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Abstract: The present study proposes the use of market rejected and waste vegetables as a supplement for improved acetone–ethanol–butanol (ABE) solvent production. In the present study, three different perishable vegetables were evaluated as supplements for ABE fermentation. These vegetables were found to stimulate the solvent production at as low as 1% (w/v) concentration. The supplementation showed improved production of solvents using 4-fold diluted SO2–ethanol–water (SEW) spent liquor supplemented with 25g/l glucose as a substrate. The maximum total solvent production obtained with 5% (w/v) supplementation of carrot, cabbage and tomato was 9.96g/l, 10.49g/l and 10.65g/l, respectively as compared to the control value of 7.43g/l. The applicability of vegetables was successfully evaluated as a complex medium for solvent production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to optimize continuous acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation using a two stage chemostat system integrated with liquid–liquid extraction of solvents produced in the first stage. This minimized end product inhibition by butanol and subsequently enhanced glucose utilization and solvent production in continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum B 5313. During continuous two-stage ABE fermentation, sugarcane bagasse was used as the cell holding material for the both stages and liquid–liquid extraction was performed using an oleyl alcohol and decanol mixture. An overall solvent production of 25.32g/L (acetone 5.93g/L, butanol 16.90g/L and ethanol 2.48g/L) was observed as compared to 15.98g/L in the single stage chemostat with highest solvent productivity and solvent yield of 2.5g/Lh and of 0.35g/g, respectively. Maximum glucose utilization (83.21%) at a dilution rate of 0.051/h was observed as compared to 54.38% in the single stage chemostat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: SO2–ethanol–water (SEW) spent liquor from spruce chips was successfully used for batch and continuous production of acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE). Initially, batch experiments were performed using spent liquor to check the suitability for production of ABE. Maximum concentration of total ABE was found to be 8.79g/l using 4-fold diluted SEW liquor supplemented with 35g/l of glucose. The effect of dilution rate on solvent production, productivity and yield was studied in column reactor consisting of immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792 on wood pulp. Total solvent concentration of 12g/l was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.21h−1. The maximum solvent productivity (4.86g/lh) with yield of 0.27g/g was obtained at dilution rate of 0.64h−1. Further, to increase the solvent yield, the unutilized sugars were subjected to batch fermentation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In present times, the immunosuppressants have gained considerable importance in the world market. Cyclosporin A (CyA) is a cyclic undecapeptide with a variety of biological activities including immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antiparasitic properties. CyA is produced by various types of fermentation techniques using Tolypocladium inflatum. In the present review, we discuss the biosynthetic pathway, fermentative production, downstream processing and pharmacological activities of CyA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, Nocardia lactamdurans NRRL 3802 was optimized for the first time for production of cephamycin C by using submerged fermentation. The effects of various carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum size, initial pH of culture medium, minerals and amino acids were investigated for the maximum production of cephamycin C by N. lactamdurans NRRL 3802 in submerged fermentation. Subsequently, selected fermentation parameters were further optimized by Taguchi orthogonal array method and response surface methodology (RSM). Glycerol and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources with initial pH of culture medium of 5.5 and inoculum size of 109 CFU/ml at 28 ± 2 °C after 3 days gave maximum production of 3042.19 ± 62.36 mg/l of cephamycin C as compared to 243.03 ± 9.43 mg/l before optimization. Incorporation of 1,3- diaminopropane at 1.2 % v/v in RSM optimized medium further increased the yield to 3973.20 ± 57.96 mg/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a second carbon source and amino acids on the production of cylcosporin A (CyA) in a medium optimized by one factor at a time and orthogonal array method was studied. The one factor at-a-time method was adopted to investigate the effects of medium components (i.e. carbon, and nitrogen) and environmental factors (i.e. initial pH) on biomass growth and CyA production. Subsequently, L16 orthogonal matrix was used to evaluate the significance of glucose, ammonium sulphate, K2HPO4 and inoculum size. The effects of media components were ranked according to their effects on the production of CyA as glucose > ammonium sulphate > K2HPO4 > inoculum size. The production increased from 58.35 mg/l to 148 mg/l when maltose (1 %) was added as a second carbon source after 8 days of fermentation. Evaluation of various amino showed that the addition of L-valine (6 g/l) and L-leucine (4 g/l) after 24 h fermentation enhanced the CyA production dramatically to 794 mg/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose, an exopolysaccharide produced by some bacteria, has unique structural and mechanical properties and is highly pure as compared to plant cellulose. This article presents a critical review of the available information on the bacterial cellulose with special emphasis on its fermentative production and applications. Information on the biosynthetic pathway of bacterial cellulose, enzymes and precursors involved in bacterial cellulose synthesis has been specified. Characteristics of bacterial cellulose with respect to its structure and physicochemical properties are discussed. Current and potential applications of bacterial cellulose in food, pharmaceutical and other industries are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Natural antibiotics are almost universal secondary metabolites, not essential for the growth of the producing organisms generally produced at low growth rates or after growth has ceased. Clavulanic acid (CA), a naturally occurring powerful inhibitor of bacterial β-lactamases is a major β-lactam antibiotic produced by organism Streptomyces clavuligerus and is active against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The review discusses the biosynthetic pathway, fermentative production, downstream processing and applications of CA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present work, four strains were screened for schizophyllan production, of which Schizophyllum commune NRCM was selected for further work. The fermentation was carried out for 168h at 28±2°C on an orbital shaker at 180rpm. In the first step, one factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the effect of media constituents such as carbon and nitrogen sources on schizophyllan production. Subsequently in the second step, concentration of the medium components was optimized using Response Surface Method (RSM). The yield increased from 3.25±0.72g/l in the unoptimized media to 8.03±1.12g/l in the medium optimized by RSM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: Submerged fermentation was carried out for the production of scleroglucan by Sclerotium rolfsii MTCC 2156 using complex media, such as coconut water, sugarcane molasses and sugarcane juice at 28±2°C and 180rpm for 72h. Sugarcane juice gave maximum scleroglucan production of 23.87g/l as compared to 12.58 and 18.45g/l with coconut water and sugarcane molasses, respectively. Utilization of these substrates would be ecologically sound and economically advantageous. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exopolysaccharides produced by a variety of microorganisms find multifarious industrial applications in foods, pharmaceutical and other industries as emulsifiers, stabilizers, binders, gelling agents, lubricants, and thickening agents. One such exopolysaccharide is scleroglucan, produced by pure culture fermentation from filamentous fungi of genus Sclerotium. The review discusses the properties, fermentative production, downstream processing and applications of scleroglucan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the effect of addition of different amino acids and sugar nucleotides as metabolic precursors on the production of scleroglucan. A maximum yield of 20.00g/l and 22.32g/l was obtained with optimized media supplemented with l-lysine (1.1mM) and uridine mono-phosphate (UMP), respectively as compared to 16.52g/l scleroglucan achieved with the control in the absence of metabolic precursors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Vitamins are defined as essential micronutrients that are required in trace quantity and cannot be synthesized by mammals. Apart from their in vivo nutritional and physiological roles as growth factors for men, animals, plants and microorganisms, vitamins are now being increasingly introduced as food/feed additives, as medical-therapeutic agents, as health aids, and also as technical aids. Production of vitamins by chemical synthesis, or extraction from their known sources has serious disadvantages. This led to an increased interest in substituting these processes with biotechnological processes. For several of these compounds microbiological and algal processes exist, or are rapidly emerging. Different methods like media optimization, mutation and screening, genetic engineering and biocatalyst conversion have been used for improvement of the production of vitamins. The survey describes the current state of vitamin production by biotechnological processes and their significance, as compared to the existing chemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Scleroglucan, a neutral homopolysaccaride consisting of a linear chain of β-d-(1-3)-glucopyranosyl and β-d-(1-6)-glucopyranosyl groups, was produced by pure culture fermentation from Sclerotium rolfsii MTCC 2156 by submerged culture. Fermentation process was optimized in two steps. In the first step, one-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the effects of medium constituents such as carbon and nitrogen sources. In the second step, concentration of medium components was optimized using an L16-orthogonal array method. In all, 10 different carbon sources and eight different nitrogen sources were evaluated. Maximum yield of 16.58g/l was obtained in a medium containing sucrose as a carbon source and sodium nitrate and yeast extract as nitrogen source. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are fractionated by SO2–ethanol–water mixture. [•] Fractionation of OPEFB feedstock produces cellulosic fibers and spent liquor. [•] Spent liquor contains dissolved hemicellulose sugars (mostly monomers) and lignin. [•] Fractionation and sugar hydrolysis is hindered by the high cation content of OPEFB. [•] Acidic leaching of OPEFB only partly removes cations; more intense deashing needed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper reports on the enhanced fermentative production of glutathione by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3454 using a statistical approach and its successive purification by alternative technique. In the first step, one factor at-a-time method was used to examine the effect of carbon sources, nitrogen sources and pH on glutathione (GSH) production. Subsequently, statistical mathematical model was used to identify the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients for higher GSH production. Glutathione production increased significantly from 55.28 to 148.45 mg/L when Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3454 was cultivated using optimized medium, as compared to basal medium. Further, glutathione production was considerably increased to 163.12 mg/L by using cysteine amino acid as one of the metabolic precursor. In this study aqueous two phase system (ATPS) was found to be most useful technique to abolish contaminating proteins in glutathione purification. Further enhanced purification was carried out by adsorption chromatography (ion exchange) using a variety of Amberlite resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) spent liquor from spruce chips was successfully used for batch and continuous production of acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE). Initially, batch experiments were performed using spent liquor to check the suitability for production of ABE. Maximum concentration of total ABE was found to be 8.79 g/l using 4-fold diluted SEW liquor supplemented with 35 g/l of glucose. The effect of dilution rate on solvent production, productivity and yield was studied in column reactor consisting of immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792 on wood pulp. Total solvent concentration of 12 g/l was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.21 h(-1). The maximum solvent productivity (4.86 g/l h) with yield of 0.27 g/g was obtained at dilution rate of 0.64 h(-1). Further, to increase the solvent yield, the unutilized sugars were subjected to batch fermentation., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work evaluates the effect of different amino acids on production of CyA production in solid-state fermentation that was previously optimized for different fermentation parameters by one-factor-at-a-time for the maximum production of CyA by Tolypocladium inflatum MTCC 557. Based on the Plackett-Burman design, glycerol, ammonium sulfate, FeCl3, and inoculum size were selected for further optimization by response surface methodology (RSM). After identifying effective nutrients, RSM was used to develop mathematical model equations, study responses, and establish the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients for higher CyA production. It was observed that supplementation of medium containing (% w/w) glycerol, 1.53; ammonium sulfate, 0.95; FeCl3, 0.18; and inoculum size 6.4 ml/5g yielded a maximum of 7,106 mg/kg as compared with 6,480 mg CyA/kg substrate using one factor at a time. In the second step, the effect of amino acids on the production of CyA was studied. Addition of L-valine and L-leucine in combination after 20 h of fermentation resulted in maximum production of 8,166 mg/kg.

This paper deals with the optimization of culture conditions for the production of cholesterol oxidase (COD) by Streptomyces lavendulae NCIM 2499 using the one-factor-at-a-time method, orthogonal array method and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches. The one-factor-at-a-time method was adopted to investigate the effects of medium components (i.e. carbon and nitrogen) and environmental factors (i.e. initial pH) on biomass growth and COD production. Subsequently, an L12 orthogonal matrix was used to evaluate the significance of glycerol, soyabean meal, malt extract, K2HPO4, MgSO4 and NaCl. The effects of media components were ranked according to their effects on the production of COD as malt extract > soyabean meal > K2HPO4 > NaCl > MgSO4 > glycerol. The subsequent optimization of the four most significant factors viz. malt extract, soyabean meal, K2HPO4 and NaCl, was carried out by employing a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of RSM. There was a 2.48-fold increase in productivity of COD as compared to the unoptimized media by using these statistical approaches.

Cyclosporin A (CyA) produced by Tolypocladium inflatum is a promising drug owing to its immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. From an industrial point of view, the necessity to obtain a suitable and economic medium for higher production of CyA was the aim of this work. The present study evaluated the effect of different fermentation parameters in solid state fermentation, such as selection of solid substrate, hydrolysis of substrates, initial moisture content, supplementation of salts, additional carbon, and nitrogen sources, as well as the inoculum age and size, on production of CyA by Tolypocladium inflatum MTCC 557. The fermentation was carried out at 25+/-2 degrees for 9 days. A combination of hydrolyzed wheat bran flour and coconut oil cake (1:1) at 70% initial moisture content supported a maximum production of 3,872+/-156 mg CyA/kg substrate as compared with 792+/-33 mg/kg substrate before optimization. Furthermore, supplementation of salts, glycerol (1%w/w), and ammonium sulfate (1%w/w) increased the production of CyA to 5,454+75 mg/kg substrate. Inoculation of 5 g of solid substrate with 6 ml of 72-h-old seed culture resulted in a maximum production of 6,480+95 mg CyA/kg substrate.