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Implicit Motives are non-conscious needs that drive human behavior towards the achievement of incentives that are affectively incited. Repeated affective experiences providing satisfying rewards have been held responsible for the building of Implicit Motives. Responses to rewarding experiences have a biological basis via close connections with neurophysiological systems controlling neurohormone release. We propose an iteration random function system acting in a metric space to model experience–reward interactions. This model is based on key facts of Implicit Motive theory reported in a broad number of studies. The model shows how (random) responses produced by intermittent random experiences create a well-defined probability distribution on an attractor, thus providing an insight into the underlying mechanism leading to the emergence of Implicit Motives as psychological structures. Implicit Motives' robustness and resilience properties appear theoretically explained by the model. The model also provides uncertainty entropy-like parameters to characterize Implicit Motives which hopefully might be useful, beyond the mere theoretical frame, when used in combination with neurophysiological methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular cobaloxime-based heterogeneous systems have attracted great interest during the last decades in light-driven hydrogen production. Here, we present a novel cobaloxime-tethered periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) hybrid (Im-EtPMO-Co) prepared through the immobilization of a molecular cobaloxime complex on the imidazole groups present in ethylene-bridged PMO. The successful assembly of a molecular cobaloxime catalyst via cobalt-imidazole axial ligation has been evidenced by several techniques, such as 13C NMR, Raman spectroscopy, ICP-MS, and XPS. The catalytic performance of Im-EtPMO-Co catalyst was essayed on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under visible light in presence of a photosensitizer (Eosin Y) and an electron donor (TEOA). It showed an excellent hydrogen production of 95 mmol hydrogen at 2.5 h, which corresponded to a TON of 138. These results reflect an improved photocatalytic activity with respect to its homogenous counterpart [Co(dmgH)2(Im)Cl] as well as a previous cobaloxime-PMO system with pyridine axial ligation to the cobaloxime complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using various smart sensors integrated in a global domotic system, a proper solar thermal management is executed. The goal is to properly manage solar energy for heating swimming pool using various devices installed at home. Swimming pools are a necessity in many communities. In summer, they are a source of refreshment. However, maintaining a swimming pool at an optimal temperature can be a challenge even in the summer months. The use of the Internet of Things in homes has enabled proper management of solar thermal energy, thus significantly improving the quality of life by making homes more comfortable and safer without using additional resources. The houses built today have several smart devices that manage to optimize the energy consumption of the house. The solutions proposed in this study to improve energy efficiency in swimming pool facilities include the installation of solar collectors to heat swimming pool water more efficiently. The installation of smart actuation devices (to efficiently control energy consumption of a pool facility via different processes) together with sensors that provide valuable information on energy consumption in the different processes of a pool facility, can optimize energy consumption thus reducing overall consumption (by 90%) and economic cost (by more than 40%). Together, these solutions can help to significantly reduce energy consumption and economic costs and extrapolate it to different processes of similar characteristics in the rest of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is causing serious damage to natural and social systems, as well as having an impact on human health. Among the direct effects of climate change is the rise in global surface temperatures and the increase in the frequency, duration, intensity and severity of heat waves. In addition, understanding of the adaptation process of the exposed population remains limited, posing a challenge in accurately estimating heat-related morbidity and mortality. In this context, this study seeks to establish a conceptual framework that would make it easier to understand and organise knowledge about human adaptation to heat and the factors that may influence this process. An inductive approach based on grounded theory was used, through the analysis of case studies connecting concepts. The proposed conceptual framework is made up of five components (climate change, vulnerability, health risks of heat, axes of inequality and health outcomes), three heat-adaptation domains (physiological, cultural and political), two levels (individual and social), and the pre-existing before a heat event. The application of this conceptual framework facilitates the assistance of decision-makers in planning and implementing effective adaptation measures. Recognizing the importance of addressing heat adaptation as a health problem that calls for political solutions and social changes. Accordingly, this requires a multidisciplinary approach that would foster the participation and collaboration of multiple actors for the purpose of proposing effective measures to address the health impact of the rise in temperature. • Five components guide understanding of human adaptation to heat. • Domains of heat adaptation are physiological, cultural, and political adaptations. • Adaptation to heat occurs at both the individual and social levels. • Addressing health impacts of rising temperatures requires political and social changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a humanised, anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) monoclonal antibody covalently linked to a topoisomerase I inhibitor cytotoxic payload (DXd). The high drug-to-antibody ratio (8:1) ensures a high DXd concentration is delivered to target tumour cells, following internalisation of T-DXd and subsequent cleavage of its tetrapeptide-based linker. DXd's membrane-permeable nature enables it to cross cell membranes and potentially exert antitumour activity on surrounding tumour cells regardless of HER2 expression. T-DXd's unique mechanism of action is reflected in its efficacy in clinical trials in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (in heavily pretreated populations and in those previously treated with a taxane and trastuzumab), as well as HER2-low metastatic breast cancer. Thus, ADCs such as T-DXd have the potential to change the treatment paradigm of targeting HER2 in metastatic breast cancer, including eventually within the adjuvant/neoadjuvant setting. [Display omitted] • Antibody-drug conjugates have significantly improved breast cancer (BC) treatment. • Trastuzumab deruxtecan's (T-DXd) structure allows large payload delivery to targets. • T-DXd has demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in patients with HER2+ advanced BC. • T-DXd has significantly improved survival rates in heavily pretreated BC patients. • T-DXd may change the treatment paradigm of targeting HER2 in metastatic BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate pollution in aquifers is a global concern. Spain has developed a national strategy to recover nitrate polluted aquifers aligned with the European Union (EU) policies, specifically through the water planning under the EU Water Framework Directive. River basin management plans use PATRICAL model results to define the maximum nitrogen surplus in each polluted aquifer for the first time. The maximum nitrogen surplus allows to reach the good status in each aquifer and the model provides the number of years required. Around 30% of the aquifers in Spain is currently heavily polluted by nitrates. Model results show that 90% of these aquifers can be recovered in next 6–12 years by increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen losses around 50%, which is in line with the EU Farm to Fork Strategy. The remaining aquifers require additional reductions to achieve the good status. In Spain this increase in nitrogen efficiency can be obtained with different measures including 30% reduction of current fertilization. [Display omitted] • Spanish strategy to recover nitrate polluted aquifers is perfectly aligned with the European Farm to Fork Strategy. • In Spain 30% of aquifers have high nitrate levels. • PATRICAL model results define maximum nitrogen surplus in each aquifer. • 90 % of groundwater can be recovered reducing nitrogen losses by 50%. • Recovery time required is between 6 and 12 years for most aquifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a spectacular growth in the escape game sector over the past decade. The extraordinary global impact of escape rooms, their implications for tourism, and the limited literature provide grounds for this research. This paper examines such phenomena using an empirical methodology based on a geographic analysis of business repositories and a global survey. Tourism plays a significant role in the escape room industry: approximately one of every three customers is a tourist. Escape roomer-tourists have even been detected: people who essentially plan their trips with the sole intention of playing these games. A significant contrast exists between business-owners and countries, however, as to the role given to foreign customers and the opportunities that all the above implies. Indeed, the connection between escape room narratives and the local culture has been shown to be weak in a majority of cases. Thus, this contribution seeks to feed into an emerging and increasingly relevant debate that has been little addressed in tourism geography: linking experiences, creative economies, authenticity and cultural heritage, etc. – through escape rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil texture representation with the standard textural fraction triplet "sand-silt-clay" is commonly used to estimate soil properties. The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that other fraction sizes in the triplets may provide a better representation of soil texture for estimating some soil parameters. We estimated the cumulative particle size distribution and bulk density from an entropy-based representation of the textural triplet with experimental data for 6240 soil samples. The results supported the hypothesis. For example, simulated distributions were not significantly different from the original ones in 25 and 85 % of cases when the sand-silt-clay and "very coarse+coarse + medium sand - fine + very fine sand - silt+clay" were used, respectively. When the same standard and modified triplets were used to estimate the average bulk density, the coefficients of determination were 0.001 and 0.967, respectively. Overall, the textural triplet selection appears to be application and data specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of Metacognitive skills is a key element to guide the learning process. Current research has shown the initiation of these skills from an early age. The present study had two aims: (1) to validate a Scale Measuring Precursor Metacognitive Skills (SMPMS) in children with diverse disabilities, and (2) to study possible significant different between different disabilities in precursor metacognitive skill use. We worked with 87 children with different disabilities, with an average age range of 24-37 months. The results have shown high indicators of reliability and validity of the SMPMS. We isolated two factors related to cognitive and metacognitive and self-regulation skills response to an adult. We also found significant differences in the acquisition of metacognitive and self-regulation skills among children with global developmental retardation as compared to children with expressive language and comprehension disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study offers several management strategies in order to improve the performance of a free water surface constructed wetland that treats mainly eutrophic water and which is also designed to improve and increase the biodiversity of habitat and wildlife. To attain these goals, it has been necessary to analyze the influence of certain operational parameters and environmental factors on the mass removal rates (MRRs) and the mass removal efficiencies (MREs), depending on if the objective is to maximize nutrient removal or to achieve low effluent concentrations. The system, referred to as FG, operated in a range of hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) from 7 to 58 m year and removed phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) at an average rate of 7.15 g P m year and 60.07 g N m year. P and N removal varied seasonally, mainly due to input concentrations ( C ), but inlet mass loading and HLRs also strongly influenced MRRs. Based on these results, we propose to maintain a mean HLR of 58 m year in winter and 25 m year in summer to increase annual nutrient removal and thereby barely affecting pumping costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that there are compact linear operators on Banach spaces which cannot be approximated by numerical radius attaining operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the relation between the intrinsic and the spatial numerical ranges with the recently introduced “approximated” spatial numerical range. As the main result, we show that the intrinsic numerical range always coincides with the convex hull of the approximated spatial numerical range. Besides, we show sufficient conditions and necessary conditions to assure that the approximated spatial numerical range coincides with the closure of the spatial numerical range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial complexity of the distribution of organic matter, chemicals, nutrients, and pollutants has been demonstrated to have multifractal nature. This fact supports the possibility of existence of some emergent heterogeneity structure built under the evolution of the system. The aim of this paper is providing a consistent explanation of the mentioned results via an extremely simple model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to the “World Cancer Research Fund” and the “American Institute of Cancer Research” (WCRF/AICR) one in four cancer cases could be prevented through a healthy diet, weight control and physical activity. Objective: To explore the association between the WCRF/AICR recommendations and risk of breast cancer. Methods: During the period 2006 to 2011 we recruited 973 incident cases of breast cancer and 973 controls from 17 Spanish Regions. We constructed a score based on 9 of the WCRF/AICR recommendations for cancer prevention:: 1)Maintain adequate body weight; 2)Be physically active; 3)Limit the intake of high density foods; 4)Eat mostly plant foods; 5)Limit the intake of animal foods; 6)Limit alcohol intake; 7)Limit salt and salt preserved food intake; 8)Meet nutritional needs through diet; S1)Breastfeed infants exclusively up to 6 months. We explored its association with BC by menopausal status and by intrinsic tumor subtypes (ER+/PR+ & HER2-; HER2+; ER&PR-&HER2-) using conditional and multinomial logistic models respectively. Results: Our results point to a linear association between the degree of noncompliance and breast cancer risk. Taking women who met 6 or more recommendations as reference, those meeting less than 3 showed a three-fold excess risk (OR=2.98(CI95%:1.59-5.59)), especially for postmenopausal women (OR=3.60(CI95%:1.24;10.47)) and ER+/PR+&HER2- (OR=3.60(CI95%:1.84;7.05)) and HER2+ (OR=4.23(CI95%:1.66;10.78)) tumors. Noncompliance of recommendations regarding the consumption of foods and drinks that promote weight gain in premenopausal women (OR=2.24(CI95%:1.18;4.28); p for interaction=0.014) and triple negative tumors (OR=2.93(CI95%:1.12-7.63)); the intake of plant foods in postmenopausal women (OR=2.35(CI95%:1.24;4.44)) and triple negative tumors (OR=3.48(CI95%:1.46-8.31)); and the alcohol consumption in ER+/PR+&HER2- tumors (OR=1.52 (CI95%:1.06-2.19)) showed the strongest associations. Conclusion: Breast cancer prevention might be possible by following the “World Cancer Research Fund” and the “American Institute of Cancer Research” recommendations, even in settings like Spain, where a high percentage of women already comply with many of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show examples of compact linear operators between Banach spaces which cannot be approximated by norm attaining operators. This is the negative answer to an open question posed in the 1970s. Actually, any strictly convex Banach space failing the approximation property serves as the range space. On the other hand, there are examples in which the domain space has a Schauder basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients treated with oral anticoagulants, subcutaneous injections of anti-tetanus vaccine are usually recommended to reduce the risk of bleeding, although the effectiveness of the vaccine has only been proven for intramuscular injection. The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of tetanus-diphtheria vaccine in patients treated with oral anticoagulants. Methods/design: We present a prospective, double blinded, clinical trial comparing two groups of patients with oral anticoagulants: one group was administered tetanus-diphtheria vaccine by intramuscular injection, while the other was administered the same vaccine by subcutaneous injection. Allocation to each group was randomized and the duration of the study was six years. Study population: all patients treated with oral anticoagulants, who had been administered with at least one dose of vaccine, at 15 Health Centres in Vigo (Spain), and who agreed to participate in the study. The sample size was 115 patients in each group. The main variables for the safety analysis were the measurement of the brachial diameter, the appearance of basic injuries at the vaccine administration site, the appearance of pain and systemic reactions. The variable used for the efficacy analysis was a significant increase in the titres of anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies. An Intention-to-treat analysis will be performed. Details will be classified according to the administration route, while within each group a 3-tiered stratification will be defined by the administered number of doses. As a measure of association, relative risk will be estimated; the reduction of relative risk will also measured. For safety and to control the confounder effect, a logistic regression analysis will be carried out. As a measure of impact the reduction of absolute risk in relation to the total number of patients to be treated and the Number Needed to Treat will be estimated. CONSORT 2010 guidelines were applied for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Discussion: The most significant difficulties on the project are related to the large number of participating centres, required to obtain a viable study population sample size, and the coordination given the scattering of the centres and researchers. Trial registration: ISRCTN69942081. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pediatric oligodendrogliomas are rare and appear to show a different molecular profile from adult tumors. Some gliomas display allelic losses at 1p/19q in pediatric patients, although less frequently than in adult patients, but this is rare in tumors with an oligodendroglial component. The molecular basis of this genomic abnormality is unknown in pediatric gliomas, but it represents a relatively common finding in pediatric oligodendroglioma-like neoplasms with leptomeningeal dissemination. Results Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis using SALSA P088-B1 for the analysis of the 1p/19q allelic constitution in a pediatric anaplastic (oligodendro)- glioma showed homozygous co-deletion for markers: TNFRSF4 (located at 1p36.33), TP73 (1p36.32), PPAP2B (1pter-p22.1), DPYD (1p21.3), and PDCD5 (19q13.12), and hemizygous deletion of BAX (19q13.3-q13.4). No sequence changes for R132 and R172 of the IDH1/2 genes were identified. Conclusions The molecular findings in this pediatric anaplastic glioma do not allow for a clearly definitive pathological diagnosis. However, the findings provide data on a number of 1p/19q genomic regions that, because of homozygotic deletion, might be the location of genes that are important for the development and clinical evolution of some malignant gliomas in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to meet the requirements of the European Union Water Framework Directive for the Albufera de València (AV) Natural Park, in 2009, several areas of free water surface constructed wetlands (FWSCWs) planted with emergent vegetation and two small shallow lagoons planted with submerged macrophytes were created over a 40-ha area formerly occupied by rice fields. This area is currently a reserve known as Tancat de la Pipa. The dual goal of this programme was to improve the quality of the hyper-eutrophicated waters of the AV lagoon, the largest littoral lagoon in the Iberian Peninsula, and to restore former lost habitats to increase the biodiversity of the area. The lagoons were mainly fed with the outflows of the FWSCWs. The submerged macrophytes covered both lagoons and sustained a diverse waterfowl community. In this study, the nutrient reduction between the inflows and the outflows of the lagoons was evaluated, along with the change in the composition and biomass of plankton (i.e., phytoplankton and zooplankton), over the first four years of operation of the two lagoons. The nutrient reduction contribution of the lagoons to the overall Tancat de la Pipa system was also quantified. The results indicated that 42% of the total suspended solids, 30% of the total nitrogen and 49% of the total phosphorus were retained in the lagoons. An increase in the zooplankton and phytoplankton richness was observed in the outflows of both lagoons. These aquatic systems served as a site for zooplankton production and large cladocerans played a significant role in water clearing by consuming microalgae. Submerged vegetation was also critical for reducing nutrient loads, although macrophytes disappeared after the second year. Despite the macrophyte loss, the lagoons continued to act as nutrient sinks. Both lagoons facilitated over 30% mass removal of TP, TSS and Chl a and over 20% mass removal of DIN and TN for the overall Tancat de la Pipa system. Therefore, these lagoons represent a new sustainable aquatic ecosystem for improving water quality and promoting biological development. We recommend the configuration of this ecosystem as a complement to FWSCWs for managing eutrophicated waters in protected sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between social support, loneliness and well-being from a multidimensional perspective for which two structural models are proposed. The study included 2042 participants from Malaga City (Spain) who were aged between 18 and 95 years. For the dimensions frequency of support and satisfaction with support, the results show that partner support, family support, and support from friends, respectively, significantly decrease romantic loneliness, family loneliness, and social loneliness. On the other hand, community support has little effect on reducing social loneliness. Of the three types of support analyzed (emotional, informational and instrumental), emotional support was significantly more effective in reducing loneliness (family, romantic and social) and increasing well-being. Loneliness partially acts as a mediator variable, although it is affected by social support, but at the same time decreases the effects of social support on subjective well-being. The three types of loneliness have a strong negative impact on subjective well-being. Implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A/B testing is used in digital contexts both to offer a more personalized service and to optimize the e-commerce purchasing process. A personalized service provides customers with the fastest possible access to the contents that they are most likely to use. An optimized e-commerce purchasing process reduces customer effort during online purchasing and assures that the largest possible number of customers place their order. The most widespread A/B testing method is to implement the equivalent of RCT (randomized controlled trials). Recently, however, some companies and solutions have addressed this experimentation process as a multi-armed bandit (MAB). This is known in the A/B testing market as dynamic traffic distribution. A complementary technique used to optimize the performance of A/B testing is to improve the experiment stopping criterion. In this paper, we propose an adaptation of A/B testing to account for possibilistic reward (PR) methods, together with the definition of a new stopping criterion also based on PR methods to be used for both classical A/B testing and A/B testing based on MAB algorithms. A comparative numerical analysis based on the simulation of real scenarios is used to analyze the performance of the proposed adaptations in both Bernoulli and non-Bernoulli environments. In this analysis, we show that the possibilistic reward method PR3 produced the lowest mean cumulative regret in non-Bernoulli environments, which proved to have a high confidence level and be highly stable as demonstrated by low standard deviation measures. PR3 behaves exactly the same as Thompson sampling in Bernoulli environments. The conclusion is that PR3 can be used efficiently in both environments in combination with the value remaining stopping criterion in Bernoulli environments and the PR3 bounds stopping criterion for non-Bernoulli environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent researches in Theory of Mind (ToM) relate its development to the development of the metacognitive skills "planning," "regulation," and acquisition of "predictive and causal reasoning." These studies reveal the importance of metacognitive training in the development of mentalist skills. Method: In the present work, the effects of training were compared in 20 children, aged between 4 and 5 years. Results: Significant within-group differences in the skills of belief attribution and memory attribution were found and a tendency towards significance in the skills of behavior prediction. Significant between-group differences were found in belief attribution, prediction, and memory. Conclusions: Mentalist skills training improve attribution, prediction and memory skills in ToM tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We prove that an onto isometry between unit spheres of finite-dimensional polyhedral Banach spaces extends to a linear isometry of the corresponding spaces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: In previous studies, women are less aware of causation and symptoms of leprosy and have less access to health care coverage than men, thus contributing to their delay in seeking for treatment. We assess the gender differences in leprosy cases admitted to a rural referral hospital in Ethiopia for 7 and a half years. Methods: Retrospective data of the leprosy patients admitted to referral hospital were collected using leprosy admission registry books from September 2002 to January 2010. Variables were entered in an Excel 97 database. Results: During the period of study, 839 patients with leprosy were admitted; 541 (64.5%) were male, and 298 (35.6%) female. Fifteen per cent of female patients, and 7.3% of male patients were paucibacillary leprosy cases while 84.8% of female patients and 92.7% of males were multibacillary leprosy cases (p<0.001). Female leprosy patients were younger than male ones (median: 36 versus 44 years) (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96-0.98; p<0.001), admission for cardiovascular diseases (OR: 7.6, 95% CI: 1.9-29.3; p=0.004), admission for gastroenteritis (OR: 14.0; 95% CI: 1.7-117; p=0.02), admission from out patients clinic (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.1-4.01; p=0.02), and mortality as final outcome (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.2-8.0; p=0.02) were independently associated with female gender. Conclusions: Female patients with leprosy admitted to hospital were younger, had a different profile of admission and a higher mortality rate than male ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We show that the absolute numerical index of the space is (where ). In other words, we prove that for every and that this inequality is the best possible when the dimension of is greater than one. We also give lower bounds for the best constant of equivalence between the numerical radius and the operator norm in for atomless μ when restricting to rank-one operators or narrow operators. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We study the numerical index of absolute sums of Banach spaces, giving general conditions which imply that the numerical index of the sum is less or equal than the infimum of the numerical indices of the summands and we provide some examples where the equality holds covering the already known case of -, - and -sums and giving as a new result the case of E-sums where E has the RNP and (in particular for finite-dimensional E with ). We also show that the numerical index of a Banach space Z which contains a dense union of increasing one-complemented subspaces is greater or equal than the limit superior of the numerical indices of those subspaces. Using these results, we give a detailed short proof of the already known fact that, for a fixed p, the numerical indices of all infinite-dimensional -spaces coincide. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Patient safety is a leading item on the policy agenda of both major international health organizations and advanced countries generally. The quantitative description of the phenomena has given rise to intense concern with the issue in institutions and organizations, leading to a number of initiatives and research projects and the promotion of patient safety culture, with training becoming a priority both in Spain and internationally. To date, most studies have been conducted in a hospital setting, even though primary care is the type most commonly used by the public, in our experience. Our study aims to achieve the following: - Assess the registry of adverse events as an education tool to improve patient safety culture in the Family and Community Teaching Units of Galicia. - Find and analyze educational tools to improve patient safety culture in primary care. - Evaluate the applicability of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Spanish version, in the context of primary health care. Design and methods Design: Experimental unifactorial study of two groups, control and intervention. Study population: Tutors and residents in Family and Community Medicine in last year of studies in Galicia, Spain. Sample: From the population universe through voluntary participation. Twenty-seven tutor-resident units in each group required, randomly assigned. Intervention: Residents and their respective tutor (tutor-resident pair) in teaching units on Family and Community Medicine from throughout Galicia will be invited to participate. Tutor-resident pair that agrees to participate will be sent the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Then, tutor-resident pair will be assigned to each group-either intervention or control-through simple random sampling. The intervention group will receive specific training to record the adverse effects found in patients under their care, with subsequent feedback, after receiving instruction on the process. No action will be taken in the control group. After the intervention has ended, the survey will once again be provided to all participants. Outcome measures: Change in safety culture as measured by Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture CONSORT Extension for Non-Pharmacologic Treatments 2008 was applied. Discussion: The most significant limitations on the project are related to selecting a tool to measure the safety environment, the training calendar of residents in Family and Community Medicine in last year of studies and the no-answer bias inherent to research conducted through self-administered surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel, are an important class of antineoplastic agents with relevant clinical activity in both early and advanced breast cancer. Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane®) is a 130-nm particle cremophor-free formulation of paclitaxel. Exploiting endogenous albumin pathways and avoiding solvent-based toxicities, nab-paclitaxel allows higher intratumor concentrations of paclitaxel through gp60 mediated endothelial transcytosis. Also, because it is free solvents, nab-paclitaxel offers shorter infusions and easily administration with no premedication and special infusions sets. In a phase III randomized trial, nab- paclitaxel at 260 mg/m2 every 3 weeks seems to have a superior therapeutic index than Cr-El paclitaxel, with a higher response rate and longer time to progression and with less toxicity, except peripheral neuropathy. Based on these results, nab-paclitaxel was approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients who have failed first-line treatment for metastatic disease and for whom standard; anthracycline containing therapy is not indicated. The results of the comparison of three doses of nab-paclitaxel with docetaxel in a randomized phase II trial suggest a superior efficacy and safety of weekly nab-paclitaxel compared with 3-weekly docetaxel. All the available data suggest the superior therapeutic index of nab-paclitaxel compared with both docetaxel and Cr-EL paclitaxel. Weekly nab-paclitaxel may be an adequate alternative to classic formulations of taxanes in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We show that every infinite dimensional Banach space has a closed and bounded convex set that is not remotal. This settles a problem raised by Sababheh and Khalil in [M. Sababheh, R. Khalil, Remotality of closed bounded convex sets, Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 29 (2008) 1166–1170]. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We construct an example of a Banach space which is not lush, but whose dual space is lush. This example shows that lushness is not equivalent to numerical index one. A characterization of lushness for some quotient spaces of spaces and new results on C-rich subspaces of (scalar- or vector-valued) spaces are also presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We show that there exist infinite-dimensional extremely non-complex Banach spaces, i.e. spaces X such that the norm equality holds for every bounded linear operator . This answers in the positive Question 4.11 of [V. Kadets, M. Martín, J. Merí, Norm equalities for operators on Banach spaces, Indiana Univ. Math. J. 56 (2007) 2385–2411]. More concretely, we show that this is the case of some spaces with few operators constructed in [P. Koszmider, Banach spaces of continuous functions with few operators, Math. Ann. 330 (2004) 151–183] and [G. Plebanek, A construction of a Banach space with few operators, Topology Appl. 143 (2004) 217–239]. We also construct compact spaces and such that and are extremely non-complex, contains a complemented copy of and contains a (1-complemented) isometric copy of . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We construct an example of a real Banach space whose group of surjective isometries has no uniformly continuous one-parameter semigroups, but the group of surjective isometries of its dual contains infinitely many of them. Other examples concerning numerical index, hermitian operators and dissipative operators are also shown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We give a lower bound for the polynomial numerical index of order k for real lush spaces. We use this bound to compute the polynomial numerical index of order 2 of the real spaces , and . Finally, we present an example of a real Banach space X whose polynomial numerical indices are positive while the ones of its bidual are zero. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For a bounded function f from the unit sphere of a closed subspace X of a Banach space Y, we study when the closed convex hull of its spatial numerical range is equal to its intrinsic numerical range . We show that for every infinite-dimensional Banach space X there is a superspace Y and a bounded linear operator such that . We also show that, up to renormig, for every non-reflexive Banach space Y, one can find a closed subspace X and a bounded linear operator such that . Finally, we introduce a sufficient condition for the closed convex hull of the spatial numerical range to be equal to the intrinsic numerical range, which we call the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás property, and which is weaker than the uniform smoothness and the finite-dimensionality. We characterize strong subdifferentiability and uniform smoothness in terms of this property. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A Banach space X is said to have the Daugavet property if every rank-one operator satisfies . We give geometric characterizations of this property in the settings of -algebras, -triples and their isometric preduals. We also show that, in these settings, the Daugavet property passes to ultrapowers, and thus, it is equivalent to an stronger property called the uniform Daugavet property. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A quantitative classification of soil texture is proposed based on an entropic index that can be easily computed from knowledge of the fractional contents of soil textural classes. It is first shown that the index formula supplies a number that agrees with the entropy dimension when the corresponding soil particle-size distribution (PSD) displays self-similar fractal features. In the absence of self-similarity, the index is further shown to retain information-theoretic content so that it becomes a meaningful diversity index in the general case. The index is defined by balancing Shannon’s entropy in an appropriate way to deal with the high variability of the interval lengths used to report soil particle size classes. The performance of the proposed formula is illustrated for standard textural data reported as clay–silt–sand soil mass fractions. The index induces a classification of a continuum of textural classes that may distinguish soils within the same standard textural class, thus establishing a continuous characterisation of textures that is complementary to the usual classification, but requires no additional information. Finally, it is shown how the balanced-entropy index might also be used as a measure of body size diversity for living organisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. This virus continues to be threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses. However, very little is known about FMDV pathogenesis, partially due to the inconveniences of working with cattle and swine, the main natural hosts of the virus. Here we demonstrate that C57BL/6 and BALB/C adult mice are highly susceptible to FMDV infection when the virus is administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. The first clinical signs are ruffled fur, apathy, humped posture, and wasting, which are followed by neurological signs such as hind-limb paralysis. Within 2–3 days of disease onset, the animals die. Virus is found in all major organs, indicating a systemic infection. Mice developed microvesicles near the basal layer of the epithelium, event that precedes the vesiculation characteristics of FMD. In addition, a lymphoid depletion in spleen and thymus and severe lymphopenia is observed in the infected mice. When these mice were immunized with conventional inactivated FMDV vaccine, they were protected (100% of vaccinated animals) against challenge with a lethal dose of FMDV. The data indicate that this mouse model may facilitate the study of FMDV pathogenesis, and the development of new effective vaccines for FMD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We introduce a strictly weaker version of the Daugavet property as follows: a Banach space X has this alternative Daugavet property (ADP in short) if the norm identity holds for all rank-one operators T :X→X. In such a case, all weakly compact operators on X also satisfy (). We give some geometric characterizations of the alternative Daugavet property in terms of the space and its successive duals. We prove that the ADP is stable for c0-, l1- and l∞-sums and characterize when some vector-valued function spaces have the property. Finally, we show that a C*-algebra (or the predual of a von Neumann algebra) has the ADP if and only if its atomic projection (respectively, the atomic projection of the algebra) are central. We also establish some geometric properties of JB*-triples, and characterize JB*-triples possessing the ADP and the Daugavet property. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of a surgical navigation system in total knee replacement (TKR) enables beginner and intermediate surgeons to achieve clinical PROM outcomes as good as those conducted by expert surgeons in the long term. Methods: We enrolled 100 consecutive patients whose total navigated knee arthroplasty (TKA) was performed in our institution from 2008 to 2010. According to the principal surgeon's surgical experience, the patients were divided into three groups: (1) beginner surgeons, with no more than 30 previous knee replacement performances, (2) intermediate surgeons, with more than 30 but not more than 300, and (3) expert surgeons, with more than 300 knee replacements. Demographic data collected on the cohort included gender, laterality, age, and body mass index (BMI). The outcome measures assessed were Forgotten Joint Score (FJS), implant positioning, limb alignment, and prosthesis survival rate. A margin of equivalence of ± 18.5 points in the FJS scale was prespecified in terms of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) to compare the FJS results obtained in the long period between the groups of interest. Results: The mean follow-up was 11.10 ± 0.78, 10.86 ± 0.66, and 11.30 ± 0.74 years, respectively, for each of the groups. The long-term FJS mean score was 80.86 ± 21.88, 81.36 ± 23.87, and 90.48 ± 14.65 for each group. The statistical analysis proved noninferiority and equivalence in terms of the FJS results reported in the long term by patients in Groups 1 or 2 compared to those in Group 3. More specifically, it has been proved that the mean difference between groups is within the interval of equivalence defined in terms of the MCID. The overall prostheses survival rate was 93.7%. Conclusion: Navigated assisted TKA, under expert guidance, can be as effective when performed by beginner or intermediate surgeons as performed by senior surgeons regarding the accuracy of implant positioning, limb alignment, and long-term clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Teledermatology is the practice of dermatology through communication technologies. The aim of this study is to analyze its implementation in a Spanish health area during its first two years. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. It included interconsultations between dermatologists and family physicians in the Salamanca Health Area (Spain) after the implementation of the non-face-to-face modality over a period of two consecutive years. A total of 25,424 consultations were performed (20,912 face-to-face and 4,512 non-face-to-face); 1000 were selected by random sampling, half of each modality. Main measures: referral rate, response time and resolution time, type of pathology, diagnostic concordance, and quality of consultation. Results: The annual referral rate was 42.9/1000 inhabitants (35.3 face-to-face and 7.6 non-face- to-face). The rate of face-to-face referrals was higher in urban areas (37.1) and the rate of non- face-to-face referrals in rural areas (10.4). The response time for non-face-to-face consultations was 2.4 ± 12.7 days and 56 ± 34.8 days for face-to-face consultations (p < 0.001). The resolution rate for non-face-to-face consultations was 44%. Diagnostic concordance, assessed by the kappa index, was 0.527 for face-to-face consultations and 0.564 for non-face-to-face consultations. Greater compliance with the quality criteria in the non-attendance consultations. Conclusions: Teledermatology appears to be an efficient tool in the resolution of dermatological problems, with a rapid, effective, and higher quality response for attention to skin pathologies. Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05625295. Registered on 21 November 2022 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT05625295). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that for every 1 < n < ∞ , there exists a Banach space X n containing proximinal subspaces of codimension n but no proximinal finite codimensional subspaces of higher codimension. Moreover, the set of norm-attaining functionals of X n contains n -dimensional subspaces, but no subspace of higher dimension. This gives an n -by- n version of the solutions given by Read and Rmoutil to problems of Singer and Godefroy. We also study the existence of strongly proximinal subspaces of finite codimension, showing that for every 1 < n < ∞ and 1 ⩽ k < n , there is a Banach space X n , k containing proximinal subspaces of finite codimension up to n but not higher, and containing strongly proximinal subspaces of finite codimension up to k but not higher. Finally, we deal with possible infinite-dimensional versions of the previous results showing, among other results, that there are non-separable Banach spaces whose set of norm-attaining functionals contains infinite-dimensional separable linear subspaces but no non-separable subspaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic musculoskeletal pain affects more than 20% of the population, and the prevalence is increasing, causing suffering, loss of quality of life, disability, and an enormous expenditure on healthcare resources. The most common location for chronic pain is the spine. Many of the treatments used are mainly passive (pharmacological and invasive) and poor outcomes. The treatments currently applied in the public health system do not comply with the recommendations of the main clinical practice guidelines, which suggest the use of educational measures and physical exercise as the first-line treatment. A protocol based on active coping strategies is described, which will be evaluated through a clinical trial and which could facilitate the transfer of the recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines to a primary care setting.Methods: Randomised and multicentre clinical trials, which will be carried out in 10 Primary Care centres. The trial will compare the effect of a Pain Neuroscience Education program (six sessions, 10 h) and group physical exercise (18 sessions program carried out in six weeks, 18 h), with usual care physiotherapy treatment. Group physical exercise incorporates dual tasks, gaming, and reinforcement of contents of the educational program. The aim is to assess the effect of the intervention on quality of life, as well as on pain, disability, catastrophism, kinesiophobia, central sensitisation, and drug use. The outcome variables will be measured at the beginning of the intervention, after the intervention (week 11), at six months, and a year.Discussion: Therapeutic interventions based on active coping strategies are essential for the treatment of chronic pain and the sustainability of the Public Health System. Demonstrating whether group interventions have an effect size is essential for optimising resources in such a prevalent problem.Trial Registration: NCT03654235 "Retrospectively registered" 31 August 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particle size distribution (PSD) of complex granular media is seen as a mathematical measure supported in the interval of grain sizes. A physical property characterizing granular products used in the Andreasen and Andersen model of 1930 is re-interpreted in Information Entropy terms leading to a differential information equation as a conceptual approach for the PSD. Under this approach, measured data which give a coarse description of the distribution may be seen as initial conditions for the proposed equation. A solution of the equation agrees with a selfsimilar measure directly postulated as a PSD model by Martín and Taguas almost 80 years later, thus both models appear to be linked. A variant of this last model, together with detailed soil PSD data of 70 soils are used to study the information content of limited experimental data formed by triplets and its ability in the PSD reconstruction. Results indicate that the information contained in certain soil triplets is sufficient to rebuild the whole PSD: for each soil sample tested there is always at least a triplet that contains enough information to simulate the whole distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social practice of games of chance and gambling can be read in an interesting variety of ways in the area of the Social Sciences. One is the geographical perspective, which highlights the spatial repercussions of this form of recreation. However, in Spain, very little scientific literature exists on the topic, which justifies the appropriateness of this contribution to promote the necessary debate on the matter. A variety of statistical and legal sources are treated to reach the following results: Spain is in a leading position in the gambling industry at the international level, which can be attributed to its land-based gambling infrastructure and, specifically, the popularity of Electronic Machines and their proliferation in both catering establishments and specific venues. An analysis of gambling distribution in Spain shows a relatively homogeneous interregional situation in this regard, as no clear spatial patterns have been found apart from the demographic weight of the different regions. Thus, it is relevant to raise the question whether the legal differences between the regions have been a factor in gambling's spatial distribution. To conclude, we detail some of the most demanding problem areas that require follow-up geographical research on the Spanish gambling landscape, although it would be desirable for the quality, variety and accessibility of data to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water (SW) quality is particularly vulnerable to increased concentrations of nutrients, and this issue may be exacerbated by climate change. Knowledge of the effects of temperature and rainfall on SW quality is required to take the necessary measures to achieve good SW status in the future. To address this, the aims of this study were threefold: (1) to assess how a changing climate may alter the nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus and biological oxygen demand status (BOD 5) of SW; (2) assess the relationship between water quality and flow; and (3) simulate diffuse and point source pollution reduction scenarios in the Júcar River Basin District in the Mediterranean region. A regionalised long-term climate scenario was used following one Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) with the data incorporated into the coupling of hydrological and water quality models. According to these climate change scenarios, SW with poor nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus and BOD 5 status are expected to increase in the future by factors of 1.3, 1.9, 4 and 4, respectively. Furthermore, median ammonium and phosphorus concentration may be doubled in months with low flows. Additional measures are required to maintain current status in the water bodies, and it is necessary to reduce at least 25% of diffuse nitrate pollution, and 50% of point loads of ammonium, phosphorus, and BOD 5. • In the far future, water quality status could worsen due to climate change. • One of the main problems in the future will be the lack of dilution of polluting loads. • In the long term, median NH4 and P concentration may be doubled in months with low flows. • Reducing diffuse NO3 pollution by at least 25% would maintain water status. • Reducing point loads of NH4, P and BOD5 by at least 50% would maintain water status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence demonstrate that the electron transfer chain plays a critical role in controlling the effector functions of macrophages. In this work, we have generated a Ndufs4−/− murine macrophage cell lines. The Ndufs4 gene, which encodes a supernumerary subunit of complex I, is a mutational hotspot in Leigh syndrome patients. Ndufs4−/− macrophages showed decreased complex I activity, altered complex I assembly, and lower levels of maximal respiration and ATP production. These mitochondrial respiration alterations were associated with a shift towards a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile after lipopolysaccharide challenge and improved ability to phagocytose Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunnel construction is one of the areas of civil engineering where automation systems can increase both safety and productivity. That is why, to promote a continuous improvement and optimization of construction processes, the implementation of intelligent transport systems and, specifically, autonomous vehicles has been proposed as a catalyst for public works construction activity, including tunnels, reducing personnel, and operation costs, as well as improving safety. Under this scope, this paper presents the development of the automation system for a 25‐ton hauler truck, focusing on the task of removing debris from public works, including tunnels. This automation system has been designed, developed, and tested under real conditions in the facilities of two companies dedicated to civil engineering works, including vehicle guidance with and without gobal positioning system, obstacle detection, and tele‐operation for load/unload tasks. The main novelty of the system is the capacity of easy integration into the production system of the works, with a capacity to switch between manual, tele‐operation, or autonomous driving modes, and with specific sensors and control systems for combining indoor and outdoor navigation. The presented work includes the description of the automation of the vehicle, the general architecture, the environment perception, and the tele‐operation capacity, including indoor navigation and obstacle detection algorithms. The proposed system has been implemented and tested in real conditions, demonstrating the performance of the system and the benefit of the automation for this application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban runoff is considered an important source of microplastic pollution. This review provides an in-depth analysis of studies that assess the role of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) as nature-based solutions, to tackle this worldwide problem. Sedimentation-based systems, such as wetlands or ponds, and filtration-based systems, such as bioretention cells or gardens, as well as permeable pavements have been shown to effectively retain a significant number of MPs. Nevertheless, it is considered that efficiencies can be enhanced through some design improvements, proposed in this review. Polypropylene, Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyethylene and Polystyrene, are the most frequent and abundant polymers in urban runoff, due to high consumption in a wide variety of urban products and activities. Smaller particles and fibers are the most challenging fraction. Maximum rainfall intensity, antecedent dry days, rainfall depth, land use, dwelling density, imperviousness, hydraulic loading, SUDS age, and the presence of forebays or gross pollutant traps have been influential variables on the abundance of MPs in some of the studies, although not always statistically significant. The assessment of the fate of MPs by some studies indicates that they are more concentrated in the sediment or filter media near the inlet, as well as in the shallower layers. The existence of a similar behaviour and a correlation between total suspended solids and microplastic concentration, makes them a potential indicator of microplastic pollution. A wide variability of microplastic detection methods and reporting data format has been found, which makes it difficult to draw global conclusions. Measures to reduce microplastic pollution in urban areas and subjects for further research are finally suggested. [Display omitted] • Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) efficiently remove microplastics. • Filtration and sedimentation-based SUDS solutions efficiently remove microplastics. • Polypropylene is the most abundant polymer in water and sediment samples. • Fibers, fragments and films are detected by greater number of studies. • Small size MPs are the most prevalent in water, sediment and fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]