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2. Child Labor Activities and Schooling Decisions in Rural Côte D'ivoire. Working Paper
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University of Pennsylvania, Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE), Samuel Kembou, Sharon Wolf, Kaja Jasinska, and Amy Ogan
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We leverage data on 1,857 families in 140 rural cocoa-growing communities of Côte d'Ivoire to report on child work activities and schooling decisions. We distinguish between unpaid domestic labor and unpaid agricultural child labor activities reported by children in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that more than 80% of children participate in at least one household work activity and more than 50% in at least one agricultural work activity, with differences between boys and girls. Older boys performed more unpaid agricultural work activities, and girls performed more domestic work activities. Thirty-five percent of children were engaged in unpaid agricultural child labor, a rate similar to a national estimate of child labor in cocoa-growing communities of Côte d'Ivoire in 2018/19. Agricultural child labor and schooling are predicted by a child's age and gender, household factors such as parental age, family size, multidimensional poverty, and community factors, especially community-level child labor rates. Social protection and education programs targeting older boys could improve their schooling outcomes and reduce agricultural child labor. Likewise, addressing acute poverty with multifaceted programs reducing consumption-based poverty, poor parental education, and improving community infrastructures could reduce child labor.
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- 2023
3. An Updated Weighting Strategy for the Monitoring the Future Panel Study. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 98. Updated
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Patrick, Megan E., Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M., Berglund, Patricia, Pang, Yuk C., Heeringa, Steven G., and Si, Yajuan
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The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study monitors historical and developmental changes in substance use prevalence among key subgroups of the general U.S. adolescent and adult population. The current study first devised and evaluated a cohort-specific pooled analysis weighing procedure for the MTF panel study that weighted back to the initial 12th grade samples. Following this, the cohort-specific weights were updated to age-specific weights in order to provide increased flexibility for a wide range of model specifications and to avoid the need to re-calculate a first half-sample respondent's final weight at a particular wave after the full cohort had completed that wave. The cohort-specific pooled analysis weights appear to result in an overall improvement in the degree to which the sociodemographic distributions of the initial 12th grade samples are retained, as well as likely producing slightly improved substance use estimates due to accounting for historical variation in panel sample selection and attrition over time. The updated age-specific pooled analysis weights continued to provide the benefits associated with the cohort-specific weights, but also brought increased flexibility for modeling both cohort- and age-specific research questions, and allowed all respondents' weights at each specific age to remain fixed across time.
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- 2023
4. School Qualifications and Youth Custody. Occasional Paper. No.57
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), Machin, Stephen, McNally, Sandra, and Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer
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A very small number of young people enter youth custody between age 16 and 18 (about 4 in 1000 males), yet the consequences are severe. They spend an average of 7 months in youth custody and such incarceration has been related to negative outcomes in the longer term even if they can establish themselves in the labour market. In this paper, we evaluate whether there is a relationship between GCSE qualifications in English and maths and the probability of youth custody using administrative data in England. We are hindered in this because the majority of young people who end up in youth custody are not entered or fail their GCSEs in these subjects. Although regression results are consistent with educational achievement being a factor in why people end up in youth custody, they strongly suggest that both non-entry/low achievement and youth custody are correlated with severe vulnerabilities which are partially picked up by the explanatory variables available in administrative data (in particular indicators for special needs, disadvantage and being from some ethnic minority groups). Another interesting insight is that for many, problems only emerge (or at least become evident) in early or middle adolescence. [This paper forms part of a larger project funded by the Nuffield Foundation "Youth custody: Educational influences and labour market consequences."]
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- 2023
5. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2021. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 97
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
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This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2021 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2020 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2021: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (see ED618240) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2021, forthcoming: Volume I, Secondary School Students." The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 469 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include surveys of those lower grade levels.
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- 2022
6. Annual Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Papers Presented Online and On-Site during the Annual Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (44th, Chicago, Illinois, 2021). Volume 1
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Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), Simonson, Michael, and Seepersaud, Deborah
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For the forty-fourth time, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented online and onsite during the annual AECT Convention. Volume 1 contains papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. Papers dealing with the practice of instructional technology including instruction and training issues are contained in Volume 2. [For volume 2, see ED617429.]
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- 2021
7. Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Adolescents: Examining Impacts of the Schedule on Academic Achievement, Attendance, and Behavior in High School. CEPA Working Paper No. 21-05
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Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis (CEPA) and Morton, Emily
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Four-day school weeks have proliferated across the United States in recent years, reaching over 650 public school districts in 24 states as of 2019, but little is known about the effects of the four-day school week on high school students. This study uses district-level panel data from Oklahoma and a difference-in-differences research design to provide the first estimates of the causal effect of the four-day school week on high school students' ACT scores, attendance, and disciplinary incidents during school. Results indicate that four-day school weeks decrease per-pupil bullying incidents by approximately 31% and per-pupil fighting incidents by approximately 27%, but have no detectable effect on other incident types, ACT scores, or attendance.
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- 2021
8. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2019. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 94
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2019 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The 2018 subgroup data presented in this report accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2019: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (see ED604018) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018: Volume I, Secondary School Students" (see ED599067). The trends presented in this occasional paper in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels.
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- 2020
9. Long-Run Trends in the U.S. SES-Achievement Gap. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 20-01
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Harvard University, Program on Education Policy and Governance, Hanushek, Eric A., Peterson, Paul E., Talpey, Laura M., and Woessman, Ludger
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Rising inequality in the United States has raised concerns about potentially widening gaps in educational achievement by socio-economic status (SES). Using assessments from LTT-NAEP [Long-Term Trend assessment administered by the National Assessment of Educational Progress], Main-NAEP, TIMSS [Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study], and PISA [Programme for International Student Assessment] that are psychometrically linked over time, we trace trends in achievement for U.S. student cohorts born between 1954 and 2001. Achievement gaps between the top and bottom quartiles of the SES distribution have been large and remarkably constant for a near half century. These unwavering gaps have not been offset by improved achievement levels, which have risen at age 14 but have remained unchanged at age 17 for the past quarter century.
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- 2020
10. School Effects on Socio-Emotional Development, School-Based Arrests, and Educational Attainment. Working Paper No. 226-0220
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National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research (CALDER) at American Institutes for Research, Jackson, C. Kirabo, Porter, Shanette C., Easton, John Q., Blanchard, Alyssa, and Kiguel, Sebastián
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Using value-added models, we find that high schools impact students' self-reported socio-emotional development (SED) by enhancing social well-being and promoting hard work. Conditional on schools' test score impacts, schools that improve SED, reduce school-based arrests, and increase high-school completion, college-going, and college persistence. Schools that improve social well-being have larger effects on attendance and behavioral infractions in high school, while those that promote hard work have larger effects on GPA. Results suggest that adolescence can be a formative period for socio-emotional growth, high-school impacts on SED can be captured using self-report surveys, and SED can be fostered by schools to improve longer-run outcomes. These findings are robust to tests for plausible forms of selection.
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- 2020
11. Electronic versus Paper and Pencil Survey Administration Mode Comparison: 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey
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Bryan, Leah N., Smith-Grant, Jennifer, Brener, Nancy, Kilmer, Greta, Lo, Annie, Queen, Barbara, and Underwood, J. Michael
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Background: Since the inception of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System in 1991, all surveys have been conducted in schools, using paper and pencil instruments (PAPI). For the 2019 YRBSS, sites were offered the opportunity to conduct their surveys using electronic data collection. This study aimed to determine whether differences in select metrics existed between students who completed the survey electronically versus using PAPI. Methods: Thirty risk behaviors were examined in this study. Data completeness, response rates and bivariate comparisons of risk behavior prevalence between administration modes were examined. Results: Twenty-nine of 30 questions examined had more complete responses among students using electronic surveys. Small differences were found for student and school response rates between modes. Twenty-five of 30 adolescent risk behaviors showed no mode effect. Conclusions: Seven of 44 states and DC participated electronically. Because survey data were more complete; school and student response rates were consistent; and minor differences existed in risk behaviors between modes, the acceptability of collecting data electronically was demonstrated.
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- 2022
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12. Childhood and Adolescent Food Security and Young Adult Outcomes. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Discussion Paper Series, DP2019-05
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University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research, Heflin, Colleen, and Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon
- Abstract
Exposure to stressful life experiences during childhood, such as food insecurity, can have negative consequences for attainment later in life. The developmental timing of stressful events and how they influence outcomes over the life course is a critical area of research. Indeed, a more comprehensive understanding of the latter life consequences of childhood food insecurity could guide policy-makers in designing more effective social policies to reduce the severity of the poor life outcomes. This project uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate the young adult impacts (as late as age 25) of food insecurity experienced in discrete childhood stages -- middle childhood (ages 5-10), early adolescence (ages 11-14), and middle adolescence (ages 15-18). It aims to identify which childhood stage-specific effects of food insecurity are most important to five young adult outcomes in two main areas -- risky sexual behaviors and criminal justice involvement. Results provide consistent evidence that the mean food security scores in middle childhood are associated with the criminal justice involvement outcome. The results are less consistent with the sexual risk taking outcomes. Middle childhood food insecurity is associated with the number of sexual partners in young adulthood, while early adolescent food insecurity is associated with the number of children in young adulthood. Results indicate that male respondents appear to be more sensitive to food insecurity than females.
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- 2019
13. The Influence of Nutrition Assistance Program Participation, Parental Nutritional Knowledge, and Family Foodways on Food Security and Child Well-Being. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Discussion Paper Series, DP2019-02
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University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research, Wolfson, Julia, Insolera, Noura, and Cohen, Alicia
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In this report we present results from our study of the effect of SNAP [Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program] and WIC [Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children] participation during childhood on food insecurity risk in young adulthood. We also examined the effect of parental nutritional knowledge and childhood food involvement on food insecurity in young adulthood. We used data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Original Childhood Development Supplement. Our balanced panel (n=1,305) was comprised of individuals who were 0-12 years old in 1997, had data on SNAP and income from their year of birth through 2015, food insecurity data in 2015/2017, and had moved out of their parents' home and started their own household prior to 2015. We estimated logistic models using sample, cluster and strata weights to generate nationally representative results. We find a small, but non-statistically significant effect of SNAP and WIC participation during childhood on odds of being food insecure during young adulthood. When examining change in food security from 1999-2015, we find that participation in SNAP during ages 0-5 years (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 0.99, 5.61), and during ages 12-18 years (OR 2.68, 95% CI: 1.09, 6.57) is associated with a higher odds of being more secure in 2015 than in 1999 compared to low income children who were eligible for, but did not participate in SNAP. Participation in both SNAP and WIC during ages 0-5 predicts higher odds (OR: 4.47, 95% CI: 2.04, 9.78) of being more secure in young adulthood than in childhood compared to low income children who were eligible for, but did not participate in SNAP or WIC. Finally, we saw a statistically significant protective effect of high parental nutritional knowledge (in 1999) and child time spent preparing food (during ages 5-12) on food insecurity risk in 2015-2017. SNAP and WIC, as well as parental nutritional knowledge and childhood food involvement appear to have some protective effect on food insecurity in young adulthood. Future research should further investigate the effects of nutrition education, nutrition assistance program participation, and involvement in food preparation on food insecurity over the short- and long-term.
- Published
- 2019
14. The Unwavering SES Achievement Gap: Trends in U.S. Student Performance. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 19-01
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Harvard University, Program on Education Policy and Governance, Hanushek, Eric A., Peterson, Paul E., Talpey, Laura M., and Woessmann, Ludger
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Concerns about the breadth of the U.S. income distribution and limited intergenerational mobility have led to a focus on educational achievement gaps by socio-economic status (SES). Using intertemporally linked assessments from NAEP [National Assessment of Educational Progress], TIMSS [Trends in International Mathematics and Science Survey], and PISA [Programme for International Student Assessment], we trace the achievement of U.S. student cohorts born between 1954 and 2001. Achievement gaps between the top and bottom deciles and the top and bottom quartiles of the SES distribution have been large and remarkably constant for a near half century. These unwavering gaps have not been offset by overall improvements in achievement levels, which have risen at age 14 but remained unchanged at age 17 for the most recent quarter century. The long-term failure of major educational policies to alter SES gaps suggests a need to reconsider standard approaches to mitigating disparities.
- Published
- 2019
15. Proceedings of International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences (iHSES) (Denver, Colorado, April 13-16, 2023). Volume 1
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International Society for Technology, Education and Science (ISTES) Organization, Mack Shelley, Mevlut Unal, and Sabri Turgut
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The aim of the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (iHSES) conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education" and "social sciences." It is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]
- Published
- 2023
16. Indicators of Teenage Career Readiness: An Analysis of Longitudinal Data from Eight Countries. OECD Education Working Papers. No. 258
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Covacevich, Catalina, Mann, Anthony, Santos, Cristina, and Champaud, Jonah
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The aim of the OECD Career Readiness project is to identify patterns of teenage attitudes and activities that are associated with better transitions into employment by analysing multiple national longitudinal datasets. This paper looks for further evidence of the link between teenage activities, experiences and career-related thinking and adult career outcomes by analysing 10 new datasets from eight countries. Overall, the results of this paper find further evidence that secondary school students who explore, experience and think about their futures in work frequently encounter lower levels of unemployment, receive higher wages and are happier in their careers as adults. The findings of this paper are analysed together with the evidence from the two previous working papers of the Career Readiness project, concluding that there is international evidence to support 11 out of the 14 potential indicators that were explored as indicators of career readiness.
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- 2021
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17. Giving Girls Wings to Fly: Tools to Empower Adolescent Girls in Rural Communities in India. Echidna Global Scholars Program, Working Paper
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Brookings Institution, Center for Universal Education and Modi, Armene
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This working paper will share the experience of Ashta No Kai (ANK), a grassroots nonprofit the author founded in 1998 in 10 villages in Shirur County, Maharashtra state, India, to promote the empowerment and education of women and girls in rural areas. The paper will, at first, examine the state of education in India including the Indian government's policies and programs that are attempting to address the gender gap in girls' education. Next, the barriers that girls in rural areas face to access their right to an education will be discussed followed by an introduction of various holistic, need-based, and low-cost educational interventions that ANK has initiated to address some of these impediments. Findings will then be reported from quantitative and qualitative surveys conducted, as well as case studies to gauge the impact of these interventions. Finally, the paper will propose evidence-based recommendations of integrated and sustainable strategies and approaches as guidance to policy practitioners to help promote educational outcomes and enhanced agency for adolescent girls to better navigate their world.
- Published
- 2017
18. Challenges in Adolescent Reading Intervention: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial. Working Paper 62
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Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Gonzalez, Naihobe, MacIntyre, Sophie, and Beccar-Varela, Pilar
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This paper presents findings on the implementation and impacts of Leveled Literacy Intervention (LLI) in Oakland, California, where the school district conducted the nation's first randomized controlled trial of LLI in secondary grades. LLI is a short-term, intensive intervention designed to help teachers provide small-group instruction to struggling readers. Many school districts across the country have used LLI, which research evidence has shown to rapidly improve outcomes for students in early elementary grades. During the trial, secondary schools in Oakland faced various challenges implementing LLI, leading students to experience different levels of LLI duration, intensity, and fidelity. LLI had no impact on students' reading comprehension and a negative impact on their mastery of English language arts/literacy standards. Students who were pulled out of other classes to receive LLI were particularly negatively affected, possibly as a result of missing grade-level content. This study's findings highlight challenges in implementing effective literacy interventions for struggling adolescent readers.
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- 2018
19. Transition to Adulthood: Dynamics of Disability, Food Security, Health, and SNAP Participation. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Discussion Paper Series, DP2018-01
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University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research, Guo, Baorong, Huang, Jin, and Porterfield, Shirley L.
- Abstract
Young adults face enormous economic, social and psychological challenges when they transition into adulthood. This transition can be especially overwhelming and daunting for young adults with disabilities. Among the challenges young adults with disabilities are faced with are greater risk of low food security and barriers to healthcare. This study examines how the transition to adulthood may affect food security, health, and access to healthcare for youth with disabilities, and estimates the effects that SNAP has on this group in those turbulent years. The study used five years of data (2011-2015) from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We combined the public and restricted NHIS data with the state SNAP policy variables. The sample included low-income individuals ages 13-25 (and their families) to reflect the life stage from pre-transition, to transition, and then to post-transition. Analyses were conducted at the Census Research Data Center in Columbia, MO. A difference-in-difference (DID) approach in linear models was applied to compare individuals with and without disabilities regarding changes in food security status and their health-related outcomes in the transition to adulthood. State SNAP policy variables were used as exogenous instruments to estimate the effects of SNAP participation on food security and health/healthcare use for youth and young adults with disabilities in the models of instrumental variables. Below is a summary of the main findings in which youth are referred to as individuals under 18, and young adults are referred to as individuals ages 18 to 25. (1) Compared to those without disabilities, individuals with disabilities have a greater risk of low food security in both childhood and young adulthood; (2) Transition into adulthood results in greater food security for individuals without disabilities but an increased risk of low food security for individuals with disabilities. The increased risk for young adults with disabilities may well put them at very low food security, the most severe category on the food security scale; (3) Food security status is associated with health and access to healthcare for all the four groups, youth and young adults, with or without disabilities. However, the associations between low food security and health-related outcomes do not seem to vary by disability status for young adults, indicating the additional risk of low food security that young adults with disabilities experience does not correlate with their health-related outcomes; (4) Contrary to our expectation, SNAP participation does not seem to have statistically significant effects on food security and health-related outcomes for individuals with disabilities. These impacts, although insignificant, show expected directions (i.e., improving food security and health) that are different from those often found in the OLS estimation that does not address the selection bias; and (5) SNAP participation is a statistically significant predictor of youth's food security status measured by the food security raw score only, but not the other three food security measures. SNAP participation appears to have greater impacts for youth than for young adults. In other words, the protective effects of SNAP decrease for young adults perhaps because they encounter greater barriers accessing SNAP than when they were young. The study's limitations are closely examined with a focus on the constraints that we had in the DID analysis and the IV analysis. We also suggested directions for future research. Since food security likely has a profound impact on the long-term development, economic independence, and self-sufficiency, we discussed a few policy strategies that may help individuals with disabilities in their transition to adulthood. These include special outreach services to improve SNAP accessibility, an embedded alert system that serves to bring awareness of a SNAP participant's upcoming transition to adulthood, incorporation of nutrition assistance in transition planning for youth, and better coordination of multiple public programs.
- Published
- 2018
20. Comparing the Impact of Online and Paper-and-Pencil Administration of the Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report
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Raley, Sheida K., Shogren, Karrie A., Rifenbark, Graham G., Anderson, Mark H., and Shaw, Leslie A.
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The Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report (SDI: SR) was developed to measure the self-determination of adolescents and was recently validated for students aged 13-22 with and without disabilities across diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. The SDI: SR is aligned Causal Agency Theory and its theoretical conceptualizations of self-determined action. The validation of the SDI: SR was undertaken in two forms--online, computer-based and paper-and-pencil. The present study examined overall self-determination scores of student participants (with and without disabilities) who took the SDI: SR via the online and paper-and-pencil format to inform future research and practice using the SDI: SR. Findings suggest that the same set of items can be utilized across administration formats, but that there appear to be differences in overall SDI: SR scores when online and paper-and-pencil formats are utilized although these differences are not influenced by disability status. Implications for future research and practice are discussed to provide direction to the field related to assessment development and use of the SDI: SR in educational contexts.
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- 2020
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21. Constructivists Online: Reimagining Progressive Practice. Occasional Paper Series 34
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Bank Street College of Education, Freidus, Helen, Welsh Kruger, Mollie, Goss, Steven, Freidus, Helen, Welsh Kruger, Mollie, Goss, Steven, and Bank Street College of Education
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In this issue of the Occasional Paper Series, the authors reimagine progressive pedagogy within the framework of digital pedagogy and online practice. The issue begins with "Notes from the Special Issue Editors," Helen Freidus, Mollie Welsh Kruger & Steven Goss. In the first set of essays, "Inside the Online Classroom," the authors present the experiences of educators who have entered the square room but have refused to be limited by its constraints. These are teacher educators who have designed their courses for the online venue. Some enthusiastically chose to teach online; others were mandated to do so. Regardless of how their journey began, each author describes the work she or he is doing to bring constructivist practice online. To the surprise of each of these educators, they find that not only is the work possible, but it leads them to reframe the ways in which they approach their face-to-face teaching. This section begins with "Beyond a Digital Status Quo: Re-conceptualizing Online Learning Opportunities," by Ellen B. Meier. Tamara Spencer, in "Preparing Teachers as Literacy Leaders in a Hybrid Classroom," documents the process of taking new literacies and innovative pedagogy online, moving from a face-to-face to a hybrid course, she details the learning of both students and educator. Robin Isserles, in "Fostering Student Engagement: Creating a 'Culture of Learning' Online," addresses the ways in which distance learning offers possibilities for mitigating inequitable access to higher education--supporting community college students' ability to take ownership of their learning, and encouraging them to think critically about what they are learning. In Fred W. Freking & Jenny D. Ingber's "Teaching Science Teachers in an Online Context with a Constructivist Approach", the authors discuss the development of an online STEM-based teacher education program, providing a template for the inclusion of constructivist practices, such as course activities and student teaching Ramona Cutri, Erin Whiting & Stefinee Pinnegar, in "Activating Emotional and Analytic Engagement in Blended Learning: A Multicultural Teacher Education Example," activate students' emotional and analytic engagement with multicultural education through online classrooms. In "Creating Meaningful Learning Opportunities Online," Hafdís Guðjónsdóttir, Karen Gísladottir & Svanborg Jonsdottir describe the ways in which they have used digital pedagogy to address the loneliness of the distance learner by making their online course more inclusive and interactive. In the second set of essays, "Beyond the Online Classroom," authors describe their experiences in a range of online contexts. These authors came to their work with a vision of how technology might offer new pathways for learning. They ask: what do K-12 classrooms, business school courses, teacher communities of practice, and museum spaces look like when infused with the new opportunities technologies offer? The authors included in this section use constructivist practices to bring new visions to traditional experiences. They find that the outcomes are even richer than they had anticipated. In "Operations Management Outside of the Classroom: An Experiential Approach to Teaching Enabled by Online Learning," Kristen A. Sosulski & Harry R. Chernoff employ online learning as a way to free their students from the confines of the lecture-based classroom. In "Reflection & Technology in Theory and Practice: Teen Engagement in Art Museums," Chelsea Emelie Kelly discusses her experience using digital technologies to extend the young museum-goer's voice beyond the walls of the museum and into online communities. In "Technology as a Tool for Collaboration, Understanding & Engagement," Kai Johnson incorporates multimodal online inquiry to deepen the thinking of children in his elementary classroom. When he sees how engaged his students are in their work, he realizes that this is a true picture of constructivist learning. Marvin Cohen, Babette Moeller & Michelle Cerrone document the ways in which online communities of practice enable teachers to have meaningful conversations sharing practices and discussing the nuances of teaching math in "Constructing Online Communities of Practice." Across these articles, the reader will find educators engaging with the challenges they encountered and emerging with new visions of constructivist practice. Authors who began as skeptics discovered possibilities. Authors who thought they understood the potential of online practice were struck by their students' and their own increased insight. The hope is that the ideas presented in this edition of the Occasional Paper Series will encourage readers to experiment with and document their own forays into online practice. (Individual papers contain references.)
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- 2015
22. Why Parenting Matters for Children in the 21st Century: An Evidence-Based Framework for Understanding Parenting and Its Impact on Child Development. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 222
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France) and Ulferts, Hannah
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This paper provides a structured overview of the existing parenting literature with the aim of developing an evidence-based and culture-sensitive framework of parenting and its influence on child development. The paper outlines how changes in the 21st century have altered family life and summarises evidence from 29 meta-studies and 81 quantitative studies for the developmental impact of different parenting styles and dimensions. Overall, results suggest that warm parenting that provides children with age-appropriate autonomy and structure is key for a healthy and prosperous development of children and adolescents across various domains. The parenting approach adopted by parents but also its effect varies and the paper points to various contextual (e.g. culture, socio-economic factors, support within the community and family) and individual (e.g. gender, personality and health condition of children and parents) factors explaining these variations. The paper discusses how a systematic consideration of such factors not only sharpens the scientific understanding of parenting and its impact but also helps improving family policies and support.
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- 2020
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23. School-Based Healthcare and Academic Performance: Implications of Physical Health Services for Educational Outcomes and Inequality. CEPA Working Paper No. 15-07
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Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis (CEPA) and Rochmes, Jane E.
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Health and education are reciprocally related, and research indicates that unhealthy students are poorly positioned to learn. Providing services that prevent health problems or help students cope with existing health concerns is one way that schools intervene in the relationship between student background and educational outcomes. Providing health services on campus is theorized to promote educational goals by increasing access to services, improving health, and enhancing opportunities to learn. However, existing empirical tests of this relationship are rare and have important limitations. This paper uses data from Add Health, which identifies numerous services provided by schools across the U.S. Multilevel models test how availability of preventive or physical health services relates to adolescents' academic performance as well as implications for racial and socioeconomic educational inequality. Analyses consistently demonstrate that school provision of preventive/physical health services is positively related to youths' educational outcomes--including a higher GPA, lower odds of failing courses, and higher odds of graduating from high school--but also little evidence of differing associations across student subgroups. Additional results mitigate concerns that these relationships are biased by selection and offer evidence that increased opportunities to learn are one mechanism for the positive role of health services.
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- 2016
24. Limits of Exploitation? Consideration of the Utility of Progression Pathways for Workforce Development. SKOPE Issues Paper 35
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University of Oxford (United Kingdom), Centre on Skills, Knowledge and Organisational Performance (SKOPE) and Morris, Gary
- Abstract
The Wolf Report (2011) made clear that the proliferation of low-level vocational qualifications was in need of reform. It was thought that too many of these qualifications lacked substance, had little value in the jobs market and provided a weak platform for further development. Amongst the report's recommendations, which were largely accepted and subsequently acted upon by the Government, was the need for progression pathways that more explicitly linked education and training opportunities at successively higher levels. This was embraced by Government as part of a wider strategy to get more young people into skilled occupations, to meet the current and anticipated rise in skills shortages in key sectors of the economy (HMT/BIS, 2015). In its policies on the 14 to 19 age group, the Government continues to push for the majority of school and college leavers to enter either higher education or an apprenticeship (Cameron, 2015) and progression pathways clearly have a role to play in supporting this. Beyond these waypoints, there are long standing pathways in higher education and into the professions. However, although the Government recognises that it needs to raise skills levels, the majority of apprenticeships continue to be undertaken at levels 2 and 3 (Delebarre, 2016). It might therefore be inferred that progression routes are the answer to further upskilling once individuals cross the threshold into employment. However, this paper seeks to consider more closely the extent to which this is both realistic and appropriate within the far more complex and dynamic context of workforce development within organisations.
- Published
- 2016
25. What Works for Disconnected Young People: A Scan of the Evidence. MDRC Working Paper
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MDRC and Treskon, Louisa
- Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to conduct a scan of the current state of the evidence regarding what works in helping disconnected young people, defined as the population of young people ages 16 to 24 who are not connected to work or school. The following four main research questions were investigated: (1) What local, state, and federal policies have an impact on disconnected young people? What policies are helping improve services for this population? What policies are barriers to creating effective programs?; (2) What programs have been shown to be effective in serving disconnected young people? What evaluations in process have the potential to contribute to the evidence base?; (3) What is known about the effectiveness of system-level approaches, also called "collective impact approaches?"; and (4) Where are there gaps in services or knowledge? What programs or practices should be targeted for further research or expansion? MDRC conducted a literature review of relevant policies and programs. The literature reviewed included writing on impact, quasi-experimental, and implementation studies. MDRC also conducted reviews of numerous websites to learn about current policy trends and evaluations in process. To supplement what was learned from written materials, MDRC interviewed a number of practitioners in the field, including representatives from foundations, coalitions, and research organizations. The main findings included: (1) Policies affecting disconnected young people span a range of systems, including public schools; adult basic and secondary education; and the juvenile justice, foster care, and mental health systems. As a result services, funding, and research are often uncoordinated and fragmented, though collective impact or system-level approaches are attempting to combat these challenges; (2) Though program impacts may be modest or short-lived, successful programs share some common features. These include: opportunities for paid work and the use of financial incentives; strong links among education, training, and the job market; the use of youth development approaches; comprehensive support services; and support after programs end; (3) Programs share some common implementation challenges, including: outreach and enrollment practices that may limit the populations they serve; difficulties keeping young people engaged in a program long enough to benefit from it; staff turnover; and difficulties addressing young people's barriers to participation, particularly their lack of transportation and child care; (4) The field's understanding of what works in serving disconnected young people could advance significantly in the coming years, as more than a dozen evaluations of programs are currently under way, including evaluations of collective impact approaches; and (5) There are gaps in the existing services available: There are not enough programs for young people who are not motivated to reconnect to education or the job market on their own, nor for young people who have low basic skills, especially those who have aged out of the public school system. The areas where there are gaps in services also tend to be areas where there is little evidence regarding what works. Selected Evaluations of Programs for Disconnected Young People is appended.
- Published
- 2016
26. Assessment Framework of the OECD Study on Social and Emotional Skills. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 207
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Kankaraš, Miloš, and Suarez-Alvarez, Javier
- Abstract
The OECD's new Study on Social and Emotional Skills aims to provide policy makers, educators, families and communities with a comprehensive set of tools to foster students' social and emotional learning. The Study's assessment framework -- presented in this paper -- is a result of an extensive literature review of previous research, existing frameworks and assessment approaches in the area of social and emotional skills. The framework, developed by a team of experts in various domains, incorporates evidence from psychology, education, organisational sciences, sociology, economy, and public policy. This framework describes the objectives, characteristics and expected outcomes of the Study. It presents the conceptual model of social and emotional skills assessed in the Study, their development, malleability and predictive value. The framework also discusses how factors in students' family, school and peer environment influence their social and emotional skills' development along with the contextual questionnaires designed to gather this information. The framework also presents the Study's design, assessment approach, instrument development process, sampling procedures and data collection methods.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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27. Teenage parents and their children—position paper of the European academy of paediatrics and the European confederation of primary care paediatricians
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José Fontoura-Matias, Davit George Chakhunashvili, Sian Copley, Łukasz Dembiński, Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop, Adamos Hadjipanayis, Laura Reali, and Artur Mazur
- Subjects
adolescents ,medical care ,mental health ,pregnancy ,family ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
IntroductionTeenage parenthood presents multifaceted implications, affecting adolescent parents, their children, and extended families. Despite a decrease in teenage pregnancy rates across Europe, the phenomenon continues to present significant challenges, impacting not only the adolescent parents but also their offspring and extended families.MethodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted. Key factors influencing teenage pregnancies, including socioeconomic background, family structure, and access to sex education and contraception, were examined. This review was supplemented by expert opinions from the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) and the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians (ECPCP).ResultsThe triad of mother, father, and child presents individual distinct healthcare needs and vulnerabilities, highlighting the importance of specialized support and healthcare. This paper explores the psychological, social, and educational repercussions of teenage parenthood on both parents and their children, including higher risks of postpartum depression, school dropout, and repeat pregnancies. Furthermore, it underscores the critical role that paediatricians and primary care providers play in supporting these young families.DiscussionThe position paper advocates for comprehensive care for adolescent parents and their children. It recommends preventive measures such as proper sex education and access to contraception to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancies. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for specialized healthcare and support for teenage parents to address their unique challenges and improve outcomes for both parents and their children.
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- 2024
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28. Job Loss at Home: Children's School Performance during the Great Recession in Spain. CEP Discussion Paper No. 1364
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP) and Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer
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This paper studies the effect of parental job loss on children's school performance during the Great Recession in Spain, using an original panel dataset for students observed since the beginning of the crisis in a school in the province of Barcelona. By using fixed effects, this paper is more likely to deal with the problem of selection into troubled firms which is prevalent in the literature. Fixed effect estimates show that students experience a negative and significant decrease on average grades of about 13% of a standard deviation after father's job loss. The impact of paternal job loss is not homogeneous across students, but it is largely concentrated among children whose fathers suffer long unemployment spells after job loss and students in already disadvantaged families in terms of the father's education level. These results suggest that paternal job loss is a mechanism through which further inequalities might develop during and after a deep economic crisis. The following are appended: (1) The impact of parental job loss on grades. A simple theoretical framework; and (2) More details on the data.
- Published
- 2015
29. Making Summer Matter: The Impact of Youth Employment on Academic Performance. Working Paper #03-14
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New York University, Institute for Education and Social Policy (IESP), Schwartz, Amy Ellen, Leos-Urbel, Jacob, Silander, Megan, and Wiswall, Matt
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Holding a summer job is a rite of passage in American adolescence, a first rung towards adulthood and self-sufficiency. However, over the past decade, youth employment during the summer has decreased significantly. Summer youth employment has the potential to benefit high school students' educational outcomes and employment trajectories, especially for low-income youth. Despite the potential importance of youth employment during summer, evidence of the impact of summer jobs on youth outcomes is limited to only a few studies. Our research examines summer youth employment, beginning with academic outcomes, by studying New York City's Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP). SYEP provides jobs to youth ages 14-24, and due to high demand for summer jobs, allocates slots through a random lottery system, allowing for causal estimates of program impact. Our study uses student-level data from the New York City Department of Youth and Community Development (the SYEP administrating agency) and New York City Department of Education, encompassing approximately 300,000 student SYEP applicants for the 2005-2009 program years. This paper examines the impact of SYEP on a wider range of academic performance outcomes, including test taking, passing rates and scores. It also attends to variation in these outcomes. Our findings suggest that SYEP has positive impacts on some student academic outcomes, and that these effects are heterogeneous. Future analyses will focus on examining program, student and school characteristics that might explain these variations. The following tables are appended: (1) Lottery randomization results; (2) Attrition in year following application to SYEP, Grade 8-11 and alternative program, 2005-08; and (3) Impact of selection on attrition, by grade.
- Published
- 2014
30. Education and Health Knowledge: Evidence from UK Compulsory Schooling Reform. CEP Discussion Paper No. 1297
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), Johnston, David W., Lordon, Grace, Shields, Michael A., and Suziedelyte, Agne
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We investigate if there is a causal link between education and health knowledge using data from the 1984/85 and 1991/92 waves of the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS). Uniquely, the survey asks respondents what they think are the main causes of ten common health conditions, and we compare these answers to those given by medical professionals to form an index of health knowledge. For causal identification we use increases in the UK minimum school leaving age in 1947 (from 14 to 15)and 1972 (from 15 to 16) to provide exogenous variation in education. These reforms predominantly induced adolescents who would have left school to stay for one additionally mandated year. OLS estimates suggest that education significantly increases health knowledge, with a one-year increase in schooling increasing the health knowledge index by 15% of a standard deviation. In contrast, estimates from instrumental-variable models show that increased schooling due to the education reforms did not significantly affect health knowledge. This main result is robust to numerous specification tests and alternative formulations of the health knowledge index. Further research is required to determine whether there is also no causal link between higher levels of education--such as post-school qualifications--and health knowledge. An appendix entitled, "Sensitivity of results to alternative definitions of health knowledge index," is included. [This paper was produced as part of the Centre's Education Programme. The Centre for Economic Performance is financed by the Economic and Social Research Council.]
- Published
- 2014
31. Annual Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Papers Presented at the Annual Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (37th, Jacksonville, Florida, 2014). Volume 1
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Association for Educational Communications and Technology and Simonson, Michael
- Abstract
For the thirty-seventh year, the Research and Theory Division and the Division of Instructional Design of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) sponsored the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Jacksonville, Florida. This year's Proceedings is presented in two volumes--Volume 1 includes twenty-seven research and development papers. Volume 2 includes thirty-one papers on the practice of educational communications and technology. The 27 papers with respective authors included in Volume 1 are: (1) Information Visualization in Students Eye: An Eye Tracking Study of Rising Sea Levels (Dalia Alyahya, Suzan Alyahya); (2) Interactive eBooks as a Tool of Mobile Learning for Digital-Natives in Higher Education: Interactivity, Preferences and Ownership (Aadil Askar); (3) Recognition of Prior Learning Occurring in Online Informal and Non-Formal Learning Environments: The Case of Higher Education in Turkey (Mesut Aydemir); (4) Open Dialogue: A Content Analysis of the #OpenEducation Twitter Hashtag (Fredrick W. Baker); (5) Enhancing Online Courses with Digital Storytelling (Sally Baldwin, Yu-Hui Ching); (6) Visualizing Learning for the Next Generation: Visual and Media Literacy Research, 2000-2014 (Danilo M. Baylen, Kendal Lucas); (7) Examining the Role of Emotion in Public Health Education Using Multimedia (Sungwon Chung, Kwangwoo Lee, Jongpil Cheon); (8) Students' Online Learning Experiences in Collectivist Cultures (Ana-Paula Correia); (9) Emphasis on Standards: What Do the Interns Report? (Lana Kaye B. Dotson); (10) A Comparison of Learner Self-Regulation in Online and Face-to-Face Problem-Based Learning Courses (Christopher Andrew Glenn); (11) Exploring the Influence of Academic Technology Professionals in Higher Education (Stephanie Glick); (12) Educational Technologies Working in Today's Classrooms: Tech Tools And Apps for Teaching in the Real World (V. Paige Hale); (13) Modeling the Processes of Diagramming Arguments that Support and Inhibit Students' Understanding of Complex Arguments (Allan Jeong, Haeyoung Kim); (14) A Review of Research on Collaboration via Blogs in Online Learning (Habibah Khan, Trey Martindale); (15) Competency of Teachers in Using Technology Based on ISTE NETS.T In Tatweer Schools-Saudi Arabia (Abdulrahman A Kamal); (16) Middle School Teachers' Perspective: The Benefits, Challenges, and Suggestion When Using the iPad (Jeungah Kim); (17) Concept Centrality: A Useful and Usable Analysis Method to Reveal Mental Representation of Bilingual Readers (Kyung Kim, Roy B. Clariana); (18) Adolescents' Internet Use and Usage in a Family Context: Implications for Family Learning (Wilfred W. F. Lau, Allan H. K. Yuen); (19) Leveraging Technology: Facilitating Preservice Teachers TPACK Through Video Self Analysis (James E. Jang, Jing Lei); (20) Use of the Flipped Instructional Model in Higher Education: Instructors' Perspectives (Taotao Long, John Cummins, Michael Waugh); (21) Evaluation of the "Let's Talk: Finding Reliable Mental Health Information and Resources" Pilot Program for Grades 7 and 8 Students in Three Ontarian School Boards and One Independent School in Quebec (Cameron Montgomery, Natalie Montgomery, Christine Potra); (22) Touching Our Way to Better Conversations: How Tablets Impact Cognitive Load and Collaborative Learning Discourses (Christopher Ostrowski); (23) The Effect of Self-Assessment on Achievement in an Online Course (Yasin Özarslan, Ozlem Ozan); (24) Perceptions of the Role and Value of Interactive Videoconferencing and Chat Rooms in Supporting Goals of Cross-Cultural Understanding among Three Educational Nonprofit Organizations (Shilpa Sahay, Pavlo Antonenko); (25) Pre-Service English Teachers' Achievement Goal Orientations: A Study of a Distance English Language Teacher Education Program (Hasan Uçar, Müjgan Bozkaya); (26) Perceptions of Online Program Graduates: A 3-Year Follow-up Study (Michael L. Waugh, Jian Su Searle); and (27) Course Structure Design Decision to Solve Academic Procrastination in Online Course (Yufei Wu, Tiffany A. Koszalka, Lina Souid, Jacob A. Hall). (Individual papers contain references.) [For Volume 2, see ED562048.]
- Published
- 2014
32. Annual Proceedings of Selected Papers on The Practice of Education Communications and Technology Presented at the Annual Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (37th, Jacksonville, Florida, 2014). Volume 2
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Association for Educational Communications and Technology and Simonson, Michael
- Abstract
For the thirty-seventh year, the Research and Theory Division and the Division of Instructional Design of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) sponsored the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Jacksonville, Florida. This year's Proceedings is presented in two volumes--Volume 1 includes twenty-seven research and development papers. Volume 2 includes thirty-one papers on the practice of educational communications and technology. The 31 papers with respective authors included in Volume 2 are: (1) Evaluation of Education and ICT Network (EBA) Based on Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (Ayse Aydin Akkurt, Murat Ataizi, Haci Mustafa Dönmez); (2) Factors That May Influence Instructors' Choices of Including Social Media When Designing Online Courses (Laura L. Alderson, Deborah L. Lowther); (3) A Proposed Framework for Designing MOOCs Based on the Learning Sciences and the First Principles of Instruction (Hawazen Alharbi, Michele Jacobsen); (4) Renaissance 2.0: Connecting Dots (Aras Bozkurt); (5) In the Learner-focused Course Design: Games and Sims 101 (Joanne E. Beriswill); (6) Anatomy of the Megatech Project: A Goal-Based Scenario for Computing Fundamentals (Joanne E. Beriswill); (7) Meaningful Stimulus for a Segmented Instructional Animation: Reflection versus Prediction (Jongpil Cheon, Sungwon Chung, Steven M. Crooks); (8) A National Study of School Library Websites: Preliminary Design & Usability Guidelines (Anthony S. Chow, Rebecca J. Morris, Amy Figley, Jessica Sherard); (9) Designing a Responsive E-Learning Infrastructure: Systemic Change in Higher Education (Anthony S. Chow, Rebecca A. Croxton); (10) Using Addie and Systems Thinking as the Framework for Developing a MOOC: A Case Study (Rebecca A. Croxton, Anthony S. Chow); (11) Video Games and Learning: What Boys Learn From Vidoe Games and Can it Map to the Common Core Standards? (Jason A. Engerman, Alison Carr-Chellman); (12) Interpreting the Aesthetics of Games and Evaluating its Effect on Problem-Solving Using Visualization Theory (Diali Gupta, Beaumie Kim); (13) Designing Feedback to Increase Interaction and Learning in an Online Self-Study Course (Jacob A. Hall, Tiffany A. Koszalka, Lina Souid, Yufei Wu); (14) How a Once-Rejected Grant Proposal Was Later Funded by the State of Georgia (Jackie HeeYoung Kim, Moon-Heum Cho); (15) iBooks Author: Potential, Pedagogical Meanings, and Implementation Challenges (Jackie Heeyoung Kim); (16) Creating Participatory Online Learning Environments: A Social Learning Approach Revisited (Heather Lutz, Quincy Conley); (17) Faculty Training on eLearning: An International Performance Improvement Case Study (Eunice Luyegu); (18) Using the Community of Inquiry Framework for Library Science Course Design: An Eastern Caribbean Example (Dorothea Nelson); (19) Technology Enhanced Learning Strategies In K-12 Classrooms (Esther Ntuli); (20) The Role of Digital Game-Based Learning in Enhancing Social Presence (Ela Akgun Ozbek); (21) Digital Science Notebooks to Support Elementary Students' Scientific Practices (Seungoh Paek, Lori A. Fulton); (22) ESL's and PARCC Online Testing (Christine Patti); (23) Teaching Soft Skills with Games and Simulations (Deanna L. Proctor, Lenora Jean Justice); (24) Online Learning: Genie In a Bottle or Pandora's Box? (Angela Doucet Rand, Gayle V. Davidson-Shivers); (25) Promoting Student-Centered Learning: Team-Based Learning In A Technology-Rich Classroom (Mei-Yau Shih, Susan Han); (26) Computers as Critical Thinking Tools: Primarily Self-Directed, Online Capstone Course (Lina Souid, Yufei Wu, Jacob A. Hall, Tiffany A. Koszalka); (27) Collaborative Design of an Online Self-Directed Course: An Example of a Cognitive Apprenticeship (Lina Souid, Yufei Wu, Jacob A. Hall, Tiffany A. Koszalka); (28) Mobile Technology and Applications for Enhancing Achievement in K-12 Science Classrooms: A Literature Review (Sylvia Manka Azinwi Suh); (29) Evaluation of Web-Based English Reading Activities for Adolescent English Language Learners: A Pilot Study (Wan-Chun Tseng, Robert Dustin Florence); (30) Training Instructional Designers As Edupreneurs (Caglar Yildirim, Moonyoung Park, Tera Lawson, Nadia Jaramillo, Ana-Paula Correia, Ritushree Chatterjee, Pinar Arpaci ); and (31) Engaging the Online Language Learner (Julia Zammit, Sally A. Eliot, Caroline Kelly, Trey Martindale). (Individual papers contain references.) [For Volume 1, see ED562046.]
- Published
- 2014
33. 'Finding Pleasure in the Right Things': A Concept Paper on Arts, School-to-Career, Service Learning, and Community Revitalization.
- Author
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Jobs for the Future, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
- Abstract
High schools are simply not designed to help young people develop interests or passions, become deeply engaged and productive in the life of the community, develop a commitment to high-quality work, or make connections and build relationships with peers and adults. School-to-career, arts education, and service learning each offer especially promising avenues for meeting this challenge. Each can lay claim to its own unique and innovative ways to contribute to youth and community development through the following core principles: students learn through relationships; students learn when they are engaged; students learn through active, in-depth investigation and exploration; students learn in multiple contexts and through reflection on authentic problems; and students become lifelong active learners through searching for connections, being persistent, and striving for accuracy. Despite their tremendous value, school-to-career, arts education, and service learning must often struggle against marginalization. Educators can use the following to combat this threat of marginalization: (1) gather and disseminate evidence of effectiveness; (2) emphasize the value of the core principles and key practices; (3) work as colleagues across fields of practice; (4) expand scope beyond schools and bring the discussion to a variety of forums; and (5) examine and speak to public perceptions and priorities. (MN)
- Published
- 1999
34. This We Believe: Developmentally Responsive Middle Level Schools. A Position Paper.
- Author
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National Middle School Association, Columbus, OH.
- Abstract
Following the introduction of the middle school in the 1960s with its advocacy of a 5-8 or 6-8 grade configuration, no comprehensive statement appeared to crystallize the educational beliefs inherent in this emerging educational reform effort. This paper is not just a revision of the 1982 position statement, but a "re-vision" of middle level education. The paper is offered as a guide to assist in achieving developmentally responsive educational programs for young adolescents. The rationale for middle level schools is discussed in view of the characteristics and needs of young adolescents as well as the rapid changes in society. Six general characteristics of young adolescent educational programs are identified, which, when operational, would enable schools to make the most appropriate program decisions. These are: (1) educators committed to young adolescents; (2) a shared vision of middle level education; (3) high expectations for all students; (4) an adult advocate for every student's academic and personal development; (5) family and community partnerships; and (6) a positive school climate. The six major middle level program components are defined as: (1) curriculum that is challenging, integrative, and exploratory; (2) varied teaching and learning approaches; (3) assessment and evaluation that promote learning; (4) flexible organizational structures; (5) programs and policies that foster health, wellness, and safety; and (6) comprehensive guidance and support services. These twelve characteristics delineate a vision of what developmentally responsive middle schools could be and should be. (BAC)
- Published
- 1995
35. The Perry Preschoolers at Late Midlife: A Study in Design-Specific Inference. NBER Working Paper 25888
- Author
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National Bureau of Economic Research, Heckman, James J., and Karapakula, Ganesh
- Abstract
This paper presents the first analysis of the life course outcomes through late midlife (around age 55) for the participants of the iconic Perry Preschool Project, an experimental high-quality preschool program for disadvantaged African-American children in the 1960s. We discuss the design of the experiment, compromises in and adjustments to the randomization protocol, and the extent of knowledge about departures from the initial random assignment. We account for these factors in developing conservative small-sample hypothesis tests that use approximate worst-case (least favorable) randomization null distributions. We examine how our new methods compare with standard inferential methods, which ignore essential features of the experimental setup. Widely used procedures produce misleading inferences about treatment effects. Our design-specific inferential approach can be applied to analyze a variety of compromised social and economic experiments, including those using re-randomization designs. Despite the conservative nature of our statistical tests, we find long-term treatment effects on crime, employment, health, cognitive and non-cognitive skills, and other outcomes of the Perry participants. Treatment effects are especially strong for males. Improvements in childhood home environments and parental attachment appear to be an important source of the long-term benefits of the program. [This research was supported in part by the American Bar Foundation.]
- Published
- 2019
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36. Pathways to Postsecondary Education for Pregnant and Parenting Teens. Working Paper #C418
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Institute for Women's Policy Research (IWPR) and Costello, Cynthia B.
- Abstract
This report focuses on pathways to postsecondary education (PSE), including high school completion, for pregnant and parenting teens. Although birth rates among teens have declined in the United States over the last 20 years, one in seven adolescent females (14.4 percent) is expected to give birth before age 20 with females of color (24 percent of Hispanics and 21 percent of African Americans) more than twice as likely to have a child when compared with white females (10 percent) (OAH 2014). For too many of these adolescents, parenthood marks the end of their high school careers and aspirations for attending college. This is unfortunate because completing high school and earning a postsecondary degree or credential are critical for the economic well-being of both teen parents and their children. Very little is known about pathways to PSE for pregnant and parenting teens. Although some studies have focused on programs to prevent subsequent pregnancies among teen parents (Klerman 2004), research is lacking on effective approaches for preparing these students for college. This report represents a first step towards filling that gap. Drawing on a literature and program review, analysis of a small online survey conducted with Health Teen Network (HTN), and consultations with experts in the field, "Pathways to Postsecondary Education," examines barriers and promising approaches to support educational success for pregnant and parenting teens. Among the findings are: (1) More than two out of three young single mothers aged 18 to 24 are poor, and almost half of their children are poor; (2) Only about half of teen mothers receive a high school diploma by the age of 22, compared with about nine in ten women who do not have a child during their teen years; and (3) A survey supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation found that a third of the young women surveyed reported that becoming a parent played a major role in their decision to leave school. This report features eight programs that provide a range of academic and other supports and services to support pathways to PSE, including high school completion, among pregnant and parenting teens: (1) Florence Crittenton High School (FCHS) in Denver, Colorado; (2) Cal-SAFE in California; (3) New Heights in Washington, DC; (4) The Care Center in Holyoke, Massachusetts; (5) Keys to Degrees at Endicott College in Massachusetts; (6) Student Parent HELP Center (SPHC) at the University of Minnesota; (7) Generation Hope, a program started by a former teen mother in Washington, DC; and (8) The Jeremiah Program, a residential program in the twin cities of Minnesota. A list of experts consulted is appended. [This report is a product of IWPR's Student Parent Success Initiative.]
- Published
- 2014
37. 'They Look Like Paper': Refugee Students Experiencing and Constructing 'the Social' at a Queensland High School
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Smith, Casey and Halbert, Kelsey
- Abstract
Educational institutions in Australia face complex challenges in providing inclusive learning experiences for a growing number of North African refugee students. This paper explores the school experiences of five North African refugee students who volunteered to participate in semi-structured interviews in 2012. A qualitative intrinsic case study approach was employed to investigate participant experiences with their Australian peers. This included peer influence on defining social norms and the articulation of race, religion and social differences. Foucault's theories of discourse, the subject, disciplinary practices and normalisation, have been utilised as tools to drive the exploration of students' experiences. Participants encountered 'difference' in the Australian schooling context that affected their ability to connect to the social discourse and the disciplinary systems of school. Participants indicated that their knowledge of themselves, and others, had developed from a point of 'difference' and isolation, to ways of 'seeing' the characteristics of the 'Australian' student and the diversity within their 'white' peers and teachers. Exploring this discursive negotiation illuminates the taken-for-granted ways these students come to know the role of student, friend and school in facilitating membership and belonging.
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- 2013
38. Literacy Skills and Family Configurations. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 192
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Jonas, Nicolas, and Thorn, William
- Abstract
We study the links between family configuration and formation on the one hand and adult literacy skills on the other by analysing data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), a survey of 250,000 people aged 16 to 65 conducted by the OECD in 33 countries and economies. Literacy proficiency has an effect on many aspects of the formation and development of families, such as age of parents at birth of first child, or age of partners at cohabitation, even when educational attainment and age are taken into account. Moreover, having children and living with a partner have consequences for adults' job opportunities and participation in the labour market, which can be particularly negative for the women with the highest literacy proficiency.
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- 2018
39. The Evolution of Gender Gaps in Numeracy and Literacy between Childhood and Adulthood. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 184
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Borgonovi, Francesca, Choi, Álvaro, and Paccagnella, Marco
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Numeracy and literacy skills have become increasingly important in modern labour markets. The large gender differences that several studies have identified have therefore sparked considerable attention among researchers and policy makers. Little is known about the moment in which such gaps emerge, how they evolve and if their evolution differs across countries. We use data from large-scale international assessments to follow representative samples of birth-cohorts over time, and analyse how gender gaps in numeracy and literacy evolve from age 10 to age 27. Our results suggest that, across the countries examined, males' advantage in numeracy is smallest at age 10 and largest at age 27. The growth in magnitude of the gender gap is particularly pronounced between the age of 15 and 27. Such evolution stands in sharp contrast with the evolution of the gender gap in literacy, which is small at age 10, large and in favour of females at age 15, and negligible by age 27.
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- 2018
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40. Impacts of Parental Education on Substance Use: Differences among White, African-American, and Hispanic Students in 8th, 10th, and 12th Grades (1999-2008). Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper No. 70
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Bachman, Jerald G., O'Malley, Patrick M., Johnston, Lloyd D., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
The Monitoring the Future (MTF) project reports annually on levels and trends in self-reported substance use by secondary school students (e.g., Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2009). The reports include subgroup comparisons, and these have revealed substantial differences among race/ethnicity groups, as well as some differences linked to parental education (as the available indicator of socioeconomic level). These comparisons are complicated by the substantial differences in racial/ethnic composition across levels of parental education. The present paper disentangles the confounding of race/ethnicity with parental education by examining the three largest race/ethnicity groups separately, showing and comparing how parental education is related to three common forms of substance use/abuse among adolescents. The authors show important interaction effects: The negative relationship between parental education and substance use is more pronounced among White adolescents than among those who are African American or Hispanic. They also unmask relationships between parental education and substance use that are clearer for White adolescents than for the total sample. Furthermore, the appendix to this occasional paper compares product-moment correlations and linear regression results for five-year intervals (1999-2003 vs. 2004-2008), and shows that very few regression coefficients differ significantly. This appendix is titled, "Use of Various Drugs by Grade among All Male Respondents, 1999-2008." (Contains 1 table and 10 figures.)
- Published
- 2010
41. Secondary Content-Area Literacy: Time for Crisis or Opportunity for Reform? Briefing Paper
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SEDL, Texas Comprehensive Center, Chauvin, Ramona, and Molina, Concepcion
- Abstract
The education field must go beyond calling attention to an adolescent literacy crisis and the need for additional resources--a critical need--to treating adolescent literacy as the foundation for more ambitious efforts to improve middle and high schools in their entirety (Heller & Greenleaf, 2007; Jacob, 2008). Instruction around adolescent literacy, or content-area literacy, is fundamental to building the kind of secondary schools that are necessary to support the nation's social and economic health. The challenge is to connect the teaching of literacy to the rest of the secondary education improvement agenda. This article is about a literature search that focused on studies on secondary content-area literacy that were published within the last 10 years. However, when reference lists were reviewed, staff found that some older research provided key information on the topic. Therefore, these seminal publications were included in the resources used to develop this paper.
- Published
- 2012
42. Trends in Young People's Wellbeing and the Effects of the School-to-Work Transition. Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth. Briefing Paper 27
- Author
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National Centre for Vocational Education Research and Nguyen, Nhi
- Abstract
The Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY) ask participants how satisfied they are with aspects of their lives. Their answers give us a measure of the subjective wellbeing of our youth and can be used to explore the link between education, employment and wellbeing. Yet, wellbeing is broader than satisfaction with life. It also encompasses physical, mental and emotional health, as well as social aspects of life. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the state of young people's wellbeing, this briefing paper uses national statistics from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to examine the major trends that can affect their participation in education and employment. Based on this broader definition of wellbeing, young people are generally disability-free and rate their state of health as "excellent", "very good" or "good". However, there are some concerning trends in their wellbeing over time; for instance, one in four young people suffers from a mental health disorder and over 30% are overweight or obese. This paper also analyses the responses of LSAY participants interviewed between 1995 and 2006 to explore how subjective wellbeing changes during the transition from school to work, and finds evidence of notable changes to the average life satisfaction ratings of the cohort between ages 16 to 25. The period between their late teens and early 20s is a particularly happy time for young people. They are finishing school and embarking on early work experiences or post-school study. The majority of them are still living at home and enjoying their social lives. This is also a time when young people's satisfaction with their future and their level of independence begin to grow. By age 25, young people are less happy with their social life, home life, and career prospects and work. This may be related to unmet expectations or not having a satisfying career. Data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey indicate that this downward trend in life satisfaction continues beyond age 25. Previous research on the relationship between education, employment and wellbeing is summarised and we discuss some of the measures of wellbeing, particularly those used in LSAY. This discussion highlights the need for further work on definitions of wellbeing and the development of a consistent framework for measuring this complex construct. (Contains 3 tables, 11 figures and 6 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2011
43. Response To: Professor Neil Humphrey's Paper 'Are the Kids Alright? Examining the Intersection between Education and Mental Health'
- Author
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Nash, Poppy
- Abstract
Professor Neil Humphrey's paper provides a timely, helpful, and compelling opportunity to reflect on the mental wellbeing of children and young people today, in terms of research, policy, and practice. It offers a means of 'taking stock' of what we do and do not know so far in understanding the intersection between education and mental health. In his paper, Humphrey covers a wide range of key factors which need to be taken into account in addressing the urgent question 'Are the kids alright?' In response to Humphrey's paper, Poppy Nash addresses each of the following six key questions in turn, with particular attention to the first three questions: (1) What do we mean when we talk about mental health?; (2) Are mental health difficulties among children and young people increasing? Is their wellbeing decreasing?; (3) Is there a crisis in child and adolescent mental health?; (4) Why have schools become a central focus in this area?; (5) Is evidence-based practice the answer?; and (6) Is this just the 'child panic' for a new generation? [For "Are the Kids Alright? Examining the Intersection between Education and Mental Health," see EJ1247696.]
- Published
- 2018
44. Selected Knowledge Base on Interventions for Struggling Adolescent Readers: A Review of the Literature
- Author
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Region 10 Comprehensive Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Center for Education Research (WCER), University of Minnesota, Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement (CAREI), Education Analytics, Inc., Bartley, Carmen, Gibbons, Kimberly, Good, Annalee, and Moutry, Alisia
- Abstract
This document summarizes a review of research, evaluation, resources, and stakeholder knowledge related to the topic of interventions for struggling adolescent readers. Databases used for conducting this review included Google Scholar and ERIC. Literature from peer-reviewed, scholarly journals was reviewed, along with national reading and literacy organizations' websites and white papers from state departments of education and national education organizations. The search primarily was limited to studies and sources published from 2000-2020. Search terms used include but are not limited to: "struggling adolescent readers", "struggling" AND "intervention" AND "adolescent readers", "struggling" AND "adolescent" AND "intervention" AND "policy", etc.
- Published
- 2020
45. The Surprisingly Dire Situation of Children's Education in Rural West Africa: Results from the CREO Study in Guinea-Bissau. CEP Discussion Paper No. 1201
- Author
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London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), Boone, Peter, Fazzio, Ila, Jandhyala, Kameshwari, Jayanty, Chitra, Jayanty, Gangadhar, Johnson, Simon, Ramachandrin, Vimala, Silva, Filipa, and Zhan, Zhaoguo
- Abstract
We conducted a survey covering 20% of villages with 200-1000 population in rural Guinea-Bissau. We interviewed household heads, care-givers of children, and their teachers and schools. We analysed results from 9,947 children, aged 7-17, tested for literacy and numeracy competency. Only 27% of children were able to add two single digits, and just 19% were able to read and comprehend a simple word. Our unannounced school checks found 72% of enrolled children in grades 1-4 attending their schools, but the schools were poorly equipped. Teachers were present at 86% of schools visited. Despite surveying 351 schools, we found no examples of successful schools where children reached reasonable levels of literacy and numeracy for age. Our evidence suggests that interventions that raise school quality in these villages, rather than those which target enrolment, may be most important to generate very sharp improvements in children's educational outcomes. [Additional financial support for this research was provided by Effective Intervention, a UK charity.]
- Published
- 2013
46. Celebrating the Power of Literacy. The Twenty-Sixth Yearbook: A Peer Reviewed Publication of The College Reading Association [Papers from the College Reading Association Conference, 2004]
- Author
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College Reading Association, Dugan, Jo Ann R., Linder, Patricia E., Sampson, Mary Beth, and Brancato, Barrie A.
- Abstract
This Yearbook begins with Robert J. Rickelman's presidential speech, "Predicting the Whether: Lessons Learned from the Past," which focused on looking at the "History of the College Reading Association" in order to predict some possible (the "whether") courses for the future of the organization. The author relied extensively on the "History of the College Reading Association: 1958-1998" (Alexander & Strode, 1999) as well as his own personal experiences from the past 25 years as a member and leader within the organization. The papers comprising this Yearbook that follow Rickelman's presidential address are: (1) Fast Start: Successful Literacy Instruction That Connects Schools and Homes (Nancy Padak and Tim Rasinski); (2) Preparing Elementary Teachers in Reading: Will University-Based Programs Move Forward or be "Left Behind" (James V. Hoffman); (3) Latino Children's Literature Is Mainstream (Becky Chavarria-Chairez); (4) Reflections, Remembrances and Resonances (Albert J. Mazurkiewicz); (5) Sharing Storybooks: A Study with Families from Diverse Cultural Backgrounds (Jacqueline Lynch); (6) The Effects of Visualization Instruction on First Graders' Story Retelling (Tracy Zimmerman); (7) Tuning into the Sounds of Language: Teaching Phonemic Awareness through Rhymes, Songs, Poetry and Children's Literature (JoAnn R. Dugan, Barrie A. Brancato, and Jocelynn L. Smrekar); (8) Teaching Fluently: Exploring Teaching Practices in Divergent Certification Programs (Catherine Zeek and Carole Walker); (9) Reading and Auditory Processing: A Collaborative Project (Daniel H. Sisterhen, Martha J. Larkin, Cathleen Doheny, and Donna M. Harkins); (10) Learner-Centered Teachers' Approaches to Literacy Instruction: Are They "Best Practice?" (Barbara Combs); (11) Author Study Inquiry Promotes "Theory into Practice" for Teaching Literacies (Linda S. Wold); (12) The Value of Interactive Writing as an Intervention for the Literacy Acquisition of Struggling First-Grade Students (Barbara K. O'Connor); (13) Engaging Preservice Teachers in Reading, "Sticky Note" Style: An Analysis and Practical Implications (Christene A. McKeon, Michelle L. Lenarz, and Linda C. Burkey); (14) Impacting Literacy Politics, Policies, and Legislation: Moving from Inactive Idlers and Reactive Regretters to Proactive Professionals (Francine Falk-Ross, Mona W. Matthews, Mary Beth Sampson, Barbara J. Fox, Jill Lewis, Maryann Mraz, Jill Reddish, D. Ray Reutzel, and Loraine T. Pace); (15) An Intervention Program for Helping Pre-Certified Teachers Succeed on the Teacher Licensing Exams (Agnes Marie Imburgin Stryker); (16) Preparing Preservice Teachers to Show Evidence of P-12 Pupil Learning (Jane F. Rudden and Lillie S. West); (17) How Preservice Teachers Score an Informal Reading Inventory: Strengths and Weaknesses (Jerry L. Johns and Susan K. L'Allier); (18) Becoming Teachers of Writing: A Model of Professional Development for Primary Teachers (Ruth A. Oswald and Kristine Lynn Still); (19) Early Childhood Teachers' Beliefs and Practices Toward Children's Subvocalizations During Reading (Carla Baker Deniz); (20) Someplace Special: Images of the Library Experience in Children's Literature (Suzanne S. Monroe); (21) SOLVE: An Innovative Assessment Tool for Facilitating Mathematics and Reading Literacy Among Diverse Learners (Rosalind Duplechain, Jill Reddish, and Elaine Roberts); (22) Student Led Literature Discussion Groups With High School ESL Students in Korea: The Journey (Donald D. Pottorff); (23) Dialogue with Caregivers: Perceptions of a Reading Clinic (Donna M. Harkins, Ronald S. Reigner, John M. Ponder, and Gary O. Gregg); (24) Follow the Reader: What Happens to Students Who Have Been Tutored in a University Reading Clinic? (Nancy G. Kennedy and Rita M. Bean); (25) Reading Between the Lines: Middle School Readers Uncover Messages in Magazine Advertisements (Roberta Linder and Francine Falk-Ross); (26) Recommended Procedures for Reading Mathematics in Current and Past Content/Secondary Reading Textbooks (Daniel L. Pearce and Nancy G. Reynolds); (27) Struggling Adolescent Readers: Just Because They're in a Developmental Reading Class Doesn't Mean They Need Phonics (Carol D. Wickstrom); (28) Summer Reading Programs: Perceptions of a University Freshman Reading Experience (Staci Stone, Bonnie Higginson, and Laura Liljequist); (29) Reading Professionals Learn On-Line: Using Threaded Discussions to Learn about Threaded Discussions (Judy S. Richardson, Charlene Fleener, and Linda Thistlewaite); and (30) Using Assistive Technology to Teach Content Area Literacy Strategies to Students with Disabilities (Kathleen Puckett and William Brozo). (Individual papers contain tables, figures, references, and appendices.)
- Published
- 2004
47. School Counsellors in England, Tackling a Children's Mental Health Crisis
- Author
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Gillian L. S. Hilton
- Abstract
This paper explores the current provisiom and roles of school counsellors in England's schools. Government interventions are discussed and the ongoing problems with the deteriorating mental health of children and adolescents, caused by social pressures, and then the Covid 19 pandemic, addressed. The numbers of counsellors available has risen, but is in no way equal to the provision in other countries and the response of the National Health Service (NHS) is also under severe pressure. Attitudes of parents, teachers and young people to counselling are explored, together with the wide-ranging qualifications and duties required of counsellors in England's schools. The conclusion is that the change of attitude by government towards counselling in schools, is still too little and too late. as many children have no access to in-school help with mental issues, or teachers the support they need to understand the mental health problems affecting children in their classes. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]
- Published
- 2024
48. Education-Drug Use Relationships: An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Subgroups. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 66
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Bachman, Jerald G., Freedman-Doan, Peter, and O'Malley, Patrick M.
- Abstract
The Education-Drug Use Connection focused primarily on a nationwide sample of adolescents, first surveyed when they were nearing the end of 8th grade in the years 1991, 1992, and 1993, and followed biennially for eight years thereafter. (Full details on samples and methods are provided in Bachman et al., 2008, and are not repeated here.) The analyses in that book were based on the total samples of males and females, analyzed separately because of important gender differences in educational experiences, delinquency, and substance use. Most of the analyses included a race/ethnicity dimension (distinguishing between Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and a remaining category that combined all others); it was a background dimension and statistically controlled any additive effects of race/ethnicity on the relationships between educational factors and various dimensions of substance use. Important subgroup differences were evident in the analyses, and were often noted--albeit briefly. Statistically controlling additive effects does not, however, fully guard against spuriously attributing racial/ethnic differences to other effects. As a further check against that risk, we repeated key analyses with only the White respondents included, and satisfied ourselves that racial/ethnic differences did not produce erroneous results in our findings for the total samples of males and females. We did not, however, attempt to explore interactions involving race/ethnicity. That remaining task, examining whether the same patterns of relationships found for the total samples are evident in each of the subgroups, is the main focus of the present paper. (Contains 1 footnote, 8 figures, and 12 tables.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 65," see ED508288.]
- Published
- 2007
49. Spiral of Rebellion: Conflict Seeking of Democratic Adolescents in Republican Counties. CIRCLE Working Paper #68
- Author
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CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement) and McDevitt, Michael
- Abstract
A study of adolescents living in red and blue counties during the 2006 midterm elections shows a striking pattern of Democratic youth thriving in political expression and debate when exposed to Republican ideological climates. Democratic adolescents were more likely to talk with parents and friends about politics, disagree openly, test opinions, and listen to opponents if they lived in Republican counties compared with Democratic youth living in liberal or balanced counties. Compared to Republican youth residing in the same communities, Democratic youth in Republican counties were also more likely to engage in political discussion, to pay attention to news media, and to express confidence in their ability to comprehend campaign issues. The frequency of disagreeing in conversations predicted support for liberal activism. Disagreeing was a particularly strong predictor of supporting liberal activism for youth living in red counties. These findings support the theory--proposed by McDevitt and colleagues in other studies--that young people sometimes express political identities through conflict and disagreement, not because they come to share the views of parents, teachers, or majorities in their communities. The same pattern was not found for Republican youth in Democratic counties during the 2006 elections; they were not more politically expressive when exposed to hostile ideological climates. However, Republican identity (like Democratic identity) correlated with knowledge of the political parties. The results suggest that Democratic identity is frequently expressed in deliberative and conflict-seeking activities, while Republican identity is often grounded in knowledge. Overall, the study suggests the value of peer-centered, critical discussion as a strategy for youth political mobilization. A list of state races where party control changed in 2006 is appended. (Contains 4 figures, 9 tables and 8 notes.) [This paper is derived from research made possible with support from CIRCLE and the University of Colorado's Innovative Seed Grant Program.]
- Published
- 2009
50. Does Context Matter? How the Family, Peer, School, and Neighborhood Contexts Relate to Adolescents' Civic Engagement. CIRCLE Working Paper #64
- Author
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CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement) and Wilkenfeld, Britt
- Abstract
This working paper is a summary of the author's dissertation, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for her doctoral degree under the supervision of Dr. Judith Torney-Purta (successfully defended February 4, 2009). In her study she explored potential explanations for disparities in adolescent civic engagement through a comprehensive examination of context effects, including a focus on the mechanisms by which schools and neighborhoods collectively facilitate civic engagement. Learning the specific characteristics, practices, and processes of schools that help or hinder diverse groups of adolescents can suggest best practices for enhancing civic engagement for young people of a particular demographic background or in a particular neighborhood environment. Four consistent patterns emerged from the analyses (across the four civic outcomes). First, there is a civic engagement gap among adolescents in the United States associated with students' demographic characteristics. Second, civic learning opportunities in many contexts are related to the civic engagement of young people. Third, contextual effects for characteristics of the school such as school socioeconomic status (SES) and school climate for open discourse are found over and above individual effects. Fourth, aspects of the neighborhood context influence adolescents' civic outcomes through interactions with the school environment, students' civic experiences, and students' demographic characteristics. The current study provides further support for the existence of distinguishable types of civic-related school experiences and the importance of examining multiple contexts of influence on development. A list of items and scales used in the analyses is appended. (Contains 3 figures and 5 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
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