11 results
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2. The forensic analysis of office paper using oxygen Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, part 2: Characterising the source materials and the effect of production and usage on the δ18O values of cellulose and paper.
- Author
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Jones, Kylie, Benson, Sarah, and Roux, Claude
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC sciences , *ISOTOPIC abundance , *CARBON isotopes , *OXYGEN isotopes , *MASS spectrometry , *PRINTING of documents - Abstract
For casework applications, understanding the source processes used to create a material and the effects of those sources on the results obtained by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) of a bulk material is important. Likewise, understanding the effect of environment, home/office printing processes and some forensic testing in at least a basic context, ensures that in casework, enough information on the effects of these variables is available during comparison and interpretation. In this study, which focuses on oxygen isotopic abundance measurements, both fractionation and mixing effects were observed within the pulping and production process. Also observed in the carbon isotopic experiments, sampling that included toner changed the measured isotopic abundance values of the paper and should be avoided in casework. Inkjet printing processes were not shown to have an effect on the paper oxygen abundance values. Samples that were treated for fingerprints using 1,2-Indandione-Zn prior to sampling showed the greatest risk for misinterpretation of whether two samples had originated from the same source. While this study provides a good basis and understanding of the effects of a range of factors on document paper oxygen isotope values, further testing for a range of specific casework scenarios is required and should be undertaken on a case by case basis as the need arises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The forensic analysis of office paper using carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Part 3: Characterizing the source materials and the effect of production and usage on the δ13C values of paper.
- Author
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Jones, Kylie, Benson, Sarah, and Roux, Claude
- Subjects
- *
CARBON isotopes , *BULK solids , *PAPER product manufacturing , *MASS spectrometry - Abstract
When undertaking any study of the isotope abundance values of a bulk material, consideration should be given to the source materials and how they are combined to reach the final product being measured. While it is demonstrative to measure and record the values of clean papers, such as the results published as part one of this series, the majority of forensic casework samples would have undergone some form of writing or printing process prior to examination. Understanding the effects of these processes on the δ13C values of paper is essential for interpretation and comparison with clean samples, for example in cases where printed documents need to be compared to paper from an unprinted suspect ream. This study was undertaken so that the source materials, the effects of the production process and the effects of printing and forensic testing could be observed with respect to 80 gsm white office papers. Samples were taken sequentially from the paper production facility at the Australian Paper Mill (Maryvale, VIC). These samples ranged from raw wood chips through the pulping, whitening and refinement steps to the final formed and packed paper. Cellulose was extracted from each sample to observe both fractionation and mixing steps and their effect on the δ13C values. Overall, the mixing steps were observed to have a larger effect on the isotopic values of the bulk materials than any potential fractionation. Printing of papers using toner and inkjet printing processes and forensic testing were observed to have little effect on δ13C. These experiments highlighted considerations for sampling and confirmed the need for a holistic understanding of sample history to inform the interpretation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The forensic analysis of office paper using carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry-Part 2: Method development, validation and sample handling.
- Author
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Jones, Kylie, Benson, Sarah, and Roux, Claude
- Subjects
- *
CARBON isotopes , *FORGERY , *PAPERWORK (Office practice) , *PROTOCOL analysis (Cognition) , *FORENSIC sciences - Abstract
This paper describes the development and validation of a method for the analysis of office papers by measuring carbon isotopes using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The method development phase included testing protocols for storage, sample materials, set-up of the analytical run; and examining the effects of other paper examination procedures on IRMS results. A method validation was performed so that the Deltaplus XP IRMS instrument (Thermo Finnigan, Bremen, Germany) with Flash EA™ 1112 could be used to measure document paper samples for forensic casework. A validation protocol that would meet international standards for laboratory accreditation (international standard ISO 17025) was structured so that the instruments performance characteristics could be observed. All performance characteristics measured were found to be within an acceptable range and an expanded measurement uncertainty for the measurement of carbon isotopes in paper was calculated at 0.26‰, with a coverage factor of 2. This method was utilized in a large-scale study, published as part one of this series, that showed that IRMS of document papers is useful as a chemical comparison technique for 80 gsm white office papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The forensic analysis of office paper using carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry - Part 1: Understanding the background population and homogeneity of paper for the comparison and discrimination of samples.
- Author
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Jones, Kylie, Benson, Sarah, and Roux, Claude
- Subjects
- *
CARBON isotopes , *MASS spectrometry -- Medical applications , *MEDICAL technology , *FORENSIC sciences , *FORENSIC medicine - Abstract
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) has been shown to be a useful tool in the comparison of materials that are chemically identical either through man-made production processes or for materials that have been naturally produced. Paper therefore, is an ideal material for this type of measurement given that it is manufactured from a naturally produced product that can be difficult to discriminate based on physical feature comparison alone. To determine whether carbon isotopes are useful for discriminating document papers, 125 samples from Australia and New Zealand were collected over a 24- month period. When measured, a range of 8‰ was observed. A homogeneity study was undertaken to examine the range of values expected from paper sources including single sheets, single reams and multiple reams from the same brand. These results can also be used to suggest how best to sample from these different sources. After characterizing the natural variation of the material, a range of 1‰ was defined for use as a benchmark for discrimination. Utilizing this threshold, 68% of the 125 collected samples (when paired against each other) could be discriminated using the carbon isotope abundances alone. Additionally, correlation was observed when measured values were plotted against their production region of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Heterotrophic Growth of Blue-Green Algae in Dim Light
- Author
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Derek S. Hoare, Chase Van Baalen, and Ellen Brandt
- Subjects
Cyanobacteria ,Electrophoresis ,Paper ,Light ,Chromatography, Paper ,Physiology and Metabolism ,macromolecular substances ,Acetates ,Lyngbya ,Microbiology ,Algae ,Botany ,Amino Acids ,Pyruvates ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Carbon Isotopes ,biology ,Phototroph ,biology.organism_classification ,Carbon ,Amino acid ,Culture Media ,Citric acid cycle ,Paper chromatography ,Glucose ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Isotopes of carbon ,Autoradiography - Abstract
A unicellular blue-green alga, Agmenellum quadruplicatum , and a filamentous blue-green alga, Lyngbya lagerheimíi , were grown heterotrophically in dim light with glucose as major source of carbon and possibly energy. The dim-light conditions did not support autotrophic growth. The two blue-green algae appeared to have the same metabolic block, namely an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle, as has been found in other obligately phototrophic blue-green algae. Under dim-light conditions, glucose made a greater contribution to cell constituents (amino acids) of A. quadruplicatum and L. lagerheimii than under high-light conditions.
- Published
- 1971
7. d-Glucaric Acid and Galactaric Acid Catabolism by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- Author
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Yung Feng Chang and David Sidney Feingold
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Paper ,Chromatography, Paper ,Ultraviolet Rays ,Physiology and Metabolism ,Adipates ,Centrifugation ,Glucuronates ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Ketoglutaric Acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Molecular Biology ,Hydro-Lyases ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Carbon Isotopes ,Nicotinamide ,Catabolism ,Sulfates ,Agrobacterium tumefaciens ,biology.organism_classification ,NAD ,Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ,Paper chromatography ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Spectrophotometry ,Ketoglutaric Acids ,Uronate dehydrogenase ,NAD+ kinase ,Chromatography, Thin Layer ,Rhizobium - Abstract
Cell-free extract (crude extract) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens grown on d -glucuronate or d -glucarate converts d -glucarate and galactarate to a mixture of 2-keto-3-deoxy- and 4-deoxy-5-keto- d -glucarate. These compounds are then converted by partially purified crude extract to an intermediate tentatively identified as 2,5-diketoadipate. The same enzyme preparation further decarboxylates this intermediate to α-ketoglutarate semialdehyde, which is subsequently oxidized in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent reaction to α-ketoglutaric acid. Since A. tumefaciens converts d -glucuronic acid to d -glucarate, a pathway from d -glucuronate to α-ketoglutarate in A. tumefaciens was determined.
- Published
- 1970
8. Mechanism of Conversion of the Salmonella O Antigen by Bacteriophage ε34
- Author
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Andrew Wright
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Lipopolysaccharides ,Paper ,Double bond ,Chemical Phenomena ,Rhamnose ,Stereochemistry ,Chromatography, Paper ,Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Tritium ,Microbiology ,Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose ,Bacteriophage ,Electron Transport ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Antigen ,Salmonella ,Lysogenic cycle ,Antigens ,Molecular Biology ,Lysogeny ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Carbon Isotopes ,biology ,Spectrum Analysis ,Phosphorus Isotopes ,Nucleosides ,biology.organism_classification ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Paper chromatography ,Chemistry ,Glucose ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Phosphodiester bond ,Mutation ,Uridine diphosphate glucose ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Salmonella Phages - Abstract
The structural determinants for antigen 34 in the E group salmonella are glucosyl substituents on the galactosyl units of the O antigen which has a mannosylrhamnosylgalactose repeating sequence. The temperate bacteriophage ε 34 brings about the production of antigen 34. It has been shown here that glucose is transferred from uridine diphosphate glucose to the O antigen via a glucosyl-lipid intermediate in a two-step reaction. Glucose is linked through carbon 1 to the lipid by a phosphodiester bridge, the glucosyl bond having the β-anomeric configuration. The lipid is a C 55 -polyisoprenoid alcohol, each isoprene unit having one double bond. It is the same lipid which is involved in the synthesis of the O antigen repeating sequence.
- Published
- 1971
9. Comparative Study of 14C-Labeled Purified Protein Derivative from Various Mycobacteria: I. Preparation of 14C-Labeled Purified Protein Derivative Antigens and Their Adsorption to Glass
- Author
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M. C. Tseng, H. R. Held, and S. Landi
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Paper ,Time Factors ,Ultraviolet Rays ,Guinea Pigs ,Tuberculin ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,complex mixtures ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Mycobacterium ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Surface-Active Agents ,Adsorption ,Antigen ,Species Specificity ,Animals ,Chemical Precipitation ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,Trichloroacetic acid ,Amino Acids ,Trichloroacetic Acid ,Skin Tests ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Carbon Isotopes ,Chromatography ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,Chemistry ,Sulfates ,hemic and immune systems ,General Medicine ,Carbon Dioxide ,biology.organism_classification ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Amino acid ,respiratory tract diseases ,Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ,Spectrophotometry ,Nucleic acid ,Clinical Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology ,Glass - Abstract
Biologically active 14 C-labeled purified protein derivative ( 14 C-PPD) has been prepared from the culture filtrates of seven species of mycobacteria, namely Mycobacterium tuberculosis Johnston strain (PPD), M. bovis BCG (PPD-BCG), M. avium (PPD-A), M. kansasii (PPD-Y), M. intracellulare (PPD-B), M. scrofulaceum (PPD-G), and M. fortuitum (PPD-F). These mycobacteria were grown in a culture medium containing a mixture of 14 C-labeled amino acids. The yield and specific radioactivity of the PPD, of the nucleic acid, of the bacterial cells, and of the CO 2 developed during growth have been determined for each of the seven species of mycobacteria. Although the yields of 14 C-PPD antigens differed greatly for the different species of mycobacteria tested, their specific radioactivities were similar. The 14 C-PPD antigens have been used as a means to measure their adsorption to glass. When glass ampoules containing dilute solutions (0.001 mg of PPD per ml) of these PPD antigens (PPD, PPD-BCG, PPD-A, PPD-Y, PPD-G, PPD-B, and PPD-F) were stored for 12 months at 5 C, it was found that they all adsorbed equally well to glass surfaces. In fact, regardless of the origin of the PPD, a loss due to adsorption of about 90% occurred during the first month of storage, and thereafter the PPD content remained practically constant for the rest of the duration of the storage period. The addition of 0.0005% Tween 80 to the PPD solutions effectively reduced the adsorption to glass of most PPD antigens. However, adsorption of PPD-BCG was not quite so effectively prevented, even when the Tween 80 concentration was increased from 0.0005 to 0.0005%.
- Published
- 1970
10. Resistance of Zygorhynchus Species to Lysis
- Author
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J.-P. G. Ballesta and M. Alexander
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Paper ,Lysis ,Infrared Rays ,Carbohydrates ,Uronic acid ,Microbiology ,Lignin ,Fucose ,Griseofulvin ,Phosphates ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Glucosamine ,Cell Wall ,Chemical Precipitation ,Sodium Hydroxide ,Molecular Biology ,Soil Microbiology ,Carbon Isotopes ,biology ,Taxonomy and Ecology ,Spectrum Analysis ,Fungi ,Galactose ,Proteins ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,Glucanase ,Glucuronic acid ,Culture Media ,Enzymes ,Glucose ,Uronic Acids ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Chitinase ,biology.protein ,Solvents ,Indicators and Reagents ,Sorbose ,Chromatography, Thin Layer ,Filtration - Abstract
Zygorhynchus vuilleminii , a nonmelanin-containing fungus, was not lysed by mycolytic actinomycetes. Several enzymes and Streptomyces enzyme preparations digesting walls of other fungi were without appreciable activity on walls of Zygorhynchus species. A bacterium able to solubilize a portion of the Zygorhynchus wall released little or no reducing sugars from these structures. Fractions of Z. vuilleminii walls were resistant to glucanase hydrolysis, but certain fractions were digested by chitinase and microbial enzyme preparations. The walls and several wall fractions were not readily susceptible to degradation by a soil community. Walls of lysis-resistant Zygorhynchus species contained glucosamine, fucose, glucuronic acid, and galactose but little or no glucose. Resistant wall fractions were rich in uronic acid and fucose, whereas the readily degradable fractions contained abundant glucosamine. Cultural conditions affected the extent of digestion and composition of the walls. Possible reasons for the resistance of Zygorhynchus to lysis in nature are discussed.
- Published
- 1971
11. Nature and Origins of Phosphorus Compounds in Isolated Cell Walls of Staphylococcus aureus
- Author
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David R. Shaw, James T. Park, and David Mirelman
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Glycerol ,Lipopolysaccharides ,Paper ,Chromatography, Gas ,Hot Temperature ,Chromatography, Paper ,Polymers ,Ribose ,Staphylococcus ,Phospholipid ,Biology ,Muramic acid ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Cell wall ,Cell membrane ,Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bacterial Proteins ,Cell Wall ,Transferases ,Nucleic Acids ,medicine ,Glycosides ,Molecular Biology ,Phospholipids ,Teichoic acid ,Carbon Isotopes ,Pentosephosphates ,Cell Membrane ,Fatty Acids ,Phosphorus Isotopes ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,Morphology and Ultrastructure ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Staphylococcus aureus ,Glycerophosphates ,Nucleic acid ,bacteria ,Indicators and Reagents ,Muramidase ,Chromatography, Thin Layer ,Autolysis ,Acyltransferases - Abstract
Preparations of purified cell walls from Staphylococcus aureus were shown to contain small amounts of phospholipid and glycerol teichoic acid. Since these are components of the cell membrane, it is probable that the wall itself contains no lipid, but does retain fragments of membrane because of physical connections between wall and membrane. In walls of S. aureus strain 52A5, which completely lacks ribitol teichoic acid, the only phosphorylated compound identified as a genuine wall component was a phosphorylated derivative of murein that gave rise to muramic acid phosphate on acid hydrolysis. Muramic acid phosphate was also identified in hydrolysates of walls from S. aureus H and strain 52A2.
- Published
- 1971
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