139 results on '"SHARMA, SHALINI"'
Search Results
2. Agricultural resilience and land-use from an Indus settlement in north-western India: Inferences from stable Carbon and Nitrogen isotopes of archaeobotanical remains.
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Sharma, Shalini, Agnihotri, Rajesh, Pokharia, Anil K., Kumar, Amish, Manjul, S. K., and Bhattacharyya, Ranjan
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Stable isotopic compositions of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) of archaeological grains/seeds recovered from different cultural layers of an Indus (Harappan) archaeological site 4MSR (29°12'87.2"N; 73°9'421"E; Binjor, western Rajasthan, India) provide insights into the Harappan agriculture between ~2900 to ~1800 BCE. The δ13C values were used to retrieve hydrological status, while δ15N values were used to gauge agricultural intensification. Isotopic data of grains/seeds were generated representing three Indus phases (i) Early phase (~2900−2600 BCE), (ii) Transitional phase (~2600−2500 BCE), and (iii) Mature phase (~2500−1800 BCE). We find δ13C values of barley grains (winter crop) varied in overlapping ranges for all the three phases −21.34‰ ± 1.9; −22.55‰ ± 1.6 and −22.75‰ ± 1.7 respectively (n=10 for each phase) indicating insignificant changes in hydrology for winter crops. For summer crops like cotton, average δ13C values for Transitional phase −23.44‰ ± 1.8 were not significantly different from those of Mature phase −22.55‰ ± 2.5. The δ15Nbarley values varied in wider range, however, intra-phase variability appears to have overlapping values but showing overall increase from Early (7.72‰ ± 1.8) to Mature phase (11.17‰±7.2) indicating a plausible agricultural intensification. We also measured δ13C of host soil organic matter (SOM) and sediment δ15N to assess regional environmental conditions. In contrast to the trends observed for archaeological grains/seeds, δ13CSOM values showed a statistically significant enriching trend from Early (−23.54‰ ± 1.4) to Mature phase (−20.40‰ ± 1.9) hinting a growing aridity in the region. We surmise that Harappan farmers of western Rajasthan region might be managing arable hydrological conditions in their fields through agricultural interventions to continue agriculture practices despite growing aridity in the vicinity. The high proportion of water-demanding crop cotton during the Mature phase despite of changing environmental conditions, also corroborate our interpretation, possibly grown for the trade purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Study of Cognitive Functioning among Smart Phone users and it’s Correlation with Loneliness.
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Sharma, Shalini, Warhade, Veenodini, and Soni, Dushyant
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LONELINESS , *SMARTPHONES , *COGNITIVE ability , *COGNITION - Abstract
Background: The recent development of the multifunctional smartphone and its subsequent global popularity has changed the communication and information landscape; remolded the interests, values, and desires of many users; and triggered concerns around the world about overuse and addiction. Methods: Recent study conducted on 100 subjects and categorized as per the duration of smart phone use with all participants' written informed consent. Present study evaluated cognitive levels among smartphone and their correlation with loneliness through different scales. Results: Problem caused by excessive smartphone use was significantly related to the severity of loneliness and levels cognitive domains. Conclusion: This study reports there is decline in cognitive levels with smartphone use and it is correlated with the loneliness too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
4. Analysis of structural and dielectric properties of A-site substituted magnesium titanate synthesized using autoignition combustion method.
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Bahel, Komal Sharma Shalini
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DIELECTRIC properties , *TITANATES , *PERMITTIVITY , *MAGNESIUM , *COMBUSTION , *SCANNING electron microscopy - Abstract
The structural and dielectric properties of magnesium titanate solid solutions substituted with zinc or cobalt (MxMg1-x) TiO3 (M=Zn/Co and x=0.00, 0.05) were investigated. MgTiO3 formed as a single phase, according to X-ray diffraction analysis. Low porosity, tightly packed grains were detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The dielectric properties reveal that (MxMg1-x) TiO3 with Zn = 0.05 shows a good combination of relative permittivity (ɛr) of 15.10, loss tangent (tan) of 1.11×10-3, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of -42.70ppm/°C at 1MHz was reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. Radiometals in Imaging and Therapy: Highlighting Two Decades of Research.
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Sharma, Shalini and Pandey, Mukesh K.
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POSITRON emission tomography , *PHOTON emission , *RADIOISOTOPES , *RADIOLABELING - Abstract
The present article highlights the important progress made in the last two decades in the fields of molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy. Advancements in radiometal-based positron emission tomography, single photon emission computerized tomography, and radionuclide therapy are illustrated in terms of their production routes and ease of radiolabeling. Applications in clinical diagnostic and radionuclide therapy are considered, including human studies under clinical trials; their current stages of clinical translations and findings are summarized. Because the metalloid astatine is used for imaging and radionuclide therapy, it is included in this review. In regard to radionuclide therapy, both beta-minus (β−) and alpha (α)-emitting radionuclides are discussed by highlighting their production routes, targeted radiopharmaceuticals, and current clinical translation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. Dynamics of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell differentiation to the erythroid lineage.
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Schippel, Natascha and Sharma, Shalini
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HEMATOPOIETIC stem cells , *CELL differentiation , *COLONY-forming units assay , *CELL populations , *PROGENITOR cells - Abstract
• Development of red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells is a complex, dynamic, and hierarchical process. • Multiple immunophenotypic strategies exist for analysis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and erythroid cells. • Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA-sequencing studies have indicated heterogeneity within populations. • HSPCs exhibit a continuum of lineage priming, producing unipotent progenitors. • Systematic analysis is required to establish a standard set of erythroid markers. Erythropoiesis, the development of erythrocytes from hematopoietic stem cells, occurs through four phases: erythroid progenitor (EP) development, early erythropoiesis, terminal erythroid differentiation (TED), and maturation. According to the classical model that is based on immunophenotypic profiles of cell populations, each of these phases comprises multiple differentiation states that arise in a hierarchical manner. After segregation of lymphoid potential, erythroid priming begins during progenitor development and progresses through progenitor cell types that have multilineage potential. Complete separation of the erythroid lineage is achieved during early erythropoiesis with the formation of unipotent EPs: burst-forming unit-erythroid and colony-forming unit-erythroid. These erythroid-committed progenitors undergo TED and maturation, which involves expulsion of the nucleus and remodeling to form functional biconcave, hemoglobin-filled erythrocytes. In the last decade or so, many studies employing advanced techniques such as single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) as well as the conventional methods, including colony-forming cell assays and immunophenotyping, have revealed heterogeneity within the stem, progenitor, and erythroblast stages, and uncovered alternate paths for segregation of erythroid lineage potential. In this review, we provide an in-depth account of immunophenotypic profiles of all cell types within erythropoiesis, highlight studies that demonstrate heterogeneous erythroid stages, and describe deviations to the classical model of erythropoiesis. Overall, although scRNA-seq approaches have provided new insights, flow cytometry remains relevant and is the primary method for validation of novel immunophenotypes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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7. Understanding of Network Resiliency in Communication Networks with its Integration in Internet of Things - A Survey.
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Sharma, Shalini, Pathak, Bhupendra Kumar, and Kumar, Rajiv
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INTERNET of things , *PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience , *SCALABILITY , *SYSTEMS availability , *FAULT tolerance (Engineering) - Abstract
Modern life is completely dependent on Internet, and as a result, network disruption has become extremely severe. It has been recognized that communication networks are not that much resilient and survivable as they need to be. Today the ongoing trend is to increase the number of services in only one communication network. All these services are distinct in their own manner as some needs low resilience requirements, whereas some of them require higher resilience. In order to fulfill these requirements, frameworks with better cost efficiency are required and these have been proposed in the literature. The work in this study provides a survey on resilience differentiation in communication networks. Along with the survey, some future challenges are also provided at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Effect of low-level laser therapy plus exercise therapy on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, and function in knee osteoarthritis – a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Malik, Shikha, Sharma, Shalini, Dutta, Neha, Khurana, Dimple, Sharma, Raj Kumar, and Sharma, Saurabh
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PHOTOBIOMODULATION therapy , *EXERCISE therapy , *MUSCLE strength , *KNEE osteoarthritis , *PAIN management - Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is commonly associated with multiple musculoskeletal impairments. The purpose of this review was (1) to investigate the effectiveness of LLLT plus ET on pain, ROM, muscle strength, and function in KOA immediately after therapy and (2) whether the effectiveness of LLLT plus ET could be sustained at follow-up (4 - 32 weeks). Six databases were systematically searched upto December 2021 to find relevant articles. Included studies were RCTs written in English, which compared LLLT plus ET with placebo LLLT plus ET in KOA. Three independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. Standard mean difference (SMD) was used in meta-analysis using random effect model. Of the 6307 articles, 14 RCTs (820 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in pain immediately after therapy (SMD: −0.58, p = 0.001) and at follow-up (SMD: −1.35, p = 0.05) in LLLT plus ET group. There were no significant differences in knee ROM, muscle strength, and knee function outcomes immediately and at follow-up. Our findings indicate that LLLT plus ET could be considered to alleviate pain in the KOA. LLLT reduces pain at 4–8J with a wavelength of 640–905nm per point applied for 10–16 sessions at a frequency of 2 sessions/week. An exercise therapy program at prescribed dosage involving major muscle groups might help. However, LLLT plus ET is no more effective than placebo LLLT plus ET in improving ROM, muscle strength, and function in KOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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9. Foam Rolling is not Superior to dynamic Stretching in Augmenting Muscle Strength and Physical Performance Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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Dutta, Neha, Sharma, Shalini, Khurana, Dimple, Malik, Shikha, Sharma, Saurabh, and Sharma, Raj Kumar
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STRETCH (Physiology) , *BIOMARKERS , *ONLINE information services , *MEDICAL databases , *META-analysis , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *MYOFASCIAL release , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *MUSCLE strength , *BODY movement , *JUMPING , *MEDLINE , *DATA analysis software , *WARMUP , *RADIATION dosimetry - Abstract
Background. Dynamic stretching (DS) and foam rolling (FR) are frequently being used as warm-up to improve bio-motor ability. The review aimed to compare the acute effects (immediate and five minutes post-intervention) of DS and FR on flexibility, jump height, and muscular strength in the athletic and physically active population. Methods. Electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, PEDro, and Hooked on evidence databases) were searched to obtain relevant studies. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the Physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. Meta-analysis was performed using the Rev Man 5.3 software to pool outcomes using the random-effects model, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and significance level set to p < 0.05. Results. 406 papers were found and eight were included (n = 174).There was no significant mean difference between FR and DS on flexibility (immediate) (SMD: 0.15 (95%CI 0.23-0.52); p = 0.45), flexibility (five-minute) (SMD: 0.11 (95%CI -0.26-0.48); p = 0.55), jump height (immediate) (SMD: 0.20 (95%CI 0.12-0.53); p = 0.22), leg extensor strength (immediate) (SMD: 0.28 (95%CI 0.34-0.89); p = 0.37) and leg flexor strength (immediate) (SMD: 0.69 (95%CI 0.52-1.91); p = 0.26). The dosimetry from the qualitative summarization of studies suggests 2 sets (60 seconds each) of each FR and DS were performed on each muscle of the lower quadrant. Conclusions. FR and DS exert similar magnitude of effect on flexibility, jump height, and muscular strength. The findings could help clinicians plan mode of warm-up for athletes. Study registration. The study was registered in PROSPERO vide n. CRD42021225107. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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10. Symbiotic microbiota: A class of potent immunomodulators.
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Sharma, Shalini, Chaubey, K. K., Singh, S. V., and Gupta, Saurabh
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IMMUNOMODULATORS , *MICROBIAL communities , *ANIMAL health , *METABOLIC regulation , *COMMENSALISM , *MICROORGANISM populations - Abstract
Microbiome is known to exist as symbiotic commensals in humans, domestic and wild animals, birds, fishes, reptiles, insects etc. DNA sequencing and metagenomic platforms have deciphered the complex role played by communities of microbiota (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and other eukaryotic species) in survival and regulation of host physiology, metabolism and regulation of host immune system. Any alteration in the microbial population or breach in the symbiotic alliance with the host may ultimately lead to development of different kinds of pathologies. Realization of the enormous role played by the microbiome in health and diseases of human and domestic livestock led researchers to find ways to modulate these resident microbiomes for improvement in health and management of diseases. Theoretically there are several ways that can be employed for manipulating the composition and functional capacity of the resident microbiome, which may lead to improvements in human and livestock health. Though studies have shown therapeutic potential of the microbiome, considerable challenges exist in the actual implementation of these strategies in clinical settings. This review discusses the symbiotic relationship between microbiome and host and strategies to modulate host immune responses by manipulating microbiome profile. Paper also highlights how to overcome existing obstacles for successful implementation of microbiome manipulation techniques. In this era of COVID-19, it would be worth analysing the role of resident microbiome in the magnitude of COVID-19 severity which may have occurred through immunomodulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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11. Evaluation of different 89Zr-labeled synthons for direct labeling and tracking of white blood cells and stem cells in healthy athymic mice.
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Bansal, Aditya, Sharma, Shalini, Klasen, Benedikt, Rösch, Frank, and Pandey, Mukesh K.
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LEUCOCYTES , *STEM cells , *RADIOLABELING , *CELL imaging , *MICE , *BONE growth - Abstract
Cell based therapies are evolving as an effective new approach to treat various diseases. To understand the safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action of cell-based therapies, it is imperative to follow their biodistribution noninvasively. Positron-emission-tomography (PET)-based non-invasive imaging of cell trafficking offers such a potential. Herein, we evaluated and compared three different ready-to-use direct cell radiolabeling synthons, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Bn-NCS, [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-NCS, and [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-SA for PET imaging-based trafficking of white blood cells (WBCs) and stem cells (SCs) up to 7 days in athymic nude mice. We compared the degree of 89Zr complexation and percentage of cell radiolabeling efficiencies with each. All three synthons, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Bn-NCS, [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-NCS, and [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-SA, were successfully prepared, and used for radiolabeling of WBCs and SCs. The highest cell radiolabeling yield was found for [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Bn-NCS, followed by [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-NCS, and [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-SA. In terms of biodistribution, WBCs radiolabeled with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Bn-NCS or [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-NCS, were primarily accumulated in liver and spleen, whereas SCs radiolabeled with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Bn-NCS or [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-NCS were found in lung, liver and spleen. A high bone uptake was observed for both WBCs and SCs radiolabeled with [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-SA, suggesting in-vivo instability of [89Zr]Zr-Hy3ADA5-SA synthon. This study offers an appropriate selection of ready-to-use radiolabeling synthons for noninvasive trafficking of WBCs, SCs and other cell-based therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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12. Varied imaging and clinical presentations of acute bacterial cerebritis.
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Sharma, Shalini, Saini, Jitender, Khanna, Gaurav, Goyal, Aditi, Mahadevan, Anita, Deora, Harsh, and Gupta, Rakesh K.
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Infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and in immunocompromised patients. Cerebritis refers to pyogenic inflammation of the brain parenchyma that may lead to abscess formation if left untreated. Cerebritis is an uncommon diagnosis as patients are usually diagnosed at the stage of abscess formation. We present three cases of bacterial cerebritis with different clinical manifestations and varied appearances on MRI. To our knowledge, only few case reports of bacterial cerebritis have been published in the literature, and imaging findings are not fully elucidated. These cases of bacterial cerebritis add valuable information to the existing literature and would be helpful in making the appropriate diagnosis of this uncommon condition that can be medically managed if diagnosed appropriately. We recommend that cerebritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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13. Critical Cellular Functions and Mechanisms of Action of the RNA Helicase UAP56.
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Yellamaty, Ryan and Sharma, Shalini
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RNA helicase , *SPLICEOSOMES , *CELL physiology , *DNA helicases , *STRUCTURE-activity relationships , *CARCINOGENESIS , *PROTEIN-protein interactions - Abstract
[Display omitted] • UAP56 is a helicase super family 2 member vital for RNA processing. • UAP56 is required in early steps of spliceosome assembly. • Nucleocytoplasmic export of RNA requires UAP56. • Overexpression of UAP56 is linked to cancer pathogenesis. • UAP56 mutations are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Posttranscriptional maturation and export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm are essential steps in the normal processing of many cellular RNAs. The RNA helicase UAP56 (U2AF associated protein 56; also known as DDX39B) has emerged as a critical player in facilitating and co-transcriptionally linking these steps. Originally identified as a helicase involved in pre-mRNA splicing, UAP56 has been shown to facilitate formation of the A complex during spliceosome assembly. Additionally, it has been found to be critical for interactions between components of the exon junction and transcription and export complexes to promote the loading of export receptors. Although it appears to be structurally similar to other helicase superfamily 2 members, UAP56′s ability to interact with multiple different protein partners allows it to perform its various cellular functions. Herein, we describe the structure–activity relationship studies that identified protein interactions of UAP56 and its human paralog URH49 (UAP56-related helicase 49; also known as DDX39A) and are beginning to reveal molecular mechanisms by which interacting proteins and substrate RNAs may regulate these helicases. We also provide an overview of reports that have demonstrated less well-characterized roles for UAP56, including R-loop resolution and telomere maintenance. Finally, we discuss studies that indicate a potential pathogenic effect of UAP56 in the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer, and identify the association of somatic and genetic mutations in UAP56 with neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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14. Algal carbohydrate polymers: Catalytic innovations for sustainable development.
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Sahu, Sudarshan, Sharma, Shalini, Kaur, Anupreet, Singh, Gursharan, Khatri, Madhu, and Arya, Shailendra Kumar
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HOMOGENEOUS catalysis , *CHEMICAL amplification , *HETEROGENEOUS catalysis , *HETEROGENEOUS catalysts , *POLYMERS - Abstract
Algal polysaccharides, harnessed for their catalytic potential, embody a compelling narrative in sustainable chemistry. This review explores the complex domains of algal carbohydrate-based catalysis, revealing its diverse trajectory. Starting with algal polysaccharide synthesis and characterization methods as catalysts, the investigation includes sophisticated techniques like NMR spectroscopy that provide deep insights into the structural variety of these materials. Algal polysaccharides undergo various preparation and modification techniques to enhance their catalytic activity such as immobilization. Homogeneous catalysis, revealing its significance in practical applications like crafting organic compounds and facilitating chemical transformations. Recent studies showcase how algal-derived catalysts prove to be remarkably versatile, showcasing their ability to customise reactions for specific substances. Heterogeneous catalysis, it highlights the significance of immobilization techniques, playing a central role in ensuring stability and the ability to reuse catalysts. The practical applications of heterogeneous algal catalysts in converting biomass and breaking down contaminants, supported by real-life case studies, emphasize their effectiveness. In sustainable chemistry, algal polysaccharides emerge as compelling catalysts, offering a unique intersection of eco-friendliness, structural diversity, and versatile catalytic properties. Tackling challenges such as dealing with complex structural variations, ensuring the stability of the catalyst, and addressing economic considerations calls for out-of-the-box and inventive solutions. Embracing the circular economy mindset not only assures sustainable catalyst design but also promotes efficient recycling practices. The use of algal carbohydrates in catalysis stands out as a source of optimism, paving the way for a future where chemistry aligns seamlessly with nature, guiding us toward a sustainable, eco-friendly, and thriving tomorrow. This review encapsulates—structural insights, catalytic applications, challenges, and future perspectives—invoking a call for collective commitment to catalyze a sustainable scientific revolution. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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15. AN OVERVIEW ON CALENDULA OFFICINALIS LINN.: (POT MARIGOLD).
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Sharma, Shalini and Kumari, Kavita
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CALENDULA officinalis , *MEDICINAL plants , *CAROTENOIDS - Abstract
Since times immemorial, plants are considered as an important source for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Herbal medicine is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are the basis of traditional medicine. These herbal therapies are cost effective and free from any side effect. Although there are around 8,000 medicinal plant species used by different communities in India across different ecosystems, only around 10% of them (880 species) are in active trade. So, there is a need of exploration of plants for their medicinal efficacy. India has a very rich source of plants for healthcare to prevent different diseases and Calendula officinalis L. is among such aromatic herbs (family: Compositae), which is used in the traditional system of medicine i.e., Ayurveda, since long because of its rich ethnomedicinal importance. Calendula is commonly known as Pot marigold. It contained a good range of phytochemical constituents including essential volatile oils, saponins, triterpenes, triterpenoids, esters, flavonoid, steroids, carotenoids, amino-acids and polysaccharides. It is mainly used due to its various biological activities to treat various diseases and act as an analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory agent. It exerted many therapeutic effects including antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and wound healing. It is also used as a cure for gastrointestinal disease, eye disease, skin injuries and cases of burn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
16. Distributed and incremental travelling salesman algorithm on time-evolving graphs.
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Sharma, Shalini and Chou, Jerry
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TRAVELING salesman problem , *GRAPH algorithms , *ALGORITHMS , *PARALLEL programming , *PARALLEL algorithms , *WEIGHTED graphs , *HEURISTIC algorithms - Abstract
Travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a graph problem that has been widely used in many applications, especially for transportation and logistics. Because TSP is a NP hard problem, minimizing the complexity of TSP algorithms is an important problem. Many heuristic algorithms have been proposed to compute the TSP tours of a given static graph. But limited studies have been done on time-evolving graph (TEG) where the graph can change over time due to update events, such as weight changes on edges or vertices. It is a more challenging problem because the speed of TSP computations must be high enough to catch up the graph update frequency. In this paper, we make the very first attempt to minimize the computation time of solving TSP on time-evolving graphs. By exploring parallel computing power and reusing previous computing results, we proposed a distributed and incremental TSP algorithm which can be implemented on vertex-centric parallel graph computing frameworks to efficiently find TSP tours on large changing graphs. Our incremental algorithm can maintain shortest TSP tour with minimum amount of recomputation. Through our experimental evaluation, we have shown incremental TSP algorithm is 98% faster than distributed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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17. Recurrent dictionary learning for state-space models with an application in stock forecasting.
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Sharma, Shalini, Elvira, Víctor, Chouzenoux, Emilie, and Majumdar, Angshul
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CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks , *FORECASTING , *LINEAR operators , *EXPECTATION-maximization algorithms , *STOCK exchanges , *PROBABILISTIC generative models - Abstract
• We introduce a new tool, called recurrent dictionary learning, whose core idea is to rely on a linear state-space model whose state transition and observation matrices are sequentially inferred, jointly with the resolution of the inherent probabilistic filtering problem, using an expectation-minimization approach. • Our numerical results on financial time series prediction from stock market data, show that our proposed method excels over state-of-the-art stock analysis models. • The advantages of our method are (i) the available uncertainty quantification on the estimates, (ii) the ease for dealing with multivariate input and output vectors, (iii) the automatic nature of the joint estimation problem (model parameters and sequence of the states). In this work, we introduce a new modeling and inferential tool for dynamical processing of time series. The approach is called recurrent dictionary learning (RDL). The proposed model reads as a linear Gaussian Markovian state-space model involving two linear operators, the state evolution and the observation matrices, that we assumed to be unknown. These two unknown operators (that can be seen interpreted as dictionaries) and the sequence of hidden states are jointly learnt via an expectation–maximization algorithm. The RDL model gathers several advantages, namely online processing, probabilistic inference, and a high model expressiveness which is usually typical of neural networks. RDL is particularly well suited for stock forecasting. Its performance is illustrated on two problems: next day forecasting (regression problem) and next day trading (classification problem), given past stock market observations. Experimental results show that our proposed method excels over state-of-the-art stock analysis models such as CNN-TA, MFNN, and LSTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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18. Unsupervised Detection of Non-Technical Losses via Recursive Transform Learning.
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Sharma, Shalini and Majumdar, Angshul
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TIME series analysis , *HOUGH transforms , *ONLINE education - Abstract
This letter addresses the problem of detecting non-technical losses in an unsupervised fashion. Most prior studies in this area proposed supervised means (assumed the losses to be labeled); getting supervised data for such a problem seems impractical. For a practical scenario, non-technical losses should be detected in an unsupervised fashion. This work proposes a new dynamical model called recursive transform learning for online unsupervised detection of non-technical losses. Results show that our proposed method is better or at par compared to the state-of-the-art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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19. Dexamethasone to decrease post-anesthesia sore throat (POST) and hoarseness-which is the most effective route: intravenous, topical, or nebulization? A prospective randomized trial.
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Sharma, Shalini, Bhardwaj, Vatika, Sharma, Shailja, and Rana, Shelly
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DEXAMETHASONE , *THROAT , *POSTOPERATIVE period , *ENDOTRACHEAL tubes , *TRACHEA intubation , *CHOLECYSTECTOMY - Abstract
Background and Aims: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is common after endotracheal intubation making patients uncomfortable and anxious in postoperative period. The present study was undertaken to compare efficacy of equal dose of dexamethasone in preventing POST via three different routes, i.e., intravenous, topical, and nebulization before surgery. Methods and Results: The present prospective double-blind randomized parallel group trial included 190 patients of either sex above 18 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I–II posted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were divided into three groups. Patients in group N were nebulized with 8 mg dexamethasone prior to surgery, patients in group I received intravenous dexamethasone (8 mg) before induction of anesthesia, while patients in group C were intubated with endotracheal tube which was pretreated (cuff soaked in dexamethasone 8 mg). The severity of POST and hoarseness of voice was determined by interviewing patients after 24-h of completion of surgery. Incidence of POST decreased in all patients with maximum decrease in group N (18%), while 30.8% in group I and 30.4% in group C. This decrease was not statistically significant when compared to group I (p 0.14) as well as group C (p 0.15). Incidence of hoarseness significantly decreased in group N (15.6%) as compared to group I (40.3%) as well as group C (39.1%). This decrease was statistically significant when compared to group I (p 0.005) as well as group C (p 0.009). Conclusions: Topical dexamethasone (group C) is as effective as intravenous dexamethasone in decreasing incidence of POST, while both the techniques are not effective in decreasing hoarseness of voice. Nebulization is most effective method in decreasing POST as well as hoarseness. Trial Registration: CTRI/2017/08/009524 dated 29 August 2017 prospectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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20. Big data reliability: A critical review.
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Sharma, Shalini, Kumar, Naresh, and Kaswan, Kuldeep Singh
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BIG data , *DATA distribution , *RELIABILITY in engineering , *SOFTWARE reliability , *EVALUATION methodology , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Big data requires new technologies and tools to process, analyze and interpret the vast amount of high-speed heterogeneous information. A simple mistake in processing software, error in data, and malfunctioning in hardware results in inaccurate analysis, compromised results, and inadequate performance. Thus, measures concerning reliability play an important role in determining the quality of Big data. Literature related to Big data software reliability was critically examined in this paper to investigate: the type of mathematical model developed, the influence of external factors, the type of data sets used, and methods employed to evaluate model parameters while determining the system reliability or component reliability of the software. Since the environmental conditions and input variables differ for each model due to varied platforms it is difficult to analyze which method gives the better prediction using the same set of data. Thus, paper summarizes some of the Big data techniques and common reliability models and compared them based on interdependencies, estimation function, parameter evaluation method, mean value function, etc. Visualization is also included in the study to represent the Big data reliability distribution, classification, analysis, and technical comparison. This study helps in choosing and developing an appropriate model for the reliability prediction of Big data software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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21. Rice, beans and pulses at Vadnagar: An early historical site with a Buddhist monastery in Gujarat, western India.
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Pokharia, Anil K., Sharma, Shalini, Rawat, Y.S., Srivastava, Alka, Dighe, Bhushan, and Pande, P.C.
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HISTORIC sites , *BARLEY , *RICE , *FLAX , *MUNG bean , *FLAXSEED , *SUBSISTENCE farming - Abstract
We present the plant macroremains from the site of Vadnagar, an important centre of Buddhist learning in western India spanned between first century BCE and fourth century CE. The cultural relics and AMS dates of the recovered carbonized seeds from the cultural horizon also confirm the archaeological context. The study indicate that the likely staples were cereals (Oryza sativa , Hordeum vulgare , Triticum aestivum), leguminous crops (Vigna unguiculata, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, and Macrotyloma uniflorum), and oil and fibre-yielding (Linum usitatissimum and Gossypium sp.) crops. In addition, there is an evidence that fruits such as Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus sp. may have been consumed by the settlers. Few weeds and wild taxa (Paspalum scrobiculatum , Vicia sp., and Ipomoea sp.), which turned up as an admixture with the above economically important seeds/grains have also been encountered. Abundance of Oryza sativa (rice) grains and spikelet bases indicate crop-processing at the site and played significant role in the subsistence economy. Moreover, the overall assemblage of summer and winter crops suggests the prevalence of multi-cropping system attributed to conducive environmental conditions during ~100 BCE–400 CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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22. The Chicago School goes East: Edward Shils and the dilemma of the Indian intellectuals, circa 1956–67.
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SHARMA, SHALINI
- Subjects
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INTELLECTUALS , *SOCIOLOGISTS , *SOUTH Asians - Abstract
The sociologist Edward Shils (1910–95) is a neglected commentator on modern India. Best known in a South Asian context for his involvement in the Congress for Cultural Freedom, Shils also produced an influential study on Indian intellectuals, published in 1961. He was one of the few non-Marxists to write about the role of intellectuals during the era of decolonization in Asia and Africa. His book appeared in the same year as Frantz Fanon's Les Damnés de la Terre (1961) and a year before C. L. R. James's Marxism and the Intellectuals (1962), just as Pan-Africanism was finding its ideological voice. This article recovers Shils' work on the Indian intellectual. It describes his Indian interlocutors, his methodology, and his claims about the isolated and ineffectual character of the Indian academic elite. The article concludes with an examination of the longer-term influence and validity of Shils' critique of the Indian intelligentsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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23. Blind Kalman Filtering for Short-Term Load Forecasting.
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Sharma, Shalini, Majumdar, Angshul, Elvira, Victor, and Chouzenoux, Emilie
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KALMAN filtering , *FORECASTING , *PEAK load , *ALGORITHMS , *STATE-space methods , *LOAD forecasting (Electric power systems) - Abstract
In this work we address the problem of short-term load forecasting. We propose a generalization of the linear state-space model where the evolution of the state and the observation matrices is unknown. The proposed blind Kalman filter algorithm proceeds via alternating the estimation of these unknown matrices and the inference of the state, within the framework of expectation-maximization. A mini-batch processing strategy is introduced to allow on-the-fly forecasting. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques by a considerable margin, both on load profile estimation and peak load forecast problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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24. Environmental magnetic, Geochemical and Sulfur isotopic imprints of an Indus archaeological site 4MSR from western India (Rajasthan): Implications to the Indus industrial (metallurgical) activities.
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Sharma, Shalini, Agnihotri, Rajesh, Pokharia, Anil K., Phartiyal, Binita, Bajpai, Sunil, Pande, P.C., Manjul, Sanjay Kumar, Manzul, Arvin, Maharana, Chinmaya, and Ojha, Sunil
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ANTIQUITIES , *GEMS & precious stones , *STRONTIUM , *TRANSITION metals , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations , *MAGNETIC susceptibility - Abstract
A high number industrial hearths, furnaces, and kilns were excavated from an Indus archaeological site 4MSR (western Rajasthan, India) on the dry bed of Ghaggar-Hakra (erstwhile Saraswati) river channel near India-Pakistan international border, providing numerous artifacts of Indus metallurgical activity (jewellery items made of Copper (Cu), Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag), anvil, fishhook, arrowhead, spearhead, moulds, slag etc.). Array of inter-connected hearths, vats, range of stone weights and beads made of semi-precious stones (steatite, terracotta, paste) further suggest the site was being used as a metal-craft factory. Nine 14C ages (seven AMS and two conventional) from cultural layers provided site occupational history spanning from the early Harappan phase to the termination of the mature phase. Maximum number of industrial hearths and furnaces were found during the mature phase (2341 ± 30 to 1691 ± 100 BCE). Highly enriched magnetic susceptibilities (χ lf : 114 ± 61.2 × 10−8m3kg−1) in the industrial hearths indicate intense burning activities at these metallurgical factory. Similar enrichments were seen in hearth-sediments for Sulfur (S), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr) and Phosphorous (P) contents. Transition elements viz. Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) were significantly enriched in these hearths possibly as major leftovers of the Harappan metallurgical activities. High S contents found in industrial hearths could be due to usage of Sulfur rich material used for metal-works and usage of gypsum for polishing metal ware and floors. Excesses of Calcium (Ca) and Strontium (Sr) could be due to enhanced usage of river-shells used in ornaments and bead making, while elevated Phosphorous (P) contents might be due to presence of charred bones of cattle, tortoise and fish. • Array of industrial hearths found in archaeological excavation of the western Rajasthan. • Majority of hearths belonged to the Mature phase of Indus culture ~2600 to ~1800 BCE. • Mature phase hearths and sediments were characterized by enriched magnetic susceptibility (χlf), Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Pb, As and S. • Hearths of Early phase (~2900–~2600 BCE) display no metal enrichments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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25. Rapid visible and solar photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction and electrochemical sensing of dopamine using solution combustion synthesized ZnO–Fe2O3 nano heterojunctions: Mechanism Elucidation.
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Dhiman, Pooja, Sharma, Shalini, Kumar, Amit, Shekh, Mehdihasan, Sharma, Gaurav, and Naushad, Mu.
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SELF-propagating high-temperature synthesis , *ELECTROLYTIC reduction , *PHOTOCATALYSIS , *HETEROJUNCTIONS , *ZINC oxide , *CHARGE exchange , *PHOTOREDUCTION , *HEXAVALENT chromium - Abstract
In recent times cost-effective advanced materials with dual applications in photocatalytic water treatment and electrochemical sensing have been explored and developed. Herein we report facile solution combustion synthesis of ZnO/Fe 2 O 3 (ZF) type-II heterojunction for electrochemical sensing of dopamine and visible assisted photocatalytic reduction of carcinogenic Cr(VI) into Cr(III). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to evaluate the compatibility of the electrodes for DA sensing. Furthermore, DPV curves revealed that ZF2 (ZnO: Fe 2 O 3 - 3:0.5) modified GCEs possessed 0.27 μM and 0.7 μM of LOD and LOQ with good linear range from 3 μM to 30 μM. Overall, reproducibility and interference studies confirm the efficient use of material for DA sensing. The junction ZF2 shows best performance with 88% Cr(VI) photo-reduction under visible light in 90 min and 100% reduction with tartaric acid as sacrificial agent (utilizing holes) in just 45 min. The effect of sacrificial agents and scavengers suggest the photogenerated electrons were major active species followed by ●O 2 −. The CB edges have enough potential for rapid reduction of hexavalent chromium under visible light and solar light. The photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance suggest lowered recombination, high charge separation and charge transfer capacity in the heterojunction. The transfer of electrons from conduction band of Fe 2 O 3 to that of ZnO having high enough negative potential to reduce Cr(VI), thus utilizing the CB potential of wide band gap ZnO for rapid visible photocatalysis. In addition shortcomings as low conductivity Fe 2 O 3 and high band gap of ZnO are both minimized in the junction. This study confirmed that popular semiconductors as ZnO and Fe 2 O 3 have enough potential in dual role as electrochemical sensors and visible photocatalysts with best performance by optimizing the conditions and ratios. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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26. Sublithographic Patterning of Spin-Coated SiARC Films Using Tilted Ion Implantation.
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Rembert, Thomas R., Sharma, Shalini, Garcia, Luis, Connelly, Daniel, Tomoya, Taji, Sakai, Tatsuya, Rubin, Leonard, and Liu, Tsu-Jae King
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ION implantation , *ANTIREFLECTIVE coatings , *SILICON oxide , *LITHOGRAPHY - Abstract
Tilted ion implantation (TII) used in conjunction with preexisting masking features on the surface of a wafer is a relatively low-cost method for sublithographic patterning. Previous demonstrations of this method utilized a thin thermally grown layer of silicon oxide (SiO2) as the implanted layer, with amorphous-silicon masking features, to form patterns with feature sizes as small as 9 nm. In this article, this method is adapted to be compatible with back-end-of-line (BEOL) processing using silicon-containing antireflection coating (SiARC) as the implanted layer, with photoresist masking features formed using deep-ultraviolet (DUV) lithography. Negative-tone patterning of an ~15-nm-thick SiARC film is achieved by implanting Ar+ ions to selectively reduce its wet etch rate, allowing for the subsequent selective removal of the SiARC material from unimplanted regions. Patterned features down to 20 nm in lateral dimension are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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27. Small RNA profiling from meiotic and post-meiotic anthers reveals prospective miRNA-target modules for engineering male fertility in sorghum.
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Dhaka, Namrata, Sharma, Shalini, Vashisht, Ira, Kandpal, Manu, Sharma, Manoj Kumar, and Sharma, Rita
- Subjects
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NON-coding RNA , *ANTHER , *FERTILITY , *SORGHUM , *PLANT development , *MICRORNA - Abstract
Understanding male gametophyte development is essential to augment hybrid production in sorghum. Although small RNAs are known to critically influence anther/pollen development, their roles in sorghum reproduction have not been deciphered yet. Here, we report small RNA profiling and high-confidence annotation of microRNAs (miRNAs) from meiotic and post-meiotic anthers in sorghum. We identified 262 miRNAs (82 known and 180 novel), out of which 58 (35 known and 23 novel) exhibited differential expression between two stages. Out of 35 differentially expressed known miRNAs, 13 are known to regulate anther/pollen development in other plant species. We also demonstrated conserved spatiotemporal patterns of 21- and 24-nt phasiRNAs and their respective triggers, miR2118 and miR2275, in sorghum anthers as evidenced in other monocots. miRNA target identification yielded 5622 modules, of which 46 modules comprising 16 known and 8 novel miRNA families with 38 target genes are prospective candidates for engineering male fertility in grasses. • We have identified 262 miRNAs (82 known and 180 novel) from sorghum anthers. • 58 miRNAs were differentially expressed between meiotic and post-meiotic anthers. • Target identification resulted in 5622 miRNA/target modules. • Comparative mapping helped shortlist 46 modules for engineering male fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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28. Effect of Synthesis Method on Optical and Magnetic Properties of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles.
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Sharma, Shalini, Dhiman, Neha, Kumar, Arun, Singh, M., and Dhiman, Pooja
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COPPER ferrite , *OPTICAL properties , *IRON oxide nanoparticles , *MAGNETIC properties , *OPTICAL spectroscopy , *IRON oxide synthesis , *MOSSBAUER spectroscopy - Abstract
In the present work, we report the successful synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles by efficient, economic and fast solution combustion method. Solution combustion method has been modified for preparation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and the influence of fuel to oxidizer ratio, and synthesis temperature has been analyzed for the phase purity. Optical properties of prepared samples have been determined using UV-Visible spectroscopy and optical band gap is obtained using Tauc's Plot. Vibrating sample magnetometer and Mössbauer spectroscopy of the prepared samples were recorded and analyzed for magnetic properties. Magnetic results support and explain the modified properties based on choice of synthesis route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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29. Intraspinal Degenerative Cyst Causing Compression Of Cervicomedullary Junction.
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Sharma, Shalini, Vaishya, Sandeep, Ahlawat, Sunita, and Gupta, Rakesh K.
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SPINAL cord compression , *CERVICAL spondylotic myelopathy , *RADICULOPATHY , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *SPINAL cord diseases , *CYSTECTOMY - Abstract
Intraspinal degenerative cysts in the cervical region are rare disorders that may cause myelopathy or radiculopathy. Most of the intraspinal degenerative cysts reported are extradural cysts. This case report includes the neuroimaging, intraoperative, pathologic, and postoperative findings obtained in a patient with a degenerative intradural cyst at the craniovertebral (CV) junction. We report a patient presenting with progressive spastic quadriparesis resulting from compressive myelopathy due to intradural degenerative cyst at the CV junction. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed the intradural cyst at the cervicomedullary junction with degenerative changes causing myelopathy. We performed decompression of the CV junction, and histopathology of the cyst revealed degenerative cyst. Postoperatively the symptoms were relieved with no apparent complication. Intraspinal degenerative cysts causing compressive myelopathy are rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of intradural degenerative cyst at the CV junction. In this case report, we demonstrated the clinical, imaging, intraoperative, and pathologic features of a degenerative intraspinal cyst at the CV junction that was intradural in location. Compression of the spinal cord resulted in a gradually progressive myelopathy that showed remarkable improvement immediately after decompression by cystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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30. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is generated by a novel phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinase in the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini, Bhattacharya, Sudha, and Bhattacharya, Alok
- Subjects
- *
ENTAMOEBA histolytica , *PHOSPHOINOSITIDES , *TANDEM repeats , *INTESTINAL parasites , *PROTEIN kinase B , *CELL membranes - Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal protist parasite that causes amoebiasis, a major source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Phosphoinositides are involved in signalling systems that have a role in invasion and pathogenesis of this parasite. Phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinase (PIP5K) catalyses the generation of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), a key species of phosphoinositide that regulates various cellular processes. However, phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) family of enzymes have not been characterized in E. histolytica. Here, we report the identification and characterization of type I PIPK (EhPIPKI) of E. histolytica. Computational analysis revealed homologs of type I and III PIPK family in E. histolytica and the absence of type II PIPK. In spite of low overall sequence identity, the kinase domain was found to be highly conserved. Interestingly, a unique insertion of a tandem repeat motif was observed in EhPIPKI distinguishing it from existing PIPKs of other organisms. Substrate profiling showed that EhPIPKI could phosphorylate at third and fifth hydroxyl positions of phosphatidylinositols, though the predominant substrate was phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate (PtdIns(4)P). Furthermore, EhPIPKI underwent intracellular cleavage close to the amino‐terminal, generating two distinct fragments Nter‐EhPIPKI (27p) and Cter‐EhPIPKI (47p). Immunofluorescence and cellular fractionation revealed that the full‐length EhPIPKI and the Cter‐EhPIPKI containing carboxyl‐terminal activation loop were present in the plasma membrane while the Nter‐EhPIPKI was observed in the cytosolic region. In conclusion, E. histolytica has a single EhPIPKI gene that displays novel properties of post‐translational processing, the presence of a repeat domain and substrate specificity not observed in any PIPK enzyme so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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31. Evolution of Magnetic Anisotropy With Sm Contents in Sm–Co Thin Films.
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Sharma, Shalini, Radulov, Iliya, Major, Marton, and Alff, Lambert
- Subjects
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MAGNETIC anisotropy , *METALLIC thin films , *MAGNETIC properties of thin films , *MOLECULAR beam epitaxy , *PHASE transitions - Abstract
In this paper, the evolution of magnetic anisotropy as a function of Sm contents in buffer-free Sm–Co thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy is investigated. From the soft magnetic Sm2Co17 phase, the anisotropy evolves to the hard magnetic SmCo5 phase with a distinct perpendicular anisotropy and a maximum magnetic anisotropy energy of 1.67 MJ/m3 as measured by torque magnetometry at 300 K. For SmCo5, a saturation magnetization of 845 emu/cm3, close to the bulk single crystal value is achieved, while a squareness ratio close to unity is measured in the hysteresis curve perpendicular to the film plane. Previously grown YCo5 and CeCo5 thin films with perpendicular anisotropy show a considerably reduced uniaxial anisotropy as well as a reduced squareness ratio as compared to SmCo5. These results demonstrate that the magnetic parameters of rare earth-cobalt thin films can be adapted according to the requirements of applications such as magnetic recording. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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32. EhRho1 regulates phagocytosis by modulating actin dynamics through EhFormin1 and EhProfilin1 in Entamoeba histolytica.
- Author
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Bharadwaj, Ravi, Sharma, Shalini, Janhawi, Arya, Ranjana, Bhattacharya, Sudha, and Bhattacharya, Alok
- Subjects
- *
PHAGOCYTOSIS , *ENTAMOEBA histolytica , *EPITHELIAL cells , *ANTISENSE RNA , *CYTOSKELETON - Abstract
Abstract: The protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis, a major public health problem in developing countries and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Invasive infection in amoebiasis mostly affects intestinal epithelial cell lining but can also involve other organs, such as liver, lungs, or brain. Phagocytosis is an essential mode of nutrition in amoeba and has often been associated with virulence behaviour of E. histolytica. E. histolytica possesses a highly dynamic and actin‐rich cytoskeleton that is thought to be involved in many processes, such as motility, pseudopod formation, and pathogenesis. Rho GTPases are known to be key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and consequently influence the shape and movement of cells. Our study is mainly focused to understand the role of EhRho1 in the phagocytosis process of E. histolytica. EhRho1 got enriched in the phagocytic cups along with EhActin and remains attached with phagosomal membrane. However, there was no direct binding of EhRho1 with G‐ or F‐actin, though binding was observed with the actin nucleating proteins EhFormin1 and EhProfilin1. Overexpression of dominant negative mutant or lowering the expression by antisense RNA of EhRho1 in trophozoites caused delocalisation of EhFormin1 and EhProfilin1 from phagocytic cups, which results in impairment of phagocytic process and decrease in F‐actin content. The overall results show that EhRho1 regulates phagocytosis by modulating actin dynamics through recruitment of EhFormin1 and EhProfilin1 at the phagocytosis nucleation site in E. histolytica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Predictors of Falls and Fractures Leading to Hospitalization in People With Dementia: A Representative Cohort Study.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini, Mueller, Christoph, Stewart, Robert, Veronese, Nicola, Vancampfort, Davy, Koyanagi, Ai, Lamb, Sarah E., Perera, Gayan, and Stubbs, Brendon
- Subjects
- *
DIAGNOSIS of dementia , *ANTIPSYCHOTIC agents , *PSYCHIATRIC drugs , *DIAGNOSIS of bone fractures , *AGE distribution , *ALZHEIMER'S disease , *ASIANS , *ETHNIC groups , *ACCIDENTAL falls , *HOSPITAL care , *PATIENT aftercare , *LONGITUDINAL method , *MEDICAL practice , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *PSYCHOSES , *SEX distribution , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DISEASE incidence , *RETROSPECTIVE studies - Abstract
Objectives Investigate predictors of falls and fractures leading to hospitalization in a large cohort of people with dementia. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting and Participants People with diagnosed dementia between January 2007 and March 2013, aged >65 years, were assembled using data from the Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre Case Register, from 4 boroughs in London serving a population of 1.3 million people. Measures Falls and/or fractures leading to hospitalization were ascertained from linked national records. Demographic data, cognitive test scores, medications, and symptom and functioning scores from Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS65+) were modeled in multivariate survival analyses to identify predictors of falls and fractures. Results Of 8036 people with dementia (63.9% female), 2500 (31.1%, incidence rate 125.5 per 1000 person-years) had a fall during a mean follow-up of 2.5 years and 1437 (17.7%, incidence rate 65.5 per 1000 person-years) had a fracture. In multivariable models, significant predictors of falls were increased age, female gender, physical health problems, previous fall or fracture, vascular dementia vs Alzheimer's disease, higher neighborhood deprivation, noncohabiting status, and problems with living conditions. Ethnic minority status was protective of falls (eg, Caribbean/Asian ethnicity). Medications (including psychotropic and antipsychotics), neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive (Mini-Mental State Examination scores), or functional problems did not predict hospitalized falls. Predictors of fractures were similar to those predicting falls. Implications Over an average of 2.5 years, a third of people with dementia had a fall leading to hospitalization, necessitating action in clinical practice. Clinicians should consider that besides established demographic and physical health–related factors, the risk of hospitalization due to a fall or fractures in dementia is largely determined by environmental and socioeconomic factors. Interestingly, our data suggest that neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive status, functioning, or pharmacotherapy were not associated with falls/fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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34. Psychosocial antecedents of prosocial behavior and its relationship with subjective well-being in adolescents.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini and Tomer, Sachin
- Subjects
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PROSOCIAL behavior , *TEENAGERS , *SOCIAL conditions of youth , *ALTRUISM , *COLLEGE students - Abstract
Prosocial behavior is a collective term covering all activities that are advantageous to other persons or the society in general (Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner, & Clark, 1981). It can be divided into three categories of altruism, helping, and cooperation. The notion of why certain people help more willingly than others, and with varied frequencies; and what purpose does it solve in a person's life by extending a helping hand to someone, is what led to the origin of this study. Literature review revealed there is sparse literature available on Indian adolescents. Thus, the research objective is to explore various psychosocial factors that contribute to development of pro-social behaviour in late adolescence, and how they contribute to the experience of an individual's subjective well-being. Sample consisted of 200 college going students in the age group of 17-20 years. A variety of measures were used for the purpose: Prosocial Tendencies measure, Satisfaction with life scale and Positive and Negative affect scale. In addition a semistructured questionnaire was used to get qualitative data from 30 individuals. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlational techniques and t-test. Results indicated majority of students having an average frequency of prosocial behavior, predominantly public and compliant type of prosocial behavior, a low positive correlation between prosocial behavior and well-being, a significant difference between adolescents scoring low on pro-social behavior from those scoring high in terms of their satisfaction with life and no significant difference between males and females in terms of prosocial behavior tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Effect of nasal oxygen supplementation during apnoea of intubation on arterial oxygen levels: A prospective randomised controlled trial.
- Author
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Sahay, Nishant, Sharma, Shalini, Bhadani, Umesh K., Sinha, Chandni, Kumar, Amarjeet, and Ranjan, Alok
- Subjects
- *
APNEA , *INTUBATION , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *CARBON dioxide , *LARYNGOSCOPY - Abstract
Background and Aims: Apnoeic oxygenation during laryngoscopy has been emphasised in recent recommendations for airway management. We aimed to compare the effect of nasal oxygen supplementation on time for pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2) to fall from 100% to 92% (desaturation safety time), to assess the arterial oxygen partial pressures (PaO2) with and without nasal oxygen supplementation and the time for SpO2 to recover from 92% to 100% after initiation of ventilation. Methods: This is a prospective randomised placebo-controlled trial involving sixty patients, where nasal oxygen supplementation given at 10 L/min during apnoea of laryngoscopy in one group of patients (Group O2) was compared to no oxygen supplementation in other group (Group NoO2). Desaturation safety period and the PaO2 just after intubation were compared. Time for SpO2 to increase to 100% after initiation of ventilation was also assessed. Demographic details were compared using the Chi-square and t-tests. Student's t-test for independent variables was used to compare means of data obtained. Results: Desaturation safety period at 415.46 ± 97.23 seconds in group O2 versus 378.69 ± 89.31 seconds in group NoO2 (P = 0.213) and PaO2 (P = 0.952) and time to recovery of SpO2 (P = 0.058) were similar in both groups. Rise in arterial carbon dioxide secondary to apnoea was slower in oxygen supplementation group (P = 0.032). Conclusion: Apnoeic oxygen supplementation at 10 L/min flow by nasal prong did not significantly prolong the apnoea desaturation safety periods or the PaO2 in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Magnetic nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for magnetically aided drug delivery and photodynamic therapy.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini, Sethi, Komal, and Roy, Indrajit
- Subjects
- *
METAL-organic frameworks , *PHOTODYNAMIC therapy , *DRUG delivery systems - Abstract
Magnetic nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (M-NMOFs) were employed for the magnetically-aided co-delivery of chemotherapy and photosensitizer drugs to cancer cells. A chemotherapy drug doxorubicin and a photosensitizer drug methylene blue were co-encapsulated within iron carboxylate M-NMOFs, from which both the drugs were found to be released in a sustained manner. The superparamagnetic nature of these M-NMOFs allowed magnetically-aided delivery to cancer cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity studies revealed enhanced toxicity of the co-encapsulated nanoformulation when compared to equivalent dosages of mono-encapsulated nanoformulations or free drugs. The therapeutic potential of the dual drug loaded nanoformulations was further enhanced upon magnetically-aided delivery to the cells. Thus, the combination of magnetic targeting, light-activated therapy and drug delivery promises site-specific and externally controlled therapy of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Neolithic−Early historic (2500–200 BC) plant use: The archaeobotany of Ganga Plain, India.
- Author
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Pokharia, Anil K., Sharma, Shalini, Tripathi, Deepika, Mishra, Neelam, Pal, J.N., Vinay, Ram, and Srivastava, Alka
- Subjects
- *
VEGETATION & climate , *PALEOBOTANY , *PLANT remains (Archaeology) , *RICE , *BARLEY , *WHEAT - Abstract
We present archaeobotanical data based on plant macroremains obtained from three archaeological sites in the Ganga Plain. The paper provides insight into a range of taxa exploited by early inhabitants of different cultural occupations spanning from about beginning of 3rd millennium BC to 2nd century BC and also for the change in plant use over time. The evidence denotes a highly developed state of arable agriculture, which requires foresightedness and planning. The principal cultivated cereals were Oryza sativa , Hordeum vulgare , Triticum aestivum/durum , Triticum sphaerococcum followed by few African ( Eleusine coracana , Sorghum bicolor ) and indigenous ( Paspalum scrobiculatum , Panicum sp.) millets. While there is continuity in the agricultural pattern in time and space however, certain changes do seem in diversification of plant use during Iron Age. The record of Sesamum indicum , Brassica juncea , Carthamus tinctorius , Linum usitatissimum , Gossypium arboreum / herbaceum and Cannabis sativa emphasize the importance of oeliferous crops and textile production. Finds of Vitis vinifera , Vigna unguiculata , Luffa cylindrica , Allium cepa , Nigella sativa , Murraya koenighii and Ziziphus mauritiana along with Phoenix sp., Terminalia chebula , Terminalia bellerica , Emblica officinalis , and Crataeva sp., suggest horticultural practices and highly advanced medicinal system was in vogue during 1st millennium BC. Among the weeds and wild taxa, some are from cultivated field, moist places, ditches and some from fallow land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Susceptibility‐weighted imaging: an emerging technique for evaluation of the spine and spinal cord.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini, Neelavalli, Jaladhar, Shah, Tejas, and Gupta, Rakesh Kumar
- Subjects
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SPINAL cord , *THREE-dimensional imaging , *SPINE , *DEGENERATION (Pathology) - Abstract
We present the application of three‐dimensional susceptibility‐weighted imaging technique for evaluation of pathologies of the spine and spinal cord. This work focuses on the advantage of this imaging technique as an adjunct to the conventional imaging to evaluate various disorders of the spine and spinal cord like trauma, degenerative diseases, vascular malformations, and tumours, where susceptibility‐weighted imaging may offer valuable harmonising evidence that may be helpful in the diagnosis and management of the patients with these pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Corrigendum to "Immunological and hemato-biochemical alterations in diarrhoeic buffaloes screened for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection using 'indigenous ELISA kit'" [Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 87 (2022) 101833].
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini, Gautam, Ajay, Singh, Shoor Vir, Chaubey, Kundan Kumar, Mehta, Rajat, Sharma, Maneesh, and Gupta, Saurabh
- Subjects
- *
MYCOBACTERIUM avium paratuberculosis , *MYCOBACTERIUM avium , *TUBERCULOSIS , *INFECTION - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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40. Immunological and Hemato-biochemical alterations in diarrhoeic buffaloes screened for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection using 'indigenous ELISA kit'.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini, Gautam, Ajay, Singh, ShoorVir, Chaubey, Kundan Kumar, Mehta, Rajat, Sharma, Maneesh, and Gupta, Saurabh
- Subjects
- *
MYCOBACTERIUM avium paratuberculosis , *TUBERCULOSIS , *PARATUBERCULOSIS , *CROHN'S disease , *INFLAMMATORY bowel diseases , *WATER buffalo - Abstract
Paratuberculosis (ParaTB) in ruminants, commonly known as Johne's disease (JD)is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Characteristic hallmark of JD is chronic inflammation of intestines. Similar infection of MAP in human population is called Crohn's disease (CD). In sub-tropical countries like India, domestic buffaloes are important source of milk and meat and vital for thenutritional security of human beings. Diarrhoea leading to weight loss and weakness invariably leads to reduced productivity, therefore huge financial losses to the livestock farmers. Evaluation of immuno-biochemical alterations and their management through appropriate therapeutic interventions would aid in preventing production losses caused by diarrhoea following MAP infection.Most of the studies were performed to understand immune-biochemical alterations in serum samples of cattle following experimental infections. But studies are limited in clinical cases of buffaloes suffering from diarrhoea and were suspected for MAP infection.We categorized diarrhoeic buffaloes brought at Veterinary Clinical Complex of Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, for therapeutic intervention; As MAP negatives / suspected, low positive, positive and strong positive based on indigenous ELISA kit results. We further compared immuno hemato-biochemical alterations in MAP negative/suspected low positive, positive and strong positive animals.Our major findings were; significant differences observed in creatinine, globulin, total leucocytic, neutrophils and in lymphocytes numbers. Decreasing trend in leucocytes was seen from suspected to strong positive animals, which indicated the progression of disease towards chronic paratuberculosis. However, differences were not observed in the Th1 cytokine levels. • ELISA based sorting of spontaneous naturally infected diarrhoeic buffaloes as MAP negative, suspected, low, strong positive. • Plasma creatinine and globulin fraction were significantly increased in MAP strong positive diarrheic buffaloes. • Significantly reduced Total leucocyte count (TLC) in strong positive animals. • Progressive decline of TLC, neutrophils and lymphocytes from suspected to strong positive (advancement towards chronicity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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41. Stem-loop 4 of U1 snRNA is essential for splicing and interacts with the U2 snRNP-specific SF3A1 protein during spliceosome assembly.
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Sharma, Shalini, Wongpalee, Somsakul Pop, Vashisht, Ajay, Wohlschlegel, James A., and Black, Douglas L.
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- *
HAIRPIN (Genetics) , *RNA splicing , *SPLICEOSOMES , *GENE expression , *NUCLEOPROTEINS , *ALTERNATIVE RNA splicing , *RNA-protein interactions - Abstract
The pairing of 5' and 3' splice sites across an intron is a critical step in spliceosome formation and its regulation. Interactions that bring the two splice sites together during spliceosome assembly must occur with a high degree of specificity and fidelity to allow expression of functional mRNAs and make particular alternative splicing choices. Here, we report a new interaction between stem-loop 4 (SL4) of the U1 snRNA, which recognizes the 5' splice site, and a component of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) complex, which assembles across the intron at the 39 splice site. Using a U1 snRNP complementation assay, we found that SL4 is essential for splicing in vivo. The addition of free U1-SL4 to a splicing reaction in vitro inhibits splicing and blocks complex assembly prior to formation of the prespliceosomal A complex, indicating a requirement for a SL4 contact in spliceosome assembly. To characterize the interactions of this RNA structure, we used a combination of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), biotin/Neutravidin affinity pull-down, and mass spectrometry. We show that U1-SL4 interacts with the SF3A1 protein of the U2 snRNP. We found that this interaction between the U1 snRNA and SF3A1 occurs within prespliceosomal complexes assembled on the pre-mRNA. Thus, SL4 of the U1 snRNA is important for splicing, and its interaction with SF3A1 mediates contact between the 59 and 39 splice site complexes within the assembling spliceosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Phospholipase D Facilitates Efficient Entry of Influenza Virus, Allowing Escape from Innate Immune Inhibition.
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Oguin III, Thomas H., Sharma, Shalini, Stuart, Amanda D., Duan, Susu, Scott, Sarah A., Jones, Carrie K., Daniels, J. Scott, Lindsley, Craig W., Thomas, Paul G., and Brown, H. Alex
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- *
LIPID metabolism , *VIRUS research , *INFLUENZA viruses , *PHOSPHOLIPASE D , *ISOENZYMES - Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays a fundamental role during influenza virus replication, although key regulators of lipid-dependent trafficking and virus production remain inadequately defined. This report demonstrates that infection by influenza virus stimulates phospholipase D (PLD) activity and that PLD co-localizes with influenza during infection. Both chemical inhibition and RNA interference of PLD delayed viral entry and reduced viral titers in vitro. Although there may be contributions by both major isoenzymes, the effects on viral infectivity appear to be more dependent on the PLD2 isoenzyme. In vivo, PLD2 inhibition reduced virus titer and correlated with significant increases in transcription of innate antiviral effectors. The reduction in viral titer downstream of PLD2 inhibition was dependent on Rig-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-1), IRF3, and MxA (myxovirus resistance gene A) but not IRF7. Inhibition of PLD2 accelerated the accumulation of MxA in foci as early as 30 min postinfection. Together these data suggest that PLD facilitates the rapid endocytosis of influenza virus, permitting viral escape from innate immune detection and effectors that are capable of limiting lethal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. ‘Yeh azaadi jhooti hai!’: The shaping of the opposition in the first year of the Congress raj.
- Author
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SHARMA, SHALINI
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CONSTITUTIONS , *HISTORY of democracy , *POLITICAL parties , *COMMUNISTS , *SOCIALISTS , *LABOR movement , *HISTORY , *TWENTIETH century ,POLITICS & government of India, 1947- - Abstract
Within a year of Indian independence, the Communist Party of India declared independence to be a false dawn and the whole Socialist bloc within the ruling Indian National Congress cut its ties with the national government. The speed with which the left disengaged from what had been a patriotic alliance under colonialism surprised many at the time and has perplexed historians ever since. Some have looked to the wider context of the Cold War to explain the onset of dissent within the Indian left. This paper points instead to the neglected domestic context, examining the lines of inclusion and exclusion that were drawn up in the process of the making of the new Indian constitution. Once in power, Congress leaders recalibrated their relationship with their former friends at the radical end of the political spectrum. Despite some of the well-known differences among leading Congress personalities, they spoke as one on industrial labour and the illegitimacy of strikes as a political weapon in the first year of national rule and declared advocates of class politics to be enemies of the Indian state. Congress thus attempted to sideline the Socialists and Communists and brand them as unacceptable in the new regime. This paper focuses on this first year of independence, emphasizing how rapidly the limits of Indian democracy were set in place. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
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44. Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) modulates proliferation and activation of regulatory T cells following HSV-1 infection.
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Sharma, Shalini, Rajasagi, Naveen K., Veiga-Parga, Tamara, and Rouse, Barry T.
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HERPES simplex virus , *T cells , *CELL proliferation , *CELLULAR control mechanisms , *HERPESVIRUS diseases , *CD4 antigen - Abstract
In many infections, especially those that are chronic such as Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), the outcome may be influenced by the activity of one or more types of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Some infections can cause Treg expansion, but how viruses might promote preferential Treg expansion is has been unclear. In this report, we demonstrate a possible mechanism by which HSV (Herpes Simplex virus-1) infection could act to signal and expands the Treg population. We show that CD4 + FoxP3 + Tregs up- regulate HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator), which is a binding site for major viral glycoprotein HSVgD, following HSV infection, which is a binding site for major viral glycoprotein HSVgD. Recombinant HSVgD enhanced the proliferation of CD4 + FoxP3 + Tregs cells in-vitro. Furthermore, compared to wild type (WT), HVEM deficient mice (HVEM−/−) generated a weaker Treg responses represented by significantly diminished ratios of CD4 + FoxP3 + /CD4 + FoxP3 - cells along with diminished proportions of FoxP3 + Tregscells co-expressing Treg activation markers and a reduced MFI of FoxP3 expression on CD4 + T cells. Consistent with defective Treg responses, HVEM−/− animals were more susceptible to HSV-1 induced ocular immunopathology, with more severe lesions in HVEM−/− animals. Our results indicate that HVEM regulates Treg responses, and its modulation could represent a useful approach to control HSV induced corneal immunopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Accelerate Incremental TSP Algorithms on Time Evolving Graphs with Partitioning Methods.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini and Chou, Jerry
- Subjects
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TRAVELING salesman problem , *ALGORITHMS , *GRAPH algorithms - Abstract
In time-evolving graphs, the graph changes at each time interval, and the previously computed results become invalid. We addressed this issue for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) in our previous work and proposed an incremental algorithm where the TSP tour is computed from the previous result instead of the whole graph. In our current work, we have mapped the TSP problem to three partitioning methods named vertex size attribute, edge attribute, and k-means; then, we compared the TSP tour results. We have also examined the effect of increasing the number of partitions on the total computation time. Through our experiments, we have observed that the vertex size attribute performs the best because of a balanced number of vertices in each partition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. An Extensive Examination of the Warning Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Available Therapies, and Prognosis for Lumpy Skin Disease.
- Author
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Datten, Bharti, Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad, Sharma, Shalini, Singh, Lokender, Rawat, Krishna Dutta, Ashraf, Mohammad Saquib, Alneghery, Lina M., Aladwani, Malak O., Rudayni, Hassan Ahmad, Dayal, Deen, Kumar, Sanjay, and Chaubey, Kundan Kumar
- Subjects
- *
LUMPY skin disease , *PROGNOSIS , *DIAGNOSIS , *SYMPTOMS , *MILK yield - Abstract
The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infects cattle and buffalo and causes lumpy skin disease (LSD). It affects the lymph nodes of the sick animals, causing them to enlarge and appear as lumps (cutaneous nodules) that are 2–5 cm in diameter on their heads, necks, limbs, udders, genitalia, and perinea. A high temperature, a sharp drop in milk supply, discharge from the eyes and nose, salivation, a loss of appetite, depression, damaged hides, and emaciation are further warning signs and symptoms. As per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the incubation period, or the time between an infection and symptoms, is approximately 28 days. Infected animals can transfer the virus by direct contact with the vectors, direct virus secretion from mouth or nose, shared feeding and watering troughs, and even artificial insemination. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO both warn that the spread of illnesses could lead to serious economic losses. This illness reduces cow's milk production because oral ulcers make the animal weak and lead them to lose their appetite. There are many diagnostics available for LSDV. However, very few tests yield accurate findings. The best methods for preventing and controlling the lumpy skin condition include vaccination and movement restrictions. As a specific cure is not available, the only available treatment for this illness is supportive care for cattle. Recently, India has developed a homologous, live-attenuated vaccine, Lumpi-ProVacInd, which is specifically intended to protect animals against the LSD virus. This study's primary goal is to accumulate data on symptoms, the most accurate method of diagnosis, treatments, and controls to stop infections from spreading as well as to explore future possibilities for the management of LSDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. CVD synthesis of graphene nanoplates on MgO support.
- Author
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Jugade, Ravin, Sharma, Shalini, and Gokhale, Suresh
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL vapor deposition , *GRAPHENE synthesis , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *MAGNESIUM oxide , *CHEMICAL decomposition , *THERMAL analysis - Abstract
Synthesis of graphene directly on MgO has been carried out and the structural properties of the obtained material have been investigated. Few-layered graphene was produced by simple thermal decomposition of methane over MgO powder at 950 °C in a CVD reactor. The samples were purified by 10 N HNO treatment, and studied by TEM, Raman spectroscopy, EDAX and SEM. TEM clearly indicated the formation of graphene. EDAX showed that the purified sample contained only carbon and no traces of MgO. The characteristic Raman features of graphene were also seen as D-band at 1316 cm, G-band at 1602 cm, and a small 2D-band at 2700 cm in the Raman spectra. The strong D-band suggests that the graphene possess large number of boundary defects. The small 2D-band indicates the formation of few-layered graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Highly Pathological Influenza A Virus Infection Is Associated with Augmented Expression of PD-1 by Functionally Compromised Virus- Specific CD8+ T Cells Highly Pathological Influenza A Virus Infection Is Associated with Augmented Expression of PD-1 by Functionally Compromised Virus- Specific CD8+ T Cells
- Author
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Rutigliano, John A., Sharma, Shalini, Morris, Melissa Y., Oguin III, Thomas H., McClaren, Jennifer L., Doherty, Peter C., and Thomas, Paul G.
- Subjects
- *
INFLUENZA A virus , *INFLUENZA transmission , *T cell receptors , *CD8 antigen , *VIRAL disease treatment , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
One question that continues to challenge influenza A research is why some strains of virus are so devastating compared to their more mild counterparts. We approached this question from an immunological perspective, investigating the CD8+ T cell response in a mouse model system comparing high- and low-pathological influenza virus infections. Our findings reveal that the early (day 0 to 5) viral titer was not the determining factor in the outcome of disease. Instead, increased numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and elevated effector function on a per-cell basis were found in the low-pathological infection and correlated with reduced illness and latertime- point (day 6 to 10) viral titer. High-pathological infection was associated with increased PD-1 expression on influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and blockade of PD-L1 in vivo led to reduced virus titers and increased CD8+ T cell numbers in high- but not lowpathological infection, though T cell functionality was not restored. These data show that high-pathological acute influenza virus infection is associated with a dysregulated CD8+ T cell response, which is likely caused by the more highly inflamed airway microenvironment during the early days of infection. Therapeutic approaches specifically aimed at modulating innate airway inflammation may therefore promote efficient CD8+ T cell activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Indian Media and the Struggle for Justice in Bhopal.
- Author
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Sharma, Shalini
- Subjects
- *
BHOPAL Union Carbide Plant Disaster, Bhopal, India, 1984 , *MASS media , *JUSTICE administration , *LEGAL liability , *WORK-related injury laws , *STATUTORY interpretation - Abstract
The article focuses on the Indian media's portrayal of the 1984 Union Carbide pesticide plant disaster that occurred in Bhopal, India and its impact on the prosecution for the disaster. Topics include justice administration in India, corporate liability for industrial disasters, and the political economy of the media in India.
- Published
- 2014
50. Remembering Bhopal: Voices of Survivors.
- Author
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Lakshmi, Rama and Sharma, Shalini
- Subjects
- *
BHOPAL Union Carbide Plant Disaster, Bhopal, India, 1984 , *PESTICIDES industry , *WORK-related injuries , *DISASTERS - Abstract
The article focuses on the 1984 Union Carbine pesticide plant disaster that occurred in Bhopal, India in 1984. Topics include the preservation of the memory of the victims, how the Indian government reacted to the industrial disaster, and how the disaster is discussed in India in 2015. Information is provided on corporate liability.
- Published
- 2014
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