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From Plato to contemporary educators of Learning Sciences today, the aim of hard work is to reveal the nature of learning, how man learns, and how it could be perfected. As a result, different learning theories were created with cumulative effects of society, politics, and scientific developments. This paper outlines the crossroad of the conceptualizations of these learning theories and their social, political, and scientific contexts. The study was designed as a phenomenological study through which PhD students' conceptualizations of learning theories were aimed to be understood. The reflection papers they wrote on seven learning theories (Behaviorism, Connectionism, Operant Conditioning, Affective Learning, Social Learning Theory, and Constructivism) were analyzed through a contrapuntal lens to understand the sociology of learning theories. The reflection papers as a data source reflected the close ties of learning theories and their social, political, and scientific background. Students discussed each learning theory with their original concepts and timely backgrounds. The data obtained from student reflection papers outlined how learning theories are conceptualized within their own social, political, and scientific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of smart elderly industry is an inevitable way to cope with the aging of the population. This research takes the smart elderly care service supply chain as the object, combines the social emotional choice theory for the first time, and uses the time perception to refine the elderly care demand into future-orientation demand and present-orientation demand. This paper analyzes the coordination effect of suppliers' efforts to meet the needs of the elderly under the two conditions of no contract and benefit-sharing contract on the dual-channel supply chain of smart elderly care services. The results show that the benefit-sharing contract is more conducive to maximizing the profit of the supply chain, and the segmentation of elderly demand is conducive to giving full play to the advantages of dual-channel differentiated services, which is conducive to forming a win-win situation of improving the service efficiency of the smart elderly service supply chain and increasing the happiness index of elderly users. The main contributions of this paper are: Using geriatric behavioral psychology to analyze the motivation of the elderly and designing the service effort level index considering the needs of the elderly. Match online and offline channels with personalized services to give full play to the "smart" effect. Based on the game method of Hotelling and Stackelberg, the coordination and optimization of the smart elderly care services dual-channel supply chain, considering the needs of the elderly are realized. This is of great research significance for maximizing the benefits of the smart elderly service supply chain and promoting the development of the smart elderly industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a call for papers for a special issue of the "Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior." Assembly of a set of experimental and conceptual articles that illustrate and assess efforts to relate neuroscience and behavior; Consideration of the parallels envisioned by B.F. Skinner, author of the 1938 text "The Behavior of Organisms"; Mappings between neurophysiology and behavior.

As technology advances, conceptualizations of effective strategies for teaching and learning shift. Due in part to their facilitation of unique affordances for learning, mobile devices, augmented reality, and games are all becoming more prominent elements in learning environments. In this work, we examine mobile augmented reality serious games (MARSGs) as the intersection of these technology-based experiences and to what effect their combination can yield even greater learning outcomes. We present a PRISMA review of 23 papers (from 610) spanning the entire literature timeline from 2002–2023. Among these works, there is wide variability in the realized application of game elements and pedagogical theories underpinning the game experience. For an educational tool to be effective, it must be designed to facilitate learning while anchored by pedagogical theory. Given that most MARSG developers are not pedagogical experts, this review further provides design considerations regarding which game elements might proffer the best of three major pedagogical theories for modern learning (cognitive constructivism, social constructivism, and behaviorism) based on existing applications. We will also briefly touch on radical constructivism and the instructional elements embedded within MARSGs. Lastly, this work offers a synthesis of current MARSG findings and extended future directions for MARSG development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese intellectuals started to engage in Buddhist psychology in the early 20th century, a time when Western culture was greatly influencing the country. Taixu criticized Western psychology and proposed his Buddhist psychology. He proposed a tripartite psychology based on Buddhist doctrine: psychology on affection (qing 情); psychology on reflection (xiang 想); and psychology on wisdom (zhi 智). Perceiving Western psychology as lacking in both theoretical depth and breadth, he specifically criticized behaviorism. He integrated the interpretation of "sense faculties" (indriya) from the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, thereby reconstructing an Ideal Behavioral Science, a philosophical system that centers on behavior and encompasses all aspects of life. This paper argues that Taixu's critique of Western psychology and his construction of Buddhist psychology responded to the ideological trends of his era. In Taixu's conceptual system, Buddhist psychology was part of his theory on "Buddhism for human life" (rensheng fojiao 人生佛教), serving not only to explain the psychological state of human but also to guide cultivation and lead people to enlightenment, bearing practical significance. Taixu's study of worldly knowledge, including psychology, attempts to comprehensively construct a modern Buddhist system that integrates Buddhist Dharma and secular learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A T-spherical uncertain linguistic set (TSULS) is not only an expanded form of the T-spherical fuzzy set and the uncertain linguistic set but can also integrate the quantitative judging ideas and qualitative assessing information of decision-makers. For the description of complex and uncertain assessment data, TSULS is a powerful tool for the precise description and reliable processing of information data. However, the existing multi-attribute border approximation area comparison (MABAC) method has not been studied in TSULS. Thus, the goal of this paper is to extend and improve the MABAC method to tackle group decision-making problems with completely unknown weight information in the TSUL context. First, the cross-entropy measure and the interactive operation laws for the TSUL numbers are defined, respectively. Then, the two interactive aggregation operators for TSUL numbers are developed, namely T-spherical uncertain linguistic interactive weighted averaging and T-spherical uncertain linguistic interactive weighted geometric operators. Their effective properties and some special cases are also investigated. Subsequently, a new TSULMAGDM model considering the DM's behavioral preference and psychology is built by integrating the interactive aggregation operators, the cross-entropy measure, prospect theory, and the MABAC method. To explore the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed model, an illustrative example of Sustainable Waste Clothing Recycling Partner selection is presented, and the results show that the optimal solution is h3. Finally, the reliable, valid, and generalized nature of the method is further verified through sensitivity analysis and comparative studies with existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interference of technology in education requires the development of new theories of learning. The paper analyzes connectivism as the most important representative of the theories related to the "digital age." From the point of view of the environment, called a remote experiment, learning occurs initially at the individual level, encompassing all three classic theories of learning: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. It shows that the virtual environment has introduced a powerful lever of imbalance for the real environment. This is how we arrived at the explanation of learning theories in real-virtual environments through the theory of chaos or complex environments. Like any knowledge storage network with nodes between which connections can be made, even the remote experiment is subject to random laws. The addition of knowledge is not simply the sum of the effects produced by each individual node (the system is not linear). A distinction is made between information and knowledge. Even if the information in the nodes can be read, this aspect does not represent learning. The remote experiment not only expanded the realm of knowledge but also emphasized the critical role of time. The time remained constant, while the amount of information increased. The teacher, as a knowledge synthesizer, can help orient the student to this vast amount of information, especially when time is limited. Additionally, the student can also play an active role in organizing and systematizing the information. Two examples of experiments are given, which, being inter- and transdisciplinary, can contribute to the introduction of the elements of non-linearity and unpredictability as a method of designing the educational environment, precisely to be able to transform it into a thinking system suitable for the mixture between real and virtual environments in which we live more and more intensely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of Internet technology and digitalization, mass media has increasingly become an important channel for health behavior communication. This paper analyzes the current situation and interrelationship of psychological capital, psychological disorders, and health behaviors from the perspective of behavioral psychology, and optimizes public health behaviors by adopting the Knowing, Believing, and Acting model, the Health Belief Model, and the Health Behavior Transformation Stage model. The model of the mediating effect of mass media on health behavior was constructed through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, validation factor analysis, validity scale validity and internal consistency reliability test. The final results of the model analysis showed that individuals' self-disclosure behaviors in social media were positively related to individuals' perceived behavioral control (β = 0.083, P < 0.001) and attitude (β = 0.177, P < 0.001). And the path coefficients of each dimension with the influence of mental health behavior were 0.873, 0.933, 0.815, and 0.735, respectively, with positive psychology having the greatest influence on their health behavior. This paper uses mass media strategies that promote the optimization of public health behaviors to effectively allow more Chinese people to say goodbye to bad habits and move toward a new healthy life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodent behavioral analysis is a major specialization in experimental psychology and behavioral neuroscience. Rodents display a wide range of species-specific behaviors, not only in their natural habitats but also under behavioral testing in controlled laboratory conditions. Detecting and categorizing these different kinds of behavior in a consistent way is a challenging task. Observing and analyzing rodent behaviors manually limits the reproducibility and replicability of the analyses due to potentially low inter-rater reliability. The advancement and accessibility of object tracking and pose estimation technologies led to several open-source artificial intelligence (AI) tools that utilize various algorithms for rodent behavioral analysis. These software provide high consistency compared to manual methods, and offer more flexibility than commercial systems by allowing custom-purpose modifications for specific research needs. Open-source software reviewed in this paper offer automated or semi-automated methods for detecting and categorizing rodent behaviors by using hand-coded heuristics, machine learning, or neural networks. The underlying algorithms show key differences in their internal dynamics, interfaces, user-friendliness, and the variety of their outputs. This work reviews the algorithms, capability, functionality, features and software properties of open-source behavioral analysis tools, and discusses how this emergent technology facilitates behavioral quantification in rodent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Livestreaming, as a relatively new online marketing model, has generated numerous business opportunities for e-commerce and social commerce. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what degree livestreaming content impacts online users' cognitive and emotional reactions and whether their cognitive and emotional responses affect their purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach: Through the lens of regulatory focus theory (RFT) and stimulus–organism–response (S–O–R) theory, the authors empirically examine the influencing mechanisms of livestreaming on online consumers' purchase intentions. Structural equation models are used to analyze the relationships in the proposed research model. Findings: The results of this study show that information-task fit positively affects consumers' perceived usefulness of livestreaming. Both visual effects and sociability positively affect consumers' perceived value and social presence. Furthermore, perceived usefulness and perceived joy positively affect consumers' purchase intentions in a livestreaming environment. This study's results also demonstrate that the regulatory focus of consumers has a moderating effect on the influence of their perceived joy on shopping intentions. Originality/value: This study contributes to the relevant literature by simultaneously examining the role of e-commerce platform characteristics and online consumer psychology in influencing behavioral intention. With a better understanding of their role, platform operators and sellers can refine their livestreaming marketing tools and strategies. Highlighting the interplays among external stimuli, user reactions and user motivational styles, this study contributes to mobile e-commerce literature and the broader literature on digital marketing and human–computer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the empiricist program from early debates between nativism and behaviorism within philosophy, through debates about early connectionist approaches within the cognitive sciences, and up to their recent iterations within the domain of deep learning. We demonstrate how current debates on the nature of cognition via deep network architecture echo some of the core issues from the Chomsky/Quine debate and investigate the strength of support offered by these various lines of research to the empiricist standpoint. Referencing literature from both computer science and philosophy, we conclude that the current state of deep learning does not offer strong encouragement to the empiricist side despite some arguments to the contrary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a commentary on the paper "Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences," by R. B. Zajonc and H. Marcus. In their paper the authors challenged the traditional view that the generation of affect towards a given object is always mediated by a cognitive evaluation of this object. They proposed instead that under certain circumstances affective reactions could be evoked prior to or in the absence of any cognitive processes. The commentator contends that neither the paper's arguments or anecdotes substantiates the independence of affect and cognition.

Behavioral learning theory has been generally overlooked in the development of marketing thought. The central concept states that behavior that is positively reinforced is more likely to recur than nonreinforced behavior. This runs parallel to the marketing concept and may be a sufficient model for dealing with most low involvement purchase situations. Its greatest value may be in the development of promotional strategies. This paper extends some of the ideas presented in an earlier paper in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper does not claim to be a novel contribution to any field. It simply opposes claims by philosophers of consciousness-I take Daniel Dennett as an example (though no more than that) that non-conscious robot-like neurons (Dennett's phrase) can, taken together, add up to an explanation of (even the illusion of) consciousness. To this I oppose G. H. Mead's so-called social behaviorism. My argument, such as it is, proceeds in well-defined stages: 1. I first introduce the history of anti-reductionism among philosophers, including those of the analytical persuasion, especially among North American philosophers; 2. the 'new archaeology' of hominid prehistory is then introduced to show how some eminent archeologists oppose the reductionist view that large brains-deduced from finds of larger and larger skulls-constitute the best explanation we have for the advent of Homo sapiens; 3. the heart of my paper is then a reference to-not a proper summary of-Terence Deacon's masterful book, The Symbolic Species: The Co- Evolution of Language and the Brain-where the idea of co-evolution of human communication and brain development (along with other physiological traits such as a proper voice box) is put forward as a better-as co-evolutionary-explanation of human symbolic behavior than the standard ones (including Dennett's); 4. I then make equally brief summaries of confirming evidence of such co-evolution; 5. this is followed by similar summaries of the alleged science of historical linguistics-none of it explaining the beginning, but only the development of human languages in non-reductionist terms; 6. I then introduce Berger and Luckmann's Social Construction of Reality to make a central claim: that even reductionist science-whether genetic reductionism or brain-studies-based reductionism-is and must be socially constructed; and 7. I conclude with a preference for a Meadian (similar to a Deweyan) social responsibility activism. One note relative to item number 1: I make no claim here to discuss Merleau-Ponty or any other well-known anti-reductionist; this is in answer to one referee of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reproduces an archived and previously unpublished paper by Bronislaw Malinowski entitled "The anthropological approach to language" which he delivered to a meeting of the elite Monday Night Group in the Institute of Human Relations at Yale University in November 1941. The social "context of situation" of Malinowski's seminar presentation is reconstructed together with a brief consideration of his contribution to linguistic theory. A commentary on his paper refers to Malinowski's relationship with several of his peers, including discussion of the critical reception given to the second volume of his last monograph on the Trobriand Islands, Coral Gardens and their Magic. Finally, the "biographical context of situation" describes Malinowski's lethally busy schedule six months before his death, referring to his other public presentations during the months of October and November 1941. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Kenneth D. Bailey focusing on public and private codes in living systems theory and another by Joel Palmius on the design of complex systems with reference to information systems.

Predicting the information spread tendency can help products recommendation and public opinion management. The existing information cascade prediction models are devoted to extract the chronological features from diffusion sequences but treat the diffusion sources as ordinary users. Diffusion source, the first user in the information cascade, can indicate the latent topic and diffusion pattern of an information item to mine user potential common interests, which facilitates information cascade prediction. In this paper, for modelling the abundant implicit semantics of diffusion sources in information cascade prediction, we propose a Diffusion Source latent Semantics-Fused cascade prediction framework, named DSSF. Specifically, we firstly apply diffusion sources embedding to model the special role of the source users. To learn the latent interaction between users and diffusion sources, we proposed a co-attention-based fusion gate which fuses the diffusion sources' latent semantics with user embedding. To address the challenge that the distribution of diffusion sources is long-tailed, we develop an adversarial training framework to transfer the semantics knowledge from head to tail sources. Finally, we conduct experiments on real-world datasets, and the results show that modelling the diffusion sources can significantly improve the prediction performance. Besides, this improvement is limited for the cascades from tail sources, and the adversarial framework can help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Increasing walking and cycling, and reducing motorised transport, are health and environmental priorities. This paper examines levels and trends in the use of different commute modes in England and Wales, both overall and with respect to small-area deprivation. It also investigates whether commute modal share can serve as a proxy for travel behaviour more generally. Methods: 23.7 million adult commuters reported their usual main mode of travelling to work in the 2011 census in England and Wales; similar data were available for 1971–2001. Indices of Multiple Deprivation were used to characterise socio-economic patterning. The National Travel Survey (2002–2010) was used to examine correlations between commute modal share and modal share of total travel time. These correlations were calculated across 150 non-overlapping populations defined by region, year band and income. Results: Among commuters in 2011, 67.1% used private motorised transport as their usual main commute mode (−1.8 percentage-point change since 2001); 17.8% used public transport (+1.8% change); 10.9% walked (−0.1% change); and 3.1% cycled (+0.1% change). Walking and, to a marginal extent, cycling were more common among those from deprived areas, but these gradients had flattened over the previous decade to the point of having essentially disappeared for cycling. In the National Travel Survey, commute modal share and total modal share were reasonably highly correlated for private motorised transport (r = 0.94), public transport (r = 0.96), walking (r = 0.88 excluding London) and cycling (r = 0.77). Conclusions: England and Wales remain car-dependent, but the trends are slightly more encouraging. Unlike many health behaviours, it is more common for socio-economically disadvantaged groups to commute using physically active modes. This association is, however, weakening and may soon reverse for cycling. At a population level, commute modal share provides a reasonable proxy for broader travel patterns, enhancing the value of the census in characterising background trends and evaluating interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even during its heyday, American behaviourist psychology was repeatedly criticized for the lack of diversity in its experimental subjects, with its almost exclusive focus on rats and pigeons. This paper revisits this debate by examining the rise and fall of a once promising alternative laboratory animal and model of intelligence, the raccoon. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, psychological investigations of the raccoon existed on the borderlands between laboratory experimentation, natural history and pet-keeping. Moreover, its chief advocate, Lawrence W. Cole, inhabited the institutional and geographic borderlands of the discipline. This liminality ultimately worked against the raccoon’s selection as a standardized model during the behaviourist era. The question of raccoon intelligence was also a prominent topic in the contemporaneous debates over the place of sentiment in popular nature writing. Although Cole and others argued that the raccoon provided unique opportunities to study mental attributes such as curiosity and attention, others accused the animal’s advocates of sentimentalism, anthropomorphism and nature faking. The paper examines the making and unmaking of this hybrid scientific culture as the lives of experimenters and animals became entangled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies are significant in research not only as instruments for gathering data and analyzing information; they also provide a valuable resource for the development of theory-in terms of what has been called the "tools to theory heuristic." Focusing on the specific example of the fields of educational psychology and instructional technology and design, this paper begins by describing how the workings of the "tools to theory heuristic" are evident in the metaphors and descriptions of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. In each of these psychological paradigms, the mind is understood in terms of a contemporaneous technological innovation: as rudimentary circuitry, as computerized data processing, and finally, in terms of information representation and visualization. The paper then argues that in applied disciplines like educational technology and human-computer interaction, technology plays two important but conflicting roles. It first operates heuristically to explain complex mental phenomena; it is then designed and developed explicitly as a tool for facilitating and developing these same complex mental processes. This paper concludes by arguing that this dual role represents an ethical dilemma—a kind of epistemological and practical "conflict of interest" in instructional technology and in related fields of systems and interface design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to outline the changes occurred within the philosophical analysis of language as a result of adopting the holistic perspective of meaning. These transformations are obvious as Donald Davidson’s papers are taken into account, ever since the “Truth and Meaning” (1967), where he sketches a theory of meaning which appears under the paradoxical form of a theory of truth. But the grounds of this semantic program are even older, this being developed under the combined influence of Quine’s holistic thesis and Tarski’s truth theory. Using Quine’s intuitions, Davidson develops the so-called “radical interpretation” theory, which is introduced as a radical reconstruction of Quine’s semantic holism, lacking the concept of “meaning” and also the epistemological behaviorism approach. The “radical interpretation” contributes to freeing language theory from the burden of ontological decision and, at the same time, to transcending the dualism of “conceptual schema” and “empirical content” - which is in fact the third and the last dogma of empirism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal-gradient hypothesis denotes the classic finding from behaviorism that animals expend more effort as they approach a reward. Building on this hypothesis, the authors generate new propositions for the human psychology of rewards. They test these propositions using field experiments, secondary customer data, paper-and-pencil problems, and Tobit and logit models. The key findings indicate that (1) participants in a real caf reward program purchase coffee more frequently the closer they are to earning a free coffee; (2) Internet users who rate songs in return for reward certificates visit the rating Web site more often, rate more songs per visit, and persist longer in the rating effort as they approach the reward goal; (3) the illusion of progress toward the goal induces purchase acceleration (e.g., customers who receive a 12-stamp coffee card with 2 preexisting bonus stamps complete the 10 required purchases faster than customers who receive a regular 10-stamp card); and (4) a stronger tendency to accelerate toward the goal predicts greater retention and faster reengagement in the program. The conceptualization and empirical findings are captured by a parsimonious goal-distance model, in which effort investment is a function of the proportion of original distance remaining to the goal. In addition, using statistical and experimental controls, the authors rule out alternative explanations for the observed goal gradients. They discuss the theoretical significance of their findings and the managerial implications for incentive systems, promotions, and customer retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighborhood regeneration has become essential component of environmental improvement, and promoting resident participation is a key aspect of effective environmental management. However, in China, the legacy of the former housing allocation system and specific cultural contexts have led to residents' psychological inertia towards participating in neighborhood regeneration. Although there has been extensive research on encouraging resident participation, most studies fail to recognize that cultivating active participation behavior among residents usually requires overcoming their existing reluctance or psychological inertia first. Grounded on the innovative notion of psychological inertia, this paper puts forth the perspective that to foster resident participation, it is imperative to initially disrupt their current participation inertia and subsequently facilitate the reconfiguration of their participation behavior. Specifically, it addresses two key research questions: (i) which factors are conducive to stimulating residents to overcome inherent psychological inertia and stimulate their positive participation attitudes? (ii) How do these stimuli shape and reconstruct residents' participation behavior? Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory and structural equation modeling (SEM), this paper unveils the mask of intrinsic mechanism for overcoming psychological inertia and reshaping residents' participation behavior. The empirical results show that three stimulating factors (information acquisition, social norms, and perceived grassroots government support) directly impact residents' participating attitudes; these stimuli reconstruct participation behavior by triggering individual psychological changes and then inducing behavioral changes. With the new insight of "overcoming psychological inertia" and the incorporation of behavioral psychology in restructuring resident participation behavior, this paper presents implementation strategies for promoting resident participation in neighborhood regeneration. [Display omitted] • Overcoming psychological inertia is a prerequisite for active resident participation. • Identified three stimuli for fostering resident participation by overcoming inertia. • The research reveals how stimuli shape residents' participation behavior using SEM. • Incorporated behavioral psychology in restructuring resident participation behavior. • Provided practical strategies and theoretical support for resident participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prenatal tobacco exposure has been implicated in increased risk of the development of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents. The purpose of the current study was to systematically examine the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and diagnoses of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder in childhood and adolescence. We searched Medline, Psychinfo, ERIC, Proquest, Academic Search Complete, PsychArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, and Google Scholar databases through October 2022. The authors screened studies and extracted data independently in duplicate. Ten clinical studies examining diagnoses of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder between the ages of 4 and 18 years old were included. There was insufficient evidence to synthesize outcomes related to Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The meta-analysis found a significant effect of prenatal tobacco exposure in increasing the likelihood of an Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis in childhood and adolescence. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the growing body of literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain comorbidity, studies taking into account the role of childhood exposure to traumatic and adverse events remains minimal. Additionally, it has been well established that survivors of childhood trauma may develop more complex reactions that extend beyond those observed in PTSD, typically categorized as complex trauma or CPTSD. Given the recent introduction of CPTSD within diagnostic nomenclature, the aim of the present study is to describe associations between childhood trauma in relation to PTSD/CPTSD and pain outcomes in adults with chronic pain. Methods: Following PRSIMA guidelines, a systematic review was performed using the databases Pubmed, PsychInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Web of Science. Articles in English or French that reported on childhood trauma, PTSD/CPTSD and pain outcomes in individuals with chronic pain were included. Titles and abstracts were screened by two authors independently and full texts were consequently evaluated and assessed on methodological quality using JBI checklist tools. Study design and sample characteristics, childhood trauma, PTSD/CPTSD, pain outcomes as well as author's recommendations for scientific research and clinical practice were extracted for analyses. Results: Of the initial 295 search records, 13 studies were included in this review. Only four studies explicitly assessed links between trauma factors and pain symptoms in individuals with chronic pain. Findings highlight the long-term and complex impact of cumulative childhood maltreatment (e.g., abuse and neglect) on both PTSD/CPTSD and chronic pain outcomes in adulthood. Conclusion: This review contributes to current conceptual models of PTSD and chronic pain comorbidity, while adding to the role of childhood trauma and CPTSD. The need for clinical and translational pain research is emphasized to further support specialized PTSD/CPTSD treatment as well as trauma-informed pain management in routine care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the social construction of use-value within the framework of evolutionary ecology and explores implications for an understanding of variation in foraging behaviour. That patterns of subsistence production and patterns of consumption are related has Long been accepted. Most studies in evolutionary ecology take it for granted that consumption is the dependent variable—that, for example, the extent of sharing will reflect the outcome of production. This paper challenges that assumption, arguing that procurement decisions themselves are made within a social context; an expectation of sharing in the produce of others or of others' seeking to share in one's own produce may exist prior to any procurement activity. Where the use that an individual can make of a resource is limited, then the benefit to be gained from a procurement decision will depend on the size and composition of the resource-sharing group. Patterns of production can be expected to vary accordingly. The argument is illustrated by analyses which show that, at the village of Gwaimasi in Papua New Guinea, individuals adjusted whether and where they went to spear fish according to the number of people staying at the village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines 'grammatical competence,' 'sociolinguistic competence,' 'discourse competence,' and 'strategic competence.' The various stages of 'communicative competence' and 'strategic competence' are explained based on psychological teaching-learning theories such as 'Behaviourism,' 'Cognitivism,' 'Constructivism,' and 'Social Constructivism.' It points out that 'strategic competence' is based on one's basic 'communicative competence.' It explains the 'strategic competences' that are embedded in Polonius's advice to Laertes and Ophelia in Hamlet. It does not fail to point out human efforts to master 'strategic competence' from the time of antiquity without mastering 'communicative competence,' that is needed to accomplish it. In this context, the paper insists on the point that reading of Shakespearean plays will play a pivotal role in transforming the 'communicative competence' of the students into 'strategic competence.'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies conditions influencing the generosity of wealthy people. We conduct incentivized experiments with individuals who have at least €1 million in their bank account. The results show that millionaires are more generous toward low-income individuals in a giving situation when the other participant has no power, than in a strategic setting, where the other participant can punish unfair behavior. Moreover, the level of giving by millionaires is higher than in any other previous study. Our findings have important implications for charities and financial institutions that deal with wealthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological Psychology is an embodied, situated, and non-representational approach pioneered by J. J. Gibson and E. J. Gibson. This theory aims to offer a third way beyond cognitivism and behaviorism for understanding cognition. The theory started with the rejection of the premise of the poverty of the stimulus, the physicalist conception of the stimulus, and the passive character of the perceiver of mainstream theories of perception. On the contrary, the main principles of ecological psychology are the continuity of perception and action, the organism-environment system as unit of analysis, the study of affordances as the objects of perception, combined with an emphasis on perceptual learning and development. In this paper, first, we analyze the philosophical and psychological influences of ecological psychology: pragmatism, behaviorism, phenomenology, and Gestalt psychology. Second, we summarize the main concepts of the approach and their historical development following the academic biographies of the proponents. Finally, we highlight the most significant developments of this psychological tradition. We conclude that ecological psychology is one of the most innovative approaches in the psychological field, as it is reflected in its current influence in the contemporary embodied and situated cognitive sciences, where the notion of affordance and the work of E. J. Gibson and J. J. Gibson is considered as a historical antecedent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How are the basic categories of Parsons' theory obtained? In pursuit of an answer, this paper traces the decline of voluntarism with the passage of time in the Parsonian action scheme. The voluntarism of the Prewar scheme, including its derivative polemic against behaviorism as a variant of "positivism," appears now to have been replaced by programmatic behaviorism. But the postwar texts are persistently equivocal at every point where they can be compared to the voluntarism of the prewar scheme; these points involve the subjective reference and the normative orientation of action. The differences between the pre- and post-war schemes lead to differences in substantive hypotheses, particularly on the nature of norms and normative control. The paper finally considers whether norms and values need to be the kind of independent variables that they are (though for different reasons) in both versions of the action scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recently, perfobond connectors for steel-concrete composite structures have received extensive research attention due to their excellent bonding and fatigue performance, and the construction convenience. However, the research on the long-term behavior of perfobond connectors was seldom reported. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests on perfobond connectors, including twenty short-term specimens and six long-term specimens. Parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of the hole diameter in the connector, the number of the holes, the thickness of the connector, the concrete strength as well as the diameter of the transverse rebar on the shear performance of perfobond connectors. For the short-term test series, the failure modes of the connector, the load-slip response, the ultimate shear bearing capacity and the load-strain curves of transverse rebar were studied. For the long-term test series, the transverse rebar strain, the relative slip between the steel beam and the concrete slab and the stress around the holes with duration of loading were discussed. The shear performance of perfobond connectors after long-term loading was also investigated. Finally, based on the test data from both this paper and open literature, a model was proposed to predict the shear bearing capacity of perfobond connectors. Highlights • Short-term and long-term tests were performed on perfobond connectors. • Influence of the parameters on the shear performance of connectors were discussed. • Long-term behavior of perfobond connectors was investigated. • A model for shear capacity of perfobond connectors is proposed and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses behavioral decision making by accountants, which deals with information evaluation, judgment formation, and making judgments. Relevant topics include information presentation, cue consistency, informational reliability, and judgmental accuracy. The article discusses the concept of "bounded rationality," which is people trying to be rational within the confines of their limited computational and information-processing abilities. The paper supports the importance of the behavioral approach.

This paper reports the results of two longitudinal studies we conducted to find out when dissatisfied employees will respond to their dissatisfaction with exit, voice, loyalty, or neglect. We found consistent evidence that exiters were affected by the costs and the efficacy of their responses as well as the attractiveness of their employing organization. Loyalists were primarily affected by the efficacy of their responses, although, unexpectedly, loyalty resembled entrapment in the organization more than it did supportive allegiance to the organization. Neglecters were primarily affected by the costs and the efficacy of their responses, and voicers were very difficult to predict. We conclude by arguing that we need a much better understanding of voice and loyalty in order to predict better how employees will respond to dissatisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a reply to Eric Charles and Nick Thompson's critique of my 2017 paper, "Methodological behaviorism, causal chains, and causal forks." My paper challenged the behaviorist thesis that postulating inner causes of outward behavior is pointless if the goal is to predict and explain behavior. I used the example of a literal blackbox (a box with a button on one side and two lights on the other) to develop my argument. In the present paper, I clarify my argument and discuss related issues concerning Ockham's razor and operationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) belongs to the analysis of behavior techniques introduced by the theorists of behaviorism in psychological fields. It deals with the application of behaviorism principles to guide the learning process. It can serve as a footprint to build artificial tutoring systems in environments for specific learning processes. In this paper, we delineate the pathway to build an artificial tutoring system following ABA footprints, named the ABA tutor. In implementing the ABA tutor, the techniques of ABA are reproduced. This paper also describes how to build a tutor based on ABA and how to use it to favor olfactory learning. In more detail, the ABA tutor is inserted in SNIFF, a system that combines a software and a hardware side to assess and practice the sense of smell exploiting gamification. A first experiment was run involving 90 participants, and the results indicated that the artificial tutoring system based on ABA principles can effectively promote olfactory learning. The implications of this approach are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand response (DR) has received great concern since the significant growth in electricity consumption and peak-valley difference were witnessed recently. Based on the theory of customer psychology, an uncertainty model of customer behaviour is proposed. By converting electric power to deposit points, a novel deposit mechanism is designed in this paper, which can better deal with the special situations in China. Compared with traditional mechanism, the proposed deposit mechanism is capable of improving acceptability of DR methods in China and achieving greater mobilization of customer motivation for its more understandable rules and higher participation compensations. Furthermore, a decision strategy considering benefits of both the power company and the subscribed customers is proposed based on the uncertainty model of customer behaviour and the proposed deposit mechanism, which aims at achieving win-win situations and greater mobilization of customer motivation. The uncertainties in decision strategy are quantified by the uniform design sampling (UDS) method which is more efficient and computationally accurate than traditional Monte Carlo simulation. With the electricity data of Nanjing City, China, the superiority of proposed deposit mechanism and decision strategy are verified by numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionalist theory of mind proposes to analyze mental states in terms of internal states of Turing machine, and states of the machine’s tape and head. In the paper, I perform a formal analysis of this approach. I define the concepts of behavioral equivalence of Turing ma- chines, and of behavioral individuation of internal states. I prove a theorem saying that for every Turing machine T there exists a Turing machine T′ which is behaviorally equivalent to T, and all of whose internal states of T′ can be behaviorally individuated. Finally, I discuss some applications of this theorem to computational theories of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The call to implement reform practices in schools reflects the historical turn away from the behaviorist theory of learning in education. Yet the praxis of this turn remains a significant challenge, particularly within mathematics classrooms where procedural memorization is emphasized. In this article, we show one means of how to advance our pursuit of meaningful mathematics into polynomial division. Building on the literature for reform-based division methods, an alternative to the long division algorithm will be explored that relies solely on adding zero and fundamental algebraic principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of instinct theory—the core of Thorstein Veblen's evolutionary methodology—waned with the rise of behavioral psychology in the 1920s, and resurges with the revival of evolutionary psychology in the 1980s. This study reexamines Charles Darwin's theories of natural and sexual selection within Veblen's theory. By tracing the origin of emulation, this study explores the human struggle for existence at both inter-species and individual levels, enhancing our understanding of Veblen's theory as rooted in Darwinism and reinterpreted within Geoffrey Hodgson's concept of emergence. Differing from Clarence Ayres' dichotomy, analysis resituates Veblen's instinct theory within contemporary evolutionary psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dual-factor models of mental health propose that mental health includes two interrelated yet distinct dimensions – psychopathology and well-being. However, there is no systematization of the evidence following these models. This review aims to address the following research question: what evidence exists using dual-factor models? Method: The current systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines on the following databases: Web-of-science, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ERIC, and MEDLINE. The screening process resulted in 85 manuscripts that tested the assumptions of dual-factor models. Results: Evidence revealed psychometric substantiation on the two-dimensionality of the dual-factor model, and 85% of the manuscripts provided evidence related to classifying participants into different mental health groups. Most studies showed that the Complete Mental Health or Positive Mental Health group is the most prevalent status group, and longitudinal evidence suggests that most participants (around 50%-64%) remain in the same group across time. Regarding the factors associated with mental health status groups, studies reviewed in this manuscript focus mainly on school-related outcomes, followed by supportive relationships, sociodemographic characteristics, psychological assets, individual attributes, physical health, and stressful events. Conclusions: This review highlights the importance of considering the two dimensions of mental health when conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring mental health. Fostering mental health must go beyond reducing symptoms, and practitioners would be able to include well-being-related interventions in their regular practice to improve individuals' mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the issue of whether the so-called left wing of the Vienna Circle (Carnap, Neurath, Frank) can be understood as having provided the blueprint for a bipartite metatheory with a formal-logical part (the 'logic of science') supporting and being supported by a naturalistic-empirical part (the 'behavioristics of science'). A claim to this effect was recently met by a counterclaim that there was indeed an attempt made to broaden Carnap's formalist conception of philosophy by the pragmatist Morris, but that this initiative failed and that Carnap showed no interest in it. To defend the original claim this paper provides an analysis of Carnap and Morris on the subject matter of pragmatics in order to show that and how Carnap adopted Morris's proposals in so far as they agreed with bipartite metatheory conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider decay properties including the decay parameter, invariant measures, invariant vectors, and quasistationary distributions of a Markovian bulk-arriving queue that stops immediately after hitting the zero state. Investigating such behavior is crucial in realizing the busy period and some other related properties of Markovian bulk-arriving queues. The exact value of the decay parameter λc is obtained and expressed explicitly. The invariant measures, invariant vectors, and quasistationary distributions are then presented. We show that there exists a family of invariant measures indexed by λ ∈ [0, λC]. We then show that, under some conditions, there exists a family of quasistationary distributions, also indexed by λ ∈ [0, λC]. The generating functions of these invariant measures and quasistationary distributions are presented. We further show that a stopped Markovian bulk-arriving queue is always λ C-transient and some deep properties are revealed. The clear geometric interpretation of the decay parameter is explained. A few examples are then provided to illustrate the results obtained in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares and contrasts two conceivability arguments: the zombie argument (ZA) against physicalism, and the perfect actor argument (AA) against behaviourism. I start the paper by assuming that the arguments are of the same kind, and that AA is sound. On the basis of these two assumptions I criticize the most common philosophical suggestions in the literature today about what is wrong with ZA, and what is right in it. I end the paper by suggesting that the comparison between the two arguments makes plausible an epistemic response to ZA according to which the conceivability of a zombie — that is, someone identical to me in all physical respects but different in some phenomenal respect — is being confused with the conceivability of something else, i.e. someone identical to me in physical respects that are epistemically available, but different in some phenomenal respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In everyday life people frequently recognize that a person at a time may be more or less strongly motivated to carry out an intentional action and that “trying harder” frequently affects the successful completion of an intentional action. In “Rational Choice and Action Omnipotence,” John Pollock provides an original account of rational choice in which “trying to do an action” is a basic factor. This paper argues that Pollock’s “expected-utility optimality prescription” is deficient because it lacks a parameter for intensity of trying. The paper also indicates specific ways in which this deficiency could be corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental aspects of contemporary Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) are linked to ancient philosophies like Stoicism and Buddhism and have evolved through three generational "waves" that can be traced to the early development of behaviorism. These "waves" are often referred to as Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Mindful Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT). As the second wave transitioned into the third wave, prominent theorists rebranded principles and practices that were central to traditional CBT. This has generated confusion and miscommunication among researchers, therapists, and the public, which has hampered progress toward the widespread practice of effective, evidence-based treatment. Because no single branded theory is flexible enough to apply to the broad range of clients a typical practitioner serves, many psychotherapists resort to an "eclectic" approach. While combining elements from different protocols can be effective, this approach sacrifices the structure provided by the CBT theoretical paradigm and therefore lacks the integrity of evidence-based practice. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an organizing framework called the Trans-Theoretical Model for Mindful Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TM-MCBT). This model provides three crucial benefits: 1) a flexible and scientifically-grounded structure within which psychotherapists can choose the most relevant evidence-based interventions for their clients; 2) clarity to researchers as they attempt to establish what is happening, when it is happening, and how often; and 3) a common lexicon that enables providers, their clients, researchers, and the general public to continue to integrate the collective wisdom of the ages within contemporary evidence-based practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]