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A city Resource Directory (CRD) for the smart video surveillance system offers enhanced security for citizens. With a growing need for public security and safety, video enabled devices are a common sight in private and public locations around the world. They are however isolated systems, and unless owned by the government, there is no means to intelligently confirm their existence or benefit from their activities, at the public level. We propose a citywide surveillance directory system to support and facilitate the cataloguing, accessing, managing and administration of the video surveillance networks. To demonstrate the our work, we developed a simulation project in which resource directories designated for specific cities were used to administer local surveillance systems and we demonstrate how a surveillance system registers with only the appropriate CRD in its local city. We demonstrated how our solution manages failed nodes during the registration process of cameras joining the CRD.

The presentation covers some history on lasers, then goes on to describe the the USA Airborne Laser Testbed and its Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL). The significance of laser modes for beam propagation is explained. Fibre lasers and their applications and construction is described. The US Navy 33kW fibre laser is reported, then the Lockheed Martin 30kW and 60kW systems are described; UK Dragonfire is reported followed by the US Textron 150kW liquid laser. Some conclusions are drawn.

The quantum Fourier transform (QFT);Similarities and differences of coherent optical FFT to the QFT. Grover’s search algorithm implemented with a coherent optical correlator. Quantum algorithms requiring bit entanglement -Shor’s algorithm for large number factorisation. Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) pixels placed in a binary superposition state. Addressed with an “interaction free” measurement. Allows exponential increase in processing power. Quantum search algorithm for a decryption problem based on superposition state of coherent wavefront.

Some laser history;\ud Airborne Laser Testbed & Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL);\ud Laser modes and beam propagation;\ud Fibre lasers and applications;\ud US Navy Laser system – NRL 33kW fibre laser;\ud Lockheed Martin 30kW fibre laser;\ud Conclusions

At the University of Sussex Professor Chris Chatwin, Dr Rupert Young & Dr Balaji Ganeshan were awarded an Achieving Impact Award by Vice Chancellor Professor Michael Farthing and Deputy Vice Chancellor Professor Michael Davies for their cancer management Imaging Software.The TexRAD Cancer management technology is being used as a research tool in seven of the G8 Countries; FDA and CE approvals for clinical use are imminent.

Cities are in a constant state of evolution, and made up of many different system: energy, transport, healthcare, security, water treatment and so on. There is a significant push by governments around the world to integrate these services using the internet. This presentation looks at some history, current progress and opportunities.

The presentation gives a partial summary of some of the research conducted by the Industrial Informatics & Signal Processing Research Group over the last 20 years. This was to celebrate 50 years of Engineering at Sussex University; many of our past graduates attended. The conference was a great success and culminated in a very enjoyable dinner with all the delegates and presenters.

Caterpillars in their various forms: size, shape, and colour cause significant harm to crops and humans. This paper offers a solution for the detection and control of caterpillars through the use of a sustainable pest control system that does not require the application of chemical pesticides, which damage human health and destroy the naturally beneficial insects within the environment. The proposed system is capable of controlling 80% of the population of caterpillars in less than 65 days by deploying a controlled number of larval parasitoid wasps (Cotesia Flavipes, Cameron) into the crop environment. This is made possible by using a continuous time model of the interaction between the caterpillar and the Cotesia Flavipes (Cameron) wasps using a set of simultaneous, non-linear, ordinary differential equations incorporating natural death rates based on the Weibull probability distribution function. A negative binomial distribution is used to model the efficiency and the probability that the wasp will find and parasitize a host larva. The caterpillar is presented in all its life-cycle stages of: egg, larva, pupa and adult and the Cotesia Flavipes (Cameron) wasp is present as an adult larval parasitoid. Biological control modelling is used to estimate the quantity of the Cotesia Flavipes (Cameron) wasps that should be introduced into the caterpillar infested environment to suppress its population density to an economically acceptable level within a prescribed number of days.\ud Keywords

There is a large amount of space debris in the size range of 1 to 10 cm that is orbiting the Earth at a very high velocity which could do tremendous damage to any space mission if it were to collide. This orbital debris has been generated from collision events between objects and fragmentations of objects in Earth orbits. The problem is that the amount of space debris is increasing exponentially with every major collision in space. To limit the probability of this happening, the rate of growth of space debris in orbit is being reduced through various design techniques employed in new space missions. However, the orbital debris already in space will require to be mitigated as well because in some of the bands, such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the density of space debris is very high. It is posing a threat to any operational satellite in orbit and the safety of spacecraft flights LEO is rather urgent.\ud \ud The technique of using high power pulsed lasers on the ground has been viewed as the most feasible method to mitigate small space junk in the LEO band. It is one of the most viable solutions to mitigate the existing space debris in LEO. However, in order to design an effective orbital debris removal technique, the first logical step would be to gather as much information as possible on space debris that is known to exist within the orbital band of interest, like the two-line element of the space debris and its materials. This will help assess the design of the laser beam system and help give a more accurate picture of this de-orbiting strategy.\ud \ud The objective of this poster is to provide a summary of the developed novel techniques for this de-orbiting model. It also presents the calculation and simulation of the required power that is necessary for the laser beam in order to slow down the orbital velocity of the space debris and also reduce its perigee. Reducing the space debris altitude by the amount necessary will significantly reduce its lifetime in Earth orbit and eventually cause it to re-enter the atmosphere where it will burn up.

Scoliid and Voria Tachinidae parasitoid wasps are shown to be able to control the population of the Taro Scarab beetle (Papuanauninodis, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae using a newly created continuous-time simulation model based on non-linear ordinary differential equations that track the populations of the beetle’s life cycle stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult and the populations of the two parasitoid wasps. Due to the fact that the scarab beetles are, relatively speaking, long lived it is challenging to drive down the adult population below the environmental carrying capacity. Mortality and predator/prey capture rates are modelled using the Weibull and Pascal probability distribution functions, respectively. We suggest the use of a virus or fungi to drive down the population of the adult beetles, the ambition being to avoid the use of pesticides so as to produce higher quality food that doesn’t damage human health via chemical residues.

As Africa is lagging behind in global IT developments this lecture looks at the: \ud \ud Challenges & cost of the Internet in Nigeria\ud Global Fibre Optic Backbone\ud African Sub-sea Optical Fibre Backbone\ud Satellite Option\ud Satellite & Wireless Systems\ud DWDM in Tanzania

Despite the widespread use of insecticides, community engagement programmes and preventive measures mosquito borne diseases are growing and new tools to prevent the spread of disease are urgently needed. An alternative control measure for the eradication of Anopheles mosquitoes is suggested by the use of a Sustainable Control Model, which demonstrates the capability of Odonata, a natural beneficial predator, to exercise control over Anopheles mosquitoes in less than 140 days.

An Electrical Impedance Mammography (EIM) planar array imaging system is being developed at the University of Sussex for the detection of breast cancers. Investigations have shown that during data collection, systematic errors and patient artefacts are frequently introduced during signal acquisition from different electrodes pairs. This is caused, in particular, by the large variations in the electrode-skin contact interface conditions occurring between separate electrode positions both with the same and different patients. As a result, the EIM image quality is seriously affected by these errors. Hence, this research aims to experimentally identify, analyse and propose effective methods to reduce the systematic errors at the electrode-skin interface. Experimental studies and subsequent analysis is presented to determine what ratio of electrode blockage seriously affects the acquired raw data which may in turn compromise the reconstruction. This leads to techniques for the fast and accurate detection of any such occurrences. These methodologies can be applied to any planar array based EIM system.

Optical structures to implement the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms for discretely sampled data sets are considered. In particular, the decomposition of the FFT algorithm into the basic Butterfly operations is described, as this allows the algorithm to be fully implemented by the successive coherent addition and subtraction of two wavefronts (the subtraction being performed after one has been appropriately phase shifted), so facilitating a simple and robust hardware implementation based on waveguided hybrid devices as employed in coherent optical detection modules. Further, a comparison is made to the optical structures proposed for the optical implementation of the quantum Fourier transform and they are shown to be very similar.

Plant pest recognition and detection is vital for food security, quality of life and a stable agricultural economy. This research demonstrates the combination of the k-means clustering algorithm and the correspondence filter to achieve pest detection and recognition. The detection of the dataset is achieved by partitioning the data space into Voronoi cells, which tends to find clusters of comparable spatial extents, thereby separating the objects (pests) from the background (pest habitat). The detection is established by extracting the variant distinctive attributes between the pest and its habitat (leaf, stem) and using the correspondence filter to identify the plant pests to obtain correlation peak values for different datasets. This work further establishes that the recognition probability from the pest image is directly proportional to the height of the output signal and inversely proportional to the viewing angles, which further confirmed that the recognition of plant pests is a function of their position and viewing angle. It is encouraging to note that the correspondence filter can achieve rotational invariance of pests up to angles of 360 degrees, which proves the effectiveness of the algorithm for the detection and recognition of plant pests.

Accurately tracking moving targets in a complex scene involving moving cameras, occlusions and targets embedded in noise is a very active research area in computer vision. In this paper, an optimal trade-off maximum correlation height (OT-MACH) filter has been designed and implemented as a robust tracker. The algorithm allows selection of different objects as a target, based on the operator’s requirements. The user interface is designed so as to allow the selection of a different target for tracking at any time. The filter is updated, at a frequency selected by the user, which makes the filter more resistant to progressive changes in the object’s orientation and scale. The tracker has been tested on both colour visible band as well as infra-red band video sequences acquired from the air by the Sussex County police helicopter. Initial testing has demonstrated the ability of the filter to maintain a stable track on vehicles despite changes of scale, orientation and lighting and the ability to re-acquire the track after short losses due to the vehicle passing behind occlusions.

Bandwidth management and availability is going to improve greatly.The Cloud will become increasingly important for security and computer vision. Integration of Satellite, Fibre, Wireless. Impacts where you do the Computer Vision

The presentation explores the NATO Space Surveillance Network and the recent developments in updating it with state of the art infrared sensors and high bandwidth communication satellites using triple junction solar panel arrays.

Internet infrastructures in most places of the world have been supported by the advancement of optical fiber technology, most notably wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Optical technology by means of WDM system has revolutionized long distance data transport and has resulted in high data capacity, cost reductions, extremely low bit error rate, and operational simplification of the overall Internet infrastructure. This paper analyses and compares the system impairments, which occur at data transmission rates of 2.5Gb/s and 10 Gb/s per wavelength channel in our proposed optical WDM system for Internet infrastructure in Tanzania. The results show that the data transmission rate of 2.5 Gb/s has minimum system impairments compared with a rate of 10 Gb/s per wavelength channel, and achieves a sufficient system performance to provide a good Internet access service., {"references":["Tanzania Ministry of communication and Transport (2005), \"Technical\nreport on the Feasibility study for implementation of the national\nbackbone infrastructure.\"","East African Submarine System (EASSy) available online from:\nhttp://www.eassy.org [Accessed on May, 2008].","R.Ramaswami and K.Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical\nPerspective, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.","I.kaminow and T.Li. Optical Fiber Telecommunication, IVA, Academic\npress, 2002.","Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber Optic Communication Systems, 2nd Edition,\n1997.","I.kaminow and T.Li. Optical Fiber Telecommunication, IVB, Academic\npress, 2002.","J.Strand, A.L.Chiu and R.Tkach, \"Issues for routing in the optical layer,\nIEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001.\"","G.P.Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press, San Diego, 1995.","C.Siva Ram Murthy and M.Gurusamy, WDM Optical Networks:\nConcepts, Design, and Algorithms, Prentice Hall, 2002.\n[10] J.P.Gordon, and L.F.Mollenauer, \"Effects of fiber nonlinearities and\namplifier spacing on ultra-long distance transmission, \" J.Lightwave\nTechnol., vol. 9(2), pp. 170-173, 1991.\n[11] D.Marcuse, A.R.Chraplyvy, R.W.Tkach, \"Dependence of cross-phase\nmodulation on channel number in fiber WDM systems,\"\nJ.Lightwave.vol, 12(5), pp.885-890, 1994.\n[12] R.W.Tkach, A.R.Chraplyvy, F.Forgheiri, A.H.Gnauck and R.M,\nDerosier, \"Four-photon mixing in high-speed WDM system, \"\nJ.Lightwave Technol, vol. 13(5), pp.841-849, 1995."]}

A new stereophotolithography technique utilizing a spatial light modulator ~SLM! to create threedimensional components with a planar, layer-by-layer process of exposure is described. With this procedure it is possible to build components with dimensions in the range of 50 mm–50 mm and feature sizes as small as 5 mm with a resolution of 1 mm. A polysilicon thin-film twisted nematic SVGA SLM is used as the dynamic photolithographic mask. The system consists of eight elements: a UV laser light source, an optical shutter, beam-conditioning optics, a SLM, a multielement reduction lens system, a high-resolution translation stage, a control system, and a computer-aided-design system. Each of these system components is briefly described. In addition, the optical characteristics of commercially available UV curable resins are investigated with nondegenerate four-wave mixing. Holographic gratings were written at a wavelength of 351.1 nm and read at 632.8 nm to compare the reactivity, curing speed, shrinkage, and resolution of the resins.

A high-speed hybrid optical–digital correlator system was designed, constructed, modeled, and demonstrated experimentally. This correlator is capable of operation at approximately 3000 correlations/s. The input scene is digitized at a resolution of 512 × 512 pixels and the phase information of the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform calculated and displayed in the correlator filter plane at normal video frame rates. High-fidelity reference template images are stored in a phase-conjugating optical memory placed at the nominal input plane of the correlator and reconstructed with a high-speed acousto-optic scanner; this allows for cross correlation of the entire reference data set with the input scene within one frame period. A high-speed CCD camera is used to capture the correlation-plane image, and rapid correlation-plane processing is achieved with a parallel processing architecture.