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The purpose of this investigation is the supportive functions of L-carnitine when co-administered with the DDP-4 inhibitor member and the nephroprotective impact of alogliptin in nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in male Wistar rats. A total number of 25 male Albino rats weighed 130.0±5.7 g, and divided into five equal groups, G1: (Control negative), G2: (Control positive, has nephrotoxicity), G3: (Treated group with L-carnitine), G4: (Treated with Alogliptin) and G5: (Treated with alogliptin and L-carnitine). The biochemical results of serum total proteins, albumin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly changed (P ≤ 0.05) among different groups while serum globulin was not significant, and the mean values of these parameters showed significant variations in G5 than G3 and G4. The following measures were made in order to identify the oxidative/antioxidant cascades: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT);, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and these parameters were showed significant changes (P ≤ 0.05) among different groups and the mean value showed the significant of G5 than G3 and G4. The results of the histological and immunohistochemical analyses point to a possible function for alogliptin and L-carnitine in preventing renal tissue destruction in rat models of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. According to the improvement of various biochemical indicators and oxidative state as well as the restoration of the renal structural integrity and function, treatment with alogliptin or L-carnitine protects the kidney through their antioxidant action. Better results than each medicine alone is seen when the two are combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of the culture medium conditions for Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis mosquitocidal toxins production under solid state fermentation using Taguchi experimental design of surface response methodology was studied. The obtained results revealed that the optimum culture medium conditions for the maximum mosquitocidal activity against second instar Culex pipiens larvae were 6% substrate concentration, 40% initial moisture content, 2% inoculum size and initial pH 6.5 for 7 days incubation period. The obtained sporulation titer and larval mortality % were 2.2 × 1010 CFU/g final product and 90%, respectively. LC50 of this product was 3.2 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]