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We developed a disposable paper battery aiming to reduce the environmental impact of single-use electronics for applications such as point of care diagnosis, smart packaging and environmental sensing. The battery uses Zinc as a biodegradable metal anode, graphite as a nontoxic cathode material and paper as a biodegradable substrate. To facilitate additive manufacturing, we developed electrodes and current collector inks that can be stencil printed on paper to create water-activated batteries of arbitrary shape and size. The battery remains inactive until water is provided and absorbed by the paper substrate, taking advantage of its natural wicking behavior. Once activated, a single cell provides an open circuit potential of 1.2 V and a peak power density of 150 µW/cm2 at 0.5 mA. As a proof of concept, we fabricated a two cell battery and used it to power an alarm clock and its liquid crystal display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes electronic paper (e-paper) technology. Also called electronic ink, e-paper refers to a set of electronically modifiable display technologies used to reproduce the appearance of paper. This is usually applied in business, banking, and consumer electronics, and now on press and publishing sectors through using the electronic devices called "readers." e-paper also employs several technologies, such as the electrophoresis which relies on an ink made of micro-capsules and Cholesteric liquid crystal display (LCD) and Bistable Twisted Nematic technologies. Other industries that have begun using e-paper are supermarkets, logistic chains, and advertising.

Abstract: The intent of this study is to determine the minimum ambient illumination requirement for legible electronic-paper display. Not only the young but also the elderly were included as research subjects. Through the method of character-search task, the results indicated that the significant performance improvement of all subjects occurred at 52lux on the search time and at 62lux on the subjective visual fatigue. Therefore, the minimum ambient illumination requirement for legible electronic-paper display can be synthesized at 62lux. This minimum point of ambient illumination for the young and the elderly represents that the reflective-type display started presenting its better legibility and the subjective visual fatigue started decreasing. As electronic-paper display technology applications gradually expand, product designers need notice this fundamental limit of electronic-paper display when they continue to create possible applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fire alarm achieves sensitive response of 2 s at lower temperature of 250 °C. • A novel way based on light intensity change for response time is employed. • Designed fire alarm is coupled to a wireless communication interface firstly. Highly sensitive smart sensors for early fire detection with remote warning capabilities are urgently required to improve the fire safety of combustible materials in diverse applications. The highly-sensitive fire alarm can detect fire situation within a short time quickly when a fire disaster is about to occur, which is conducive to achieving fire tuned. Herein, a novel fire alarm is designed by using flame-retardant cellulose paper loaded with graphene oxide (GO) and two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 , MXene). Owing to the excellent temperature dependent electrical resistance switching effect of GO, it acts as an electrical insulator at room temperature and becomes electrically conductive at high temperature. During a fire incident, the partial oxygen-containing groups on GO will undergo complete removal, which results in the conductivity transformation. Besides the use of GO feature, this work also introduces conductive MXene to enhance fire detection speed and warning at low temperature, especially below 300 °C. The designed flame-retardant fire alarm is sensitive enough to detect fire incident, showing a response time of 2 s at 250 °C, which is calculated by a novel and quantifiable technique. More importantly, the designed fire alarm sensor is coupled to a wireless communication interface to conveniently transmit fire signal remotely. Therefore, when an abnormal temperature is detected, the signal is wirelessly transmitted to a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen when it displays a message such as "FIRE DANGER". The designed smart fire alarm paper is promising for use as a smart wallpaper for interior house decoration and other applications requiring early fire detection and warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Visual performance and visual fatigue of electronic paper displays (electrophoretic display and cholesteric liquid crystal display) under ambient illuminances and light sources were studied and compared with paper. Forty-eight participants participated in a character-search task in the experiment. The results showed that search speed depends on the illuminance but not light source. Search speed increased as illumination increased from 300lx (45.6sec), 700lx (44.18sec) to 1500lx (43.24sec). The effect of medium display and polarity on accuracy was also significant. Accuracy was greater for electrophoretic display and positive polarity. However, the effect of illuminance and light source on visual fatigue was not statistically significant. Based on the results of this study, it seems that E-paper displays may need greater illumination (700lx or higher). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Effects of character size under ambient illuminances and light sources on legibility of electronic paper displays (electrophoretic display and cholesteric liquid crystal display) were studied and compared with paper. Sixty subjects participated in a letter-search task in the experiment. The results showed that search speed depends on the illuminance but not light source. Search speed increased as the illuminance increase from 300, 700 to 1500lx. Search speed also increased with the increase of character size, from character height of 1.4mm (9.6min visual angle), 2.2mm (15.1min visual angle) to 3.3mm (22.7min visual angle), and the increase leveled off at 4.3mm (29.6min visual angle). The effect of character size on accuracy was also significant. Accuracy increased with the increase of character size. However, the effect of illuminance and light source on accuracy was not statistically significant. Based on the results of this study, it seems that E-paper displays may need greater illumination (700lx or higher), greater character size (3.3mm or 22min of visual angle). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study explored the viewing distance and screen angle for electronic paper (E-Paper) displays under various light sources, ambient illuminations, and character sizes. Data analysis showed that the mean viewing distance and screen angle were 495mm and 123.7°. The mean viewing distances for Kolin Chlorestic Liquid Crystal display was 500mm, significantly longer than Sony electronic ink display, 491mm. Screen angle for Kolin was 127.4°, significantly greater than that of Sony, 120.0°. Various light sources revealed no significant effect on viewing distances; nevertheless, they showed significant effect on screen angles. The screen angle for sunlight lamp (D65) was similar to that of fluorescent lamp (TL84), but greater than that of tungsten lamp (F). Ambient illumination and E-paper type had significant effects on viewing distance and screen angle. The higher the ambient illumination was, the longer the viewing distance and the lesser the screen angle. Character size had significant effect on viewing distances: the larger the character size, the longer the viewing distance. The results of this study indicated that the viewing distance for E-Paper was similar to that of visual display terminal (VDT) at around 500mm, but greater than normal paper at about 360mm. The mean screen angle was around 123.7°, which in terms of viewing angle is 29.5° below horizontal eye level. This result is similar to the general suggested viewing angle between 20° and 50° below the horizontal line of sight. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of light source, ambient illuminance, character size, and interline spacing on visual performance and visual fatigue in using commercial electronic paper displays. Regarding visual performance the results showed that display type, character size, interline spacing had significant effects on search time. Electrophoretic electronic ink display had a shorter search time than chlorestic liquid crystal display. Searching time decreased as character size and interline spacing increased. Ambient illumination, display type, character size, and interline spacing had significant effects on accuracy. Accuracy was highest for 1500lx ambient illumination. Accuracy of electrophoretic electronic ink display was greater than chlorestic liquid crystal display. Accuracy increased as character size and interline spacing increased. Regarding visual fatigue, results showed that light source and ambient illumination had non-significant effects on change of critical flicker fusion (CFF) and subjective visual fatigue. Results could be able to provide some guidelines for consumers to choose a suitable electronic paper according to lighting condition and set appropriate character size and interline spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass digitization of books is changing the way information is created, disseminated and displayed. Electronic book readers (e-readers) generally refer to two main display technologies: the electronic ink (E-ink) and the liquid crystal display (LCD). Both technologies have advantages and disadvantages, but the question whether one or the other triggers less visual fatigue is still open. The aim of the present research was to study the effects of the display technology on visual fatigue. To this end, participants performed a longitudinal study in which two last generation e-readers (LCD, E-ink) and paper book were tested in three different prolonged reading sessions separated by - on average - ten days. Results from both objective (Blinks per second) and subjective (Visual Fatigue Scale) measures suggested that reading on the LCD (Kindle Fire HD) triggers higher visual fatigue with respect to both the E-ink (Kindle Paperwhite) and the paper book. The absence of differences between E-ink and paper suggests that, concerning visual fatigue, the E-ink is indeed very similar to the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent achievements in the photoalignment technique for fabrication of optically rewritable electronic paper with high performance characteristics are surveyed with emphasis on temporal constraints on the exposure process. The possibility of creating electrode-free electronic paper has very important practical aspects. However, many existing studies do not include sufficient analysis on how to achieve acceptable reflective characteristics within short exposure time. In order to achieve this goal, we have applied the rotational diffusion model. We find that the parameters of the diffusion model can be adjusted to get acceptable light-reflecting characteristics within 10 s of exposure. In comparison with the long-time exposure, the reflectance coefficient reduces by 24%. The route to material improvements for optimized e-paper device is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the research study related to the analysis of electroluminescence in powder devices with a paper substrate and inclusion of a receptive layer. Topics include the process of electroluminescence (EL) in powder EL devices; the mechanism by which light emission is enhanced was probed by measurements of the frequency dependence of the current, luminance and loss tangent.

One way to build a remote sketching system is to use a video camera to image what each user draws at their site, transmit the video to the other sites, and display it there using an LCD projector. Such camera-projector based remote sketching systems date back to Paul Wellner's (largely unimplemented) Xerox Double DigitalDesk. To make such a system usable, however, the users have to be able to move the paper on which they are drawing, they have to be able to interact with the system using a convenient interface, and sketching sessions must be stored in a compact format so that they can be replayed later. We have recently developed Tele-Graffiti, a remote sketching system with the following three features: (1) real-time paper tracking to allow the users to move their paper during system operation, (2) a hand based user interface, and (3) automatic session summarization and playback. In this paper, we describe the design, implementation, and performance of Tele-Graffiti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issue of low detection accuracy caused by low contrast in color Mura defects, this paper proposes a color Mura defect detection method based on channel contrast sensitivity function (CSF) filtering. The RGB image of the captured liquid crystal display (LCD) display is converted to the Lab color space, and the Weber contrast feature maps of the Lab channel images are calculated. Frequency domain filtering is performed using the CSF to obtain visually sensitive Lab feature maps. Color Mura defect detection is achieved by employing adaptive segmentation thresholds based on the fused feature maps of the L channel and ab channels. The color Mura evaluation criterion is utilized to quantitatively assess the defect detection results. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an accuracy rate of 87% in color Mura defect detection, outperforming existing mainstream detection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mura defects of thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels have low contrast and random locations, which makes it impossible for us to correctly evaluate the number and type of mura defects on the image in the field inspection. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a lightweight YOLO-ADPAM detection method based on an attention mechanism. First, we designed a K-means-ciou++ clustering algorithm using the Complete-Intersection-Over-Union loss function to cluster the anchor box size of the display defect dataset, making the bounding box regression more accurate and stable and improving the recognition and positioning accuracy of the algorithm. Second, we design a parallel attention module, combining the advantages of the channel and spatial attention mechanisms to effectively extract helpful information from feature maps. The channel attention branch can compensate for the defect information lost by global average pooling to a certain extent, and selecting a larger convolution kernel in the spatial attention branch is beneficial to retain crucial spatial information. Third, using atrous spatial pyramid pooling and depthwise separable convolution in the Neck network can further improve the receptive field of the feature map and improve the detection accuracy of the network. The experimental results show that the mAP of our proposed YOLO-ADPAM algorithm in TFT-LCD defect detection reaches 98.20%, and the detection speed reaches 83.23 FPS, which meets the detection accuracy and real-time requirements of TFT-LCD defect detection tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many advanced technologies have been employed in high-performance active matrix displays, including liquid crystal displays, organic light-emitting diode displays, and micro-light-emitting diode displays. On the other side, there exists a strong demand for cost reduction, and it is one of the low-cost schemes for integrating the driver circuit in a panel based on thin-film transistor technologies. This paper reviews the overall concept, operation principles, and various circuit approaches in shift registers for scanning pulse generation. In addition, it deals with the implementation of additional functionalities in gate drivers to support pixel compensation, multi-line driving, in-cell capacitive touch screen, pixel sensing, and adaptive scanning region control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a liquid crystal display (LCD) photopolymerization method is proposed, and a vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel is successfully prepared. A high-performance vitrified bond was obtained by melting SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3-Na2O ceramic raw materials and used for grinding wheel preparation. LCD photopolymerization technology is characterized by high precision in shaping, fast processing speed, and superior quality, making it a promising technology for fabricating vitrified bond diamond grinding wheels. The preparation of vitrified bond slurry with high solid content and low viscosity was extensively investigated to meet the fabrication requirements. The effects of dispersant, the particle size of the vitrified bond, and solid content on the viscosity of the slurry were systematically analyzed. The vitrified bond slurry with solid content up to 65 wt.% (approximately 45.5 vol.%) was successfully prepared and met the requirements for printing. Furthermore, we explored the optimal formulation of the grinding wheel, debinding and sintering conditions, sintering temperature, grit-to-bond ratio, and the evaluation of the grinding performance of the wheel on hard and brittle materials, such as silicon carbide ceramic. Vitrified bond and abrasive slurry systems with a solid content of 65 wt.% (approximately 42.8 vol.%) were prepared. The results show that the vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel exhibits optimal comprehensive performance, with a sintering temperature of 680 °C and a grit-to-bond ratio of 4:6. The minimum surface roughness of the workpiece after grinding was 1.767 μm, the material removal rate was 5.08 mg/s, the grinding ratio was 9.78, and the friction coefficient was stabilized at about 0.5 during grinding. This paper guides the manufacturing of vitrified bond diamond grinding wheels via LCD photopolymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has recently seen increased utilization due to its versatility in using functional materials, offering a new pathway for next-generation conformal electronics in the smart sensor field. However, the limited availability of polymer-based ultraviolet (UV)-curable materials with enhanced piezoelectric properties necessitates the development of a tailorable process suitable for 3D printing. This paper investigates the structural, thermal, rheological, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties of a newly developed sensor resin material. The polymer resin is based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with constituents enabling UV curability, and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are added to form a nanocomposite resin. The results demonstrate the successful micro-scale printability of the developed polymer and nanocomposite resins using a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printer. Additionally, incorporating BNNTs into the polymer matrix enhanced the piezoelectric properties, with an increase in the voltage response by up to 50.13%. This work provides new insights for the development of 3D printable flexible sensor devices and energy harvesting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light guide plate (LGP) is a key component of liquid crystal display (LCD) display systems, so its quality directly affects the display effect of LCD. However, LGPs have complex background texture, low contrast, varying defect size and numerous defect types, which makes realizing efficient and accuracy-satisfactory surface defect automatic detection of LGPS still a big challenge. Therefore, combining its optical properties, dot distribution, defect imaging characteristics and detection requirements, a surface defect detection algorithm based on LGP-YOLO for practical industrial applications is proposed in this paper. To enhance the feature extraction ability of the network without dimensionality reduction, expand the effective receptive field and reduce the interference of invalid targets, we built the receptive field module (RFM) by combining the effective channel attention network (ECA-Net) and reviewing large kernel design in CNNs (RepLKNet). For the purpose of optimizing the performance of the network in downstream tasks, enhance the network's expression ability and improve the network's ability of detecting multi-scale targets, we construct the small detection module (SDM) by combining space-to-depth non-strided convolution (SPDConv) and omini-dimensional dynamic convolution (ODConv). Finally, an LGP defect dataset is constructed using a set of images collected from industrial sites, and a multi-round experiment is carried out to test the proposed method on the LGP detect dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed LGP-YOLO network can achieve high performance, with mAP and F1-score reaching 99.08% and 97.45% respectively, and inference speed reaching 81.15 FPS. This demonstrates that LGP-YOLO can strike a good balance between detection accuracy and inference speed, capable of meeting the requirements of high-precision and high-efficiency LGP defect detection in LGP manufacturing factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is considered as the next-generation liquid crystal display material, but its practical application is seriously affected by a narrow temperature range and a long research period. In this paper, we used inkjet printing technology to prepare BPLC materials with high throughput, and try to use machine vision technology to test BPLC with high throughput. The "standard curve method" for establishing each printing channel and the "vector matching method" for searching the chromaticity value of the minimum distance were proposed to improve the accuracy of inkjet printing BPLC materials. For a large number of sample-phase images, we propose a machine learning method to identify the liquid crystal phase. In this paper, for the first time, the high-throughput preparation and high-throughput detection of 1080 BPLC samples with five common components by a comprehensive experimental method has been successfully realized. The results are helpful to improve the research efficiency of blue-phase materials and provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for rapid screening of multi-component BPLC materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin-film-transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs) still dominate most of the display markets due to a big leap in image quality while keeping low cost and superior reliability, and its evolution is continuing to compete with emerging emissive displays. In this paper, recent progress in liquid crystal technologies mainly focusing on fringe-field switching (FFS) and polymer-stabilized vertical alignment (PS-VA) modes and materials for improving electro-optic performances is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flat panel displays are electronic displays that are thin and lightweight, making them ideal for use in a wide range of applications, from televisions and computer monitors to mobile devices and digital signage. The Thin-Film Transistor (TFT) layer is responsible for controlling the amount of light that passes through each pixel and is located behind the liquid crystal layer, enabling precise image control and high-quality display. As one of the important parameters to evaluate the display performance, the faster response time provides more frames in a second, which benefits many high-end applications, such as applications for playing games and watching movies. To further improve the response time, the single-pixel charging efficiency is investigated in this paper by optimizing the TFT dimensions in gate driver circuits in active-matrix liquid crystal displays. The accurate circuit simulation model is developed to minimize the signal's fall time ( T f ) by optimizing the TFT width-to-length ratio. Our results show that using a driving TFT width of 6790 μ m and a reset TFT width of 640 μ m resulted in a minimum T f of 2.6572 μ s , corresponding to a maximum pixel charging ratio of 90.61275%. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our optimization strategy in enhancing pixel charging efficiency and improving display performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes are a well-studied subclass of cyclic codes that have found numerous applications in error correction and notably in quantum information processing. They are widely used in data storage and communication systems. A subclass of attractive BCH codes is the narrow-sense BCH codes over the Galois field ${\mathrm {GF}}(q)$ with length $q+1$ , which are closely related to the action of the projective general linear group of degree two on the projective line. Despite its interest, not much is known about this class of BCH codes. This paper aims to study some of the codes within this class and specifically narrow-sense antiprimitive BCH codes (these codes are also linear complementary duals (LCD) codes that have interesting practical recent applications in cryptography, among other benefits). We shall use tools and combine arguments from algebraic coding theory, combinatorial designs, and group theory (group actions, representation theory of finite groups, etc.) to investigate narrow-sense antiprimitive BCH Codes and extend results from the recent literature. Notably, the dimension, the minimum distance of some $q$ -ary BCH codes with length $q+1$ , and their duals are determined in this paper. The dual codes of the narrow-sense antiprimitive BCH codes derived in this paper include almost MDS codes. Furthermore, the classification of ${\mathrm {PGL}}(2, p^{m})$ -invariant codes over ${\mathrm {GF}}(p^{h})$ is completed. As an application of this result, the $p$ -ranks of all incidence structures invariant under the projective general linear group ${\mathrm {PGL}}(2, p^{m})$ are determined. Furthermore, infinite families of narrow-sense BCH codes admitting a 3-transitive automorphism group are obtained. Via these BCH codes, a coding-theory approach to constructing the Witt spherical geometry designs is presented. The BCH codes proposed in this paper are good candidates for permutation decoding, as they have a relatively large group of automorphisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constacyclic codes are well-known generalizations of cyclic and negacyclic codes. Due to their rich algebraic structure, constacyclic codes are used to construct quantum codes and symbol-pair codes. Let ${\mathbb {F}}_{q}$ be a finite field with order $q$ , where $q$ is a positive power of a prime $p$. Suppose that $n$ is a positive integer and the product of distinct prime factors of $n$ divides $q-1$ , i.e., $rad(n)\mid (q-1)$. In this paper, we explicitly factorize the polynomial $x^{n}-\lambda $ for each $\lambda \in {\mathbb {F}}_{q}^{*}$. As applications, first, we obtain all repeated-root $\lambda $ -constacyclic codes and their dual codes of length $np^{s}$ over ${\mathbb {F}}_{q}$ ; second, we determine all simple-root LCD cyclic codes and LCD negacyclic codes of length $n$ over ${\mathbb {F}}_{q}$ ; third, we list all self-dual repeated-root negacyclic codes of length $np^{s}$ over ${\mathbb {F}}_{q}$. In contrast to known results, the lengths of constacyclic codes in this paper have more flexible parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New fluid states of matter, now known as liquid crystals, were discovered at the end of the 19th century and still provide strong themes in scientific research. The applications of liquid crystals continue to attract attention, and the most successful so far has been to the technology of flat panel displays; this has diversified in recent years and LCDs no longer dominate the industry. Despite this, there is plenty more to be uncovered in the science of liquid crystals, and as well as new applications, novel types of liquid crystal phases continue to be discovered. The simplest liquid crystal phase is the nematic together with its handed or chiral equivalent, named the cholesteric phase. In the latter, the aligned molecules of the nematic twist about an axis perpendicular to their alignment axis, but in the 1970s a heliconical phase with a tilt angle of less than 90° was predicted. The discovery of this phase nearly 40 years later is described in this paper. Robert Meyer proposed that coupling between a vector order parameter in a nematic and a splay or bend elastic distortion could result in spontaneously splayed or bent structures. Later, Ivan Dozov suggested that new nematic phases with splay–bend or twist–bend structures could be stabilised if the appropriate elastic constants became negative. Theoretical speculation on new nematic phases and the experimental identification of nematic–nematic phase transitions are reviewed in the paper, and the serendipitous discovery in 2010 of the nematic twist–bend phase in 1″,7″-bis(4-cyanobiphenyl-4′-yl)heptane (CB7CB) is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tri-state optical signal detector (TOD) is designed in this article to improve the accuracy and stability of decoding results of the ternary optical computer (TOC). The TOD consists of three modules: a light-sensing module, a voltage divider module, and a data latching and conversion module. First, a voltage divider circuit with adjustable resistors is used to achieve parallel optical–electrical signal conversion for each LCD pixel on a photosensitive sensor plus a latch structure. Second, the problem of the parallel storage of data after photoelectric conversion is solved. Third, a transcoding circuit from the output signal of the TOD to the input signal of the tri-state optical encoder (TOE) is given. The experimental results show that the tri-state optical signal detector designed in this paper is effective and feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used in street lighting, landscape lighting, liquid crystal display (LCD) backlighting, healthcare, etc. As an important part of LED lighting products, LED driver plays a vital role in maintenance costs reduction, energy saving and lifetime prolongation. In this paper, a single-stage LED driver is proposed, which is integrated by a totem-pole bridgeless power factor correction (PFC) unit and several modular LCL-T resonant rectifiers. The totem-pole bridgeless PFC unit and the LCL-T resonant rectifiers are integrated by sharing switches, which can simplify the circuit and reduce the system cost. The output current can be regulated by applying the variable inductor control. Constant duty cycle and fixed switching frequency operation can be achieved as well. The operating principle and the performance of the proposed converter are analyzed in this paper. In addition, a precise parameter design method is proposed by considering the high-order harmonics. At last, an experimental prototype is established to validate the proposed parameter design and variable inductor control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a subband-decomposed image-enhancement algorithm that can preserve the luminance and contrast levels in power-controllable thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display devices. The proposed algorithm consists of three steps. First, an input image is decomposed to multiscale subbands via subband decomposition. Second, luminance compensation and contrast preservation are achieved simultaneously by adjusting the gain of each subband properly. Third, additional power consumption caused by excessive boosting, while coping with the local dimming through specific clipping, is prevented. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides more natural details and contrast, while preserving more similarities with the original, than the existing methods. Even in terms of the peak signal-to-noise-ratio and the structural similarity index, the proposed algorithm has 27.8% and 3.8% higher values compared to a state-of-the-art method. The real-time operation of the proposed algorithm was verified through intensive optimization and the Compute Unified Device Architecture implementation. In addition, the power-reduction effect of the proposed algorithm on commercial monitors was investigated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electromagnetic transient study has been performed based on a practical 500 kV mixed transmission system. The system has overhead lines, submarine cables and underground cables. An exact expression of earth-return impedance for submarine cable has been developed. A new equivalent homogeneous earth method (EHEM) is also proposed based on the exact formula. The influences of air, seawater, seabed, wired armor structure and multi-layer seabed on series impedance and modal propagation constants of submarine cable are investigated. A novel modeling procedure on parametrical side of mixed transmission system is proposed in this paper. Moreover, the input sequence impedances of mixed transmission system are studied based on traditional Line / Cable Constant routines and the new method. Transient simulations are also performed using classical and new methods. The results are further validated with recently proposed MoM-SO technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backlight power-saving algorithms can reduce the power consumption of the display by adjusting the frame pixels with optimal clipping points under some tradeoff criteria. However, the computation for the selected clipping points can be complex. In this paper, a novel algorithm is created to reduce the computation time of the state-of-the-art backlight power-saving algorithms. If the current frame is similar to the previous frame, it is unnecessary to execute the backlight power-saving algorithm for the optimal clipping points, and the derived clipping point from the previous frame can be used for the current frame automatically. In this paper, the motion vector information was used as the measurement of the similarity between adjacent frames, where the generation of the motion vector information requires no extra complexity since it is generated to reconstruct the decoded frame pixels before the display. The experiments showed that the proposed work can reduce the running time of the state-of-the-art methods by 25.21% to 64.22%, while the performances are maintained; the differences with the state-of-the-art methods in PSNR are only 0.02~1.91 dB, and those in power are only −0.001~0.008 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The camera and projector are indispensable hardware parts of a color fringe projection 3D measurement system. Chromatic aberration between different color channels of the projector and camera has an impact on the measurement accuracy of the color fringe projection 3D profile measurement. There are many studies on camera calibration, but the chromatic aberration of the projector remains a question deserving of further investigation. In view of the complex system architecture and theoretical derivation of the traditional projector radial chromatic aberration method, a phase target based on projector radial chromatic aberration measurement and the correction method are proposed in this paper. This method uses a liquid crystal display with a holographic projection film as the phase target. The liquid crystal display sequentially displays red, green, and blue horizontal and vertical sinusoidal fringe images. The projector projects red, green, and blue horizontal and vertical sinusoidal fringe images to the phase target in turn, and calculates the absolute phases of the display fringes and reflection fringes, respectively. Taking the green channel as the reference channel, a phase coordinate system is established based on the phases of the vertical and horizontal directions displayed on the display screen, using the phase of the reflection fringes on the display screen as the ideal phase value of the phase point. Then, the phase coordinate system of the red and blue channels is transferred to the green phase coordinate system to calculate the chromatic aberration of the red-green channels and the blue-green channels, and pre-compensation is conducted. Experimental results prove that this method can measure and calibrate the radial chromatic aberration of the projector without being affected by the image quality of the camera. The correction effect of this method is that the maximum chromatic aberration of the red-green channel decreases from 1.9591/pixel to 0.5759/pixel, and the average chromatic aberration decreases from 0.2555/pixel to 0.1865/pixel. In addition, blue-green channel maximum chromatic aberration decreased from 1.8906/pixel to 0.5938/pixel, and the average chromatic aberration decreased from 0.2347/pixel to 0.1907/pixel. This method can improve the projection quality for fringe projection 3D profile measurement technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Euclidean hull of a linear code $C$ is the intersection of $C$ with its Euclidean dual $C^\perp $. The hull with low dimensions gets much interest due to its crucial role in determining the complexity of algorithms for computing the automorphism group of a linear code and for checking permutation equivalence of two linear codes. The Euclidean hull of a linear code has been applied to the so-called entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs) via classical error-correcting codes. In this paper, we firstly consider linear codes with one-dimensional Euclidean hull from algebraic geometry codes, and then present a general method to construct linear codes with arbitrary dimensional Euclidean hull. Some new EAQECCs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hull of a linear code is defined to be the intersection of the code and its dual, and was originally introduced to classify finite projective planes. The hull plays an important role in determining the complexity of algorithms for checking permutation equivalence of two linear codes and computing the automorphism group of a linear code. It has been shown that these algorithms are very effective in general if the size of the hull is small. The objective of this paper is to present some sufficient and necessary conditions that linear codes and cyclic codes have one-dimensional hull. It is shown that there are no such binary or ternary cyclic codes. Based on these characterizations, some constructions of linear codes with one-dimensional hull were given by employing quadratic number fields, partial difference sets, and difference sets. We also construct cyclic codes with one-dimensional hull. Some optimal codes with one-dimensional hull are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear codes with certain special properties have received renewed attention in recent years due to their practical applications. Among them, binary linear complementary dual (LCD) codes play an important role in implementations against side-channel attacks and fault injection attacks. Self-orthogonal codes can be used to construct quantum codes. In this paper, four classes of binary linear codes are constructed via a generic construction which has been intensively investigated in the past decade. Simple characterizations of these linear codes to be LCD or self-orthogonal are presented. Resultantly, infinite families of binary LCD codes and self-orthogonal codes are obtained. Infinite families of binary LCD codes from the duals of these four classes of linear codes are produced. Many LCD codes and self-orthogonal codes obtained in this paper are optimal or almost optimal in the sense that they meet certain bounds on general linear codes. In addition, the weight distributions of two sub-families of the proposed linear codes are established in terms of Krawtchouk polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to their applications in data storage, communications systems, and consumer electronics, linear complementary dual (LCD) codes—a class of linear codes—have been employed in cryptography recently. LCD cyclic codes were referred to as reversible cyclic codes in the literature. The objective of this paper is to construct several families of reversible cyclic codes over finite fields and analyze their parameters. The LCD cyclic codes presented in this paper have very good parameters in general, and contain many optimal codes. A well rounded treatment of reversible cyclic codes is also given in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To test the measurement accuracy of a vision-based displacement system, a physical object with a known true displacement time history is measured and the differences between measured and true displacements are evaluated. However, generating this object using conventional methods is expensive and time consuming. Benefiting from the characteristics of liquid crystal display (LCD) pixels with precise dimensions and adjustable intensities, this paper describes an LCD-based motion simulation technique (LMST) that can easily generate this object in the form of an accurately controlled in-plane displacement signal. The precision of the signal is discussed, its implementation LMST is presented and some issues that should be taken into account when using it are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel concept for visible light positioning is introduced, which employs a liquid crystal display as a dynamic optical filter in front of a photodetector. By electronically switching dedicated pixel areas in transparent or blocking mode, respectively, the angle of arrival is estimated. The measurement principle is supported by a mathematical model. Finally, an experimental setup is presented and measurement results are compared to the theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reasonably reduce the energy consumption of automotive LCD instrument and improve the display quality, a new local dimming algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the gray image of the input image is obtained by using the maximum principle, and then, the LED backlight brightness value is obtained by using Otsu method and maximum entropy method. The BMA backlight smoothing algorithm is improved by combining bilinear interpolation algorithm, and the dimming image is obtained by using pixel compensation algorithm based on logarithm. Then, for low brightness images, high brightness images, low contrast images, and high contrast images, typical algorithms are used to simulate and compare, and the image processing effects of various local dimming algorithms are analyzed. Finally, the entropy weight method is used to objectively evaluate the local dimming algorithm. The results show that the new local dimming algorithm reduces the energy consumption and improves the display quality, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common that one applies the red, green and blue three primary colors to render composite colors. This paper uses an additional primary color to diminish the usage of the primary color that needs more energy than other primaries in the course of color re-production. After considering the photopic luminosity efficiency function and the wall-plug efficiencies of LEDs, one should diminish the usage of the red primary. Both analysis and a model are used to determine the wavelength of the fourth color so that the display panel power consumption can be reduced and simultaneously the color gamut at least does not shrink. Results show that the energy-saving effect is best when the wavelength of the fourth primary color ranges between 580nm-590nm and in the experiments the color orange (abbreviated as O) is selected as the fourth primary color. Based on this, the $\Delta $ RGB triangle on the CIE chromaticity diagram is divided into $\Delta $ ROB and $\Delta $ OGB two triangles. Colors that fall within the $\Delta $ ROB triangle will be further mixed by the red, green and blue, whereas colors that fall within the $\Delta $ OGB triangle will be mixed by the orange, green and blue. Power consumption on average has been reduced by more than 20% if one reproduces a composite color by means of the OGB colors instead of the popular RGB colors. The energy-saving effect is significant in consideration of the fact that most of the natural image colors fall within the $\Delta $ OGB triangle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under such a background, social manufacturing has emerged as a new kind of manufacturing paradigm characterized by self-driven, self-organization, self-adaptive, and cyber-physical-social interaction among huge numbers of socialized manufacturing resource providers. The fast development of the industrial internet is boosting the evolution of the manufacturing industry to a new stage of socialization, servitization, universal interaction and connection, and platformization. In [[3]], a fast manufacturing system configuration model was established under the context of industrial 4.0 and social manufacturing, and the model could be particularly useful for small enterprises to improve their existing manufacturing system to meet the new requirements of wider customized product varieties, a shorter response time to new orders, a faster manufacturing system configuration process, etc., from the new market environment. [Extracted from the article]