Inte- grated techniques, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy AHP methods, were ranked as first and second methods in use, respectively. Finally, the airline industry was ranked as the first application area, in which previous studies applied MCDM techniques for the evaluation of the service quality. This research contributes to the existing literature on the service quality and MCDM. The research outputs are valuable to academics scholars and leaders of organisations and industries in the field of service quality evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The COVID-19 pandemic has been an unprecedented crisis, severely affecting the economy and many sectors, including the airline industry. This paper reviews this situation to see how airlines have acted since the beginning of COVID-19. The airline industry is dependent on financial support and subsidies to cope with the massive drop in air travel due to the coronavirus. The support received by the major airlines has been examined. In addition, a comparison has been made of all the aviation restrictions that have been implemented by different European governments. Travellers from countries with a higher incidence of cases, or with a growing rate of cases, have the most restrictions on travel to other countries. Furthermore, the strategies and protocols being implemented by certain airlines following the lifting of some of the restrictions on passenger air traffic are analysed. This paper will provide an insight into how airlines are coping with this unfavourable environment, as well as some of the future prospects and strategies of the aviation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current differences between the accounting models for a financial and an operating lease and their critics from the users of the financial statement forced the IASB issued a new Leases Standard, IFRS 16, which supersedes IAS 17 Leases and its related interpretations in January 2106. IFRS 16 will eliminate dual accounting model for lessees and it is assumed to have significant business implications, especially from lessee’s point of view. The paper focuses on quantification of the impact of IFRS 16 on selected financial statement items and financial analysis ratios of fifteen European airlines. The research is also concerned with comparison of the article outputs with the previous cases studies. The paper confirmed that lease capitalization under IFRS 16 will have a material impact on the reported numbers in the balance sheet and income statement and result in significant changes to return and leverage ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]