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Coastal upwelling is important for coastal ecosystems and the blue economy because of its large productivity and large potential for catching fish. However, coastal upwelling along the Taiwan east coast has received little attention from the research community. This study used five-year daily Himawari-8 geostationary satellite sea surface temperature data to map the coastal upwelling east of Taiwan during the summer monsoon season. We applied a semi-automatic image process technique based on the topographic position index for the quantitative upwelling mapping. The results show clear evidence of seasonal coastal upwelling along the entire Taiwan east coast, mainly under the influence of upwelling-favorable southwesterly/southerly winds. There are three broad upwelling centers along the Taiwan east coast: north, central, and south. The upwelling around the northern center has the longest upwelling season, lasting from May to September. The upwelling extents are larger between June and August during the height of the summer monsoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) is a group of irreversible retinal degenerative disorders with significant genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which cause difficulty in making a precise clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, the mutation spectrum of IRD in Taiwan remains unknown. Therefore, our study focused on investigating the spectrum of mutations among Taiwanese families with IRD using targeted exome sequencing (TES) technology. Methods: We recruited a total of 60 unrelated Taiwanese families with IRD; most of them were retinitis pigmentosa. We employed TES to investigate 284 candidate genes. Bioinformatics analysis, Sanger sequencing‐based co‐segregation testing, and computational assessment were performed to validate each mutation and its pathogenicity. The genotype‐phenotype correlation was analysed in all patients with mutations defined in the guidelines provided by the American College of Medical Genetics. Results: We successfully identified genetic causes in 32 families (detection rate of 53.3%). Among them, 16 had a sporadic inheritance (16/36, 44.4%); eight had an autosomal recessive inheritance (8/14, 57.1%); four had an autosomal dominant inheritance (4/5, 80%); four had an X‐linked inheritance (4/5, 80%). Among 38 pathological mutations in 19 known genes, 20 mutations are reported here for the first time. Novel mutation spectrum and genotype‐phenotype correlations were revealed as well. Conclusion: Here we achieved a detection rate of 53.3% and elucidated the mutation spectrum in Taiwanese families with IRD for the first time. The results indicated that CYP4V2 and USH2A might be the most common pathogenic genes in IRD patients in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]