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Indigenous peoples in Canada, regardless of their nation, have long asserted their place on their ancestral territories now known as Canada. Indigenous peoples thrived on their ancestral territories during the pre-contact period. However, with the arrival of outsiders from Europe, Indigenous peoples experienced major shifts and overwhelmingly detrimental changes to their distinct ways of life, social structures, economies, governance systems and everyday processes. This article provides an overview of both the historicity and contemporary understanding of Canada's imposition of policies and laws on Indigenous peoples, often by violent means. These actions derived as part of the continuum of building and expanding of the Canadian settler nation-state. Both past and current policies have worked to undermine Indigenous self-determination and governance. These policies were paradoxically codified using terms such as inclusionary, equality and dignity. This article specifically examines the federal government's 1969 Statement of the Government on Indian Policy (the 'White Paper, which proposed eliminating any recognition of the rights of Indigenous people in Canada'), and it references the more recent Indigenous Rights Framework which the federal government introduced in 2018. It argues that both of these documents were designed to suppress, erase and assimilate Indigenous peoples. This article also provides an overview of the ways in which Indigenous peoples have mobilized in response to these attacks on their right to selfdetermination and their historical treaty rights with Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), despite being regarded as the most developed integration project in the post-Soviet area, has faced different hurdles in acquiring international recognition. Especially, the EU, the EAEU's Significant Other, has been reluctant to formally recognize it, in spite of close ties with EAEU member states as well as of its own self-image as a supporter of regional integrations. This paper focuses on this puzzle and examines how the EU has been discursively explaining its non-recognition of the EAEU at the institutional level. Based on the analysis of EU-articulated narratives since 2010, the paper reveals three dominant representations of the EAEU in the EU discourse: (1) Russia's geopolitical project; (2) a protectionist union; and (3) a dysfunctional union. These narratives have been used by Brussels to create the EAEU's image as a threatening Other, thus justifying why the EU cannot formally recognize the EAEU and officially engage with it. The paper also identifies five different stages of the EU's discursive representation of the EAEU since 2010, when its tone and content varied. The paper concludes that such non-recognition from the Significant Other still limits the EAEU's international agency despite its increasing interest in cooperation with non-Western actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a response to papers by Sebastiano Santostefano and Susan Bodnar. The response argues that the psychoanalytic view of constitutive conflict makes any assimilation of analysis and ecology very problematic. Patients may benefit from being in pleasant surroundings outside urban areas, but this is not psychoanalytic work. Psychoanalysis would entail them coming to understand why they are fueled by desires they do not recognize as their own. It would entail them working through how these desires have come to belong to them. Calling these desires natural or unnatural is not helpful, and it may be pernicious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The State of Israel can be characterized as having two integration policies: an assimilationist one towards "valued" Jewish immigrants and a somewhat ethnist one towards its "devalued" national minority, namely Israeli Arabs. Using the Host Community Acculturation Scale (HCAS), this study explored Jewish undergraduate ( N =153) acculturation orientations towards "valued" Jewish immigrants of Russian and Ethiopian background and towards "devalued" Israeli Arabs. Results showed that Jewish undergraduates mainly endorsed the integrationism and individualism acculturation orientations towards Jewish immigrants. However, they were more segregationist and exclusionist towards Israeli Arabs than towards Jewish immigrants of Russian and Ethiopian background. Assimilation was weakly endorsed towards both Jewish immigrants and Israeli Arabs. Based on an extensive questionnaire, multiple regression analyses showed that each acculturation orientation had a distinct psychological profile. The integrationism and individualism orientations were endorsed by undergraduates who were tolerant towards ethnic diversity, felt secure personally, culturally, and militarily, and did not endorse the social dominance orientation (SDO). In addition to not feeling threatened by the presence of Israeli Arabs, integrationists and individualists were identified as secular Israelis and Labour Party sympathizers rather than as religious Jews. In contrast, the assimilationism, segregationism, and exclusionism orientations were endorsed by undergraduates who felt insecure personally, religiously, culturally, and militarily, who tended to be less tolerant towards ethnic diversity, and who were more prone to endorse the SDO. In addition to feeling threatened by Israeli Arabs, they avoided close relations with Russian and Ethiopian immigrants. Segregationists and exclusionists were identified mainly as Jewish nationals, Orthodox Jews, and as Likud Party sympathizers. Exclusionists were distinctive in also feeling threatened by the presence Jewish immigrants of Russian and Ethiopian background. While taking into consideration the context of intergroup relations in Israel, results are discussed using the Interactive Acculturation Model ( Bourhis, Moïse, Perreault, & Senecal, 1997 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles in this issue are a selection of the papers presented at the conference Knowledge as Assimilation , held at the University of Helsinki on 9-11 June 2017. The conference was the result of a collaboration between two research groups that have been established in Finland and Sweden from 2013 onwards: the research project Rationality in Perception: Transformations of Mind and Cognition 1250-1550 , funded by the European Research Council (2015-2020) and hosted by the University of Helsinki, and the research programme Representation and Reality: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Aristotelian Tradition , funded by the Riksbankens jubileumsfond (2013-2019) and located at the University of Gothenburg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the impact of European Union (EU) funds on corruption in the EU ex-communist countries by following a panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The panel includes 10 former EU communist countries, over 2007–2019. The key findings reveal that an improvement in the EU funds paid and their rate of absorption can reduce the level of corruption in the long-run in the recipient EU ex-communist countries. This is due to better monitoring of EU funds paid compared with national resources, and a more efficient and fairer channel of EU funds absorption. In parallel with the EU funds, corruption can be controlled in certain conditions by the degree of economic development, size of government, level of democratisation and religiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on Euroscepticism tends to portray parties opposing European integration or criticising the European Union (EU) as a family of Eurosceptic parties (either hard or soft). Recent literature, however, offers empirical evidence on the ambivalence and diversity of the EU critique. What is still unclear are the reasons behind the chameleonic nature of Euroscepticism and the implications that this may have for the EU critique and the changes proposed about EU policy or institutions. The present article addresses this question exploring the role of EU crises to capture the changing nature of Euroscepticism and suggests that it is related to contextual pressures on the political debate around the EU. The paper develops this argument and illustrates it through the analysis of the Alternative für Deutschland in Germany, covering the EU crises of the last decade, including the recent period of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine invasion. Drawing on a corpus of party manifestos and speeches between 2013 and 2022, this study shows that there are three main frames used by the party to criticise the EU. It also concludes that these frames involve distinct political implications for the EU critique and the alternative proposals presented by the party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses attitudes around the projection of the EU among Latin American elites, namely the determinants of support for a Free Trade Agreement between the two regions and the trustworthiness of the EU government. We take as data elite surveys conducted in 15 Latin American countries (2014–2019) and consider sociodemographics, ideology, support for democracy, views of foreign powers, exports to the EU, and electoral democracy. Results show that ideology and support for democracy are key determinants of support for an interregional FTA, and that the trustworthiness of governments in the US, China, and Spain covary with attitudes toward the EU. The latter (trust in the government in Spain) proves to be the main driver and, furthermore, its impact is conditional on the economic strength (observed as exports) of the EU: wherever the EU is not a strong economic actor in Latin America, trust in the Spanish government does nothing but improve the image of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which factors influence bilateral counterterrorism (CT) cooperation between EU Member States? Although scholars have studied European CT, the question still needs to be answered. This paper addresses the issue by introducing a new theoretical framework that combines CT and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) literature. As citizens' threat perception increases, governments are pressed to act. Overall, centrist cabinets tend to rely more on cooperation agreements; likewise, pushed by threat perception, left-wing executives also recourse to international cooperation. I tested this framework on a newly collected dataset, which comprehends bilateral CT agreements signed among EU Members from 2002 to 2017. As such, this paper fosters studies on EU CT, focusing on a less debated issue: bilateral cooperation between EU Member States. The results support the initial hypotheses, disclosing a robust influence of threat perception and cabinet ideology on the number of bilateral CT agreements signed. Furthermore, they show that the perception of the threat is more influential on cooperation than the actual impact of terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most cited anthropological books, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Barth, Fredrik, ed. 1969a. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget) is an output of the symposium held in Bergen in 1967. Eleven participants took part in the symposium and eleven papers were discussed. The book, however, consists, apart from Barth's prodigious 'Introduction', of only seven chapters. Four papers remained unpublished. One of these unpublished contributions is 'Inter-etniske relasjoner i Toro' ('Interethnic relations in Toro') by Axel Sommerfelt. In 2019, the year of 50th anniversary of publishing Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Sommerfelt's manuscript was disinterred from oblivion. The text presents an outline of a background of Sommerfelt's research in Western Uganda from 1958 to 1960, on which it is based, and a discussion of its terminological and conceptual point of view, with a special attention to key shift from 'tribe' to 'ethnic group'. In the last part, a kind of counterfactual Ethnic Groups and Boundaries are presented, i.e. what Ethnic Groups and Boundaries might have looked like if Axel Sommerfelt's chapter had been included in the original book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How has the Europeanisation of football at the level of governance (due to for example the effects of the Bosman ruling and the formation of the UEFA Champions League) – influenced the identities of football fans? This paper explores how such structural Europeanisation in football is influencing identifications among fans. Based on an analysis of articulations in selected online message boards, we distil the positioning of fans towards 'Europe' in football, and the factors which shape it. We control for three main avenues of impact: the club level, the league level, and the societal context. Our inquiry is based on a set of paired comparisons of fan scenes for football clubs in four different European countries. Results show that the factor carrying the most explanatory power is the club's participation in European-level competition. Although this broadly confirms a 'contact hypothesis' – according to which the more fans are exposed to cross-border contacts, the less relevance they attribute to aspects of national belonging – significant variations of how frequent exposure to European-level competition translates into more Europeanised perceptions do exist. For European identity studies, the work corroborates that a lifeworld arena such as football can foster Europeanised identifications, albeit not in a uniform manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-border regions are often deemed laboratories for initiatives to increase Europeanization. Our paper examines the German-speaking Community of Belgium in the Euregio Maas-Rhine to assess the relevance of everyday cross-border activities to the perception that living in a border region presents a unique opportunity to feel and think as a European. Departing from the assumptions of both Deutsch's transaction theory and Allport's contact hypothesis, we analyze Eurobarometer data (population-level surveys) and use data from focus groups with regional MPs. Results from quantitative data analysis suggest that perceptions of life in cross-border regions are positively influenced by frequent cross-border movement (functional dimension) as well as general trust in other people (emotional dimension). Our qualitative data from focus groups support the findings from the quantitative analysis and demonstrate further that it is not merely the quantity but the quality of contacts that contribute to a gradual 'growing together'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present a model of individual-level discrimination that is consistent with the majority of mainstream sociological and psychological theories of discrimination and that reconciles many of the opposing views, to create a fuller and more realistic picture of the complex phenomenon of discrimination. The mechanism that determines whether discrimination occurs and what form it takes consists of three stages. First, an individual uses his or her information set to derive beliefs about a group or an evaluation of its characteristics. Then he or she combines these preexisting beliefs with any new information input received to form an attitude which signifies the degree of hostility or a favorable attitude toward the group members at any particular point in time. Finally, he or she weighs the internal benefits of discrimination against external consequences of such an action and chooses the perceived optimal form of behavior. Based on the predictions of the model, I propose several general policy recommendations for the reduction of discriminatory behavior in leisure settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the problems of a lost identity in My Place, an Australian aboriginal autobiography by Sally Morgan. Albeit literary critics have questioned the 'indigeneity' and 'reality' concerning the narration of stolen generation, this paper situates the reading of My Place within the issue of (un)making and recuperation of sociocultural consciousness of the self. Through the lens of rememory as an exercise of recollection and rediscovery of the past, the analysis focuses on the triangulation of the themes of self, culture, and consciousness as represented in My Place. The findings indicate that rememory as illustrated in My Place, is evident in the protagonist's exploration of her personal history, her discovery of cultural/racial history, and her realisation of the double consciousness that comes with being a member of the aboriginal community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was written in Norwegian in 1967 for the symposium, organized by Fredrik Barth, that led to the publication of Ethnic Groups and Boundaries in 1969. My paper was never submitted for publication, however, and the present text is a direct translation of the original manuscript. It explores ethnic processes in Uganda before independence, from the point of view of a group under domination, and strategies adopted by the ethnic Konzo minority vis a vis the Toro in the Bwamba area. In accordance with the doctrine of indirect rule, the British administration had given the Toro extensive freedoms to legally and politically control the entire Kingdom of Toro, including the minority Konzo and Amba groups. Early attempts among Konzo of assimilation into Toro society in order to access economic and political resources failed, largely due to Toro exclusiveness. I argue that this failure led to a further accentuation of ethnic boundaries. These processes precede the later rebellions against Toro rule, which flared up in Ruwenzori after independence. My paper brings attention to the ways in which political subordination shapes ethnic dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have increasingly called for the need to problematise and critically examine sport policy for integration/inclusion. This article aims to contribute to this ongoing debate by presenting a Foucauldian-inspired discourse analysis of the languaging of three decades of Norwegian sport policy for integration/inclusion, as well as non-sport policy that seeks to use sport as a policy tool. The analysis demonstrates how ideas and practices about the integration of ethnic minorities in sport are constructed in the shadows of the 'real business' of sport. Self-evident 'Truths' about inclusion/integration convey simplistic notions of assimilation into existing sport practices, reify notions of homogenous groups both with regard to the majority and the ethnic minority Norwegian population, distributing power unequally across the majority–minority divide, and contribute to construct sport as a racially coded, Eurocentric practice. The pervasive, long-standing idea that sport is inclusive works discursively to marginalise contradictory ideas, such as the complexities of integration that focus upon the need for a transformation of structures and practices, and 'Truths' like resourceful ethnic minorities or an adaptable sports organisation remain currently almost un thinkable. The analysis bears witness to scholars' claims for the need to broaden research methodologies and policies for integration in/through sport, such that inequitable, Eurocentric, assimilated practices can be re-languaged to enable hybrid, transnational sports spaces frequented by resourceful participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indenture system gave rise to the migration and settlement of Indians--as a substitute for slave labor--in various plantation colonies overseas. The scholarship of the West/colonizers pushed such events of the East/colonies to the fringes. Amitav Ghosh, known for his historical fiction writing, delves deep into the recesses of history and lends voice to the marginalized in the Ibis Trilogy, set in the earlier decades of the 19th century when the Slavery Abolition Act of the British Empire (1833) came into existence. The plantation owners were seeking substitution for the former slaves, and a solution was soon found in the form of girmitiyas (indentured laborers). Krishna Gubili, a descendant of an indentured Indian, also meditates on the plight of the 'coolies' on the plantation sites of the British Empire. Both Ghosh and Gubili critically reflect on the unmapped and unheard Girmitiya Saga. The paper studies Ghosh's Sea of Poppies (2008) and Gubili's Viriah... (2018) to understand the causes behind the migration of the multitude of Indians to unknown lands and their experiences. It also examines the gender dynamics of the migration, the state of the laborers, the experiences of the female, and the 'cultural assimilation.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on an empirical study of Chinese international students' experiences of personal safety and security at universities in a UK city. After locating these concerns in relation to current political, social and epidemiological contexts, it reviews the developments that have taken place in our understanding and theorisation of 'safety' and, in particular, 'security' of international students, noting the powerful implications of Marginson's most recent conceptualisation of the issues. The paper proposes the addition of Giddens's notion of ontological security to this developed conceptual framework. Findings from the empirical study make it clear that many students in the study remain concerned over their safety and security, and feel that their concerns are not fully appreciated by the 'authorities' to whom they might be expected to turn for support. For information and support on matters of personal safety, therefore, these Chinese students' first recourse is to compatriot fellow students, reinforcing a sense of inter-dependence based on shared subjective identities. Rather than treating this 'in-community' solidarity as potentially undermining wider cross-cultural contact and communication, this paper proposes that a strengthened sense of 'ontological security' provides a foundation for cross-cultural functioning that does not entail cultural assimilation and a 'subaltern' status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines enduring fears and anxieties about 'Chineseness' that widely and persistently circulate in the Philippine cultural imaginary. Chinese Filipinos have historically been implicated in a prejudicial politics of recognition within the Philippine postcolonial state, which has attempted to forge a national identity through problematic notions of ethnic and cultural purity. To undermine what Franz Fanon calls the pitfalls of national consciousness, scholars have often turned to concepts such as syncretism and hybridity, which celebrates heterogeneity and diversity as it opposes essentialism and purity. The agenda of this paper, however, is to examine the forces that generate obstacles to an affirmative politics of cultural assimilation and belonging. Toward that goal, we offer a symptomatic reading of the film Feng Shui (2004), which we suggest condenses anxieties about Chineseness that circulate in the Philippine cultural imaginary, anxieties that amplify difference and potentially undermine the reparative force of hybridity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to analyze how Hariprabha Takeda, a Bengali woman, in the early twentieth century negotiated with the issues of identity, integration, and cultural assimilation in her narrative from the standpoint of an insider in a Japanese household. Through a close textual analysis of her travelogue Bongomohilar Japan Jatra (1915) and other memoirs (translated as The Journey of a Bengali Woman to Japan (1915) & Other Essays by Somdatta Mandal in 2019), the paper attempts to examine how she was influenced by the Japanese culture and blurred the strict demarcations of private and public spaces through interracial marriage. The paper argues that the notion of pan- Asian identity gained prominence due to the active interest of travelers in exploring and developing cultural and political links between colonial Bengal and Japan, which forms the background to Hariprabha's transnational connections. A critical investigation of her translated narrative opens up various embedded cultural, gender and class issues that she encapsulated as a colonized woman and, thus, helps in situating it in the larger sociocultural and political scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During European colonial times in Africa and elsewhere, missionary education was an integral part of the colonial instruments for political domination, economic exploitation, and cultural assimilation. This paper aims to investigate the process of making colonial subjects through missionary education that was mainly provided by Catholic and Evangelical mission schools during the Italian colonial period in Eritrea. The paper argues that the Catholic and Evangelical mission schools distinctively worked to achieve their separate objectives that can be explained as employment versus salvation, teaching versus preaching, flag versus Bible, and hands versus soul, respectively. While the Catholic mission school focused on training the hand in order to supply labour, the Evangelical mission school stressed harvesting the soul to cultivate a docile labour force. Despite their differences, the works of the Catholic and Evangelical mission schools placed much emphasis on and exerted much effort to producing a class of colonial subjects that could serve as brokers of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road connectivity is among the few factors which trigger the urbanisation and development process in a region. It facilitates trade, transport, social integration, economic development, socio-economic interaction and cultural assimilation. The present paper aims at analyzing the road infrastructure of Assam with special focus on the Central Brahmaputra Valley. The significance of the study area lies in providing smooth accessibility to the East Asian countries, especially in terms of Act East Policy. The study constitutes an investigation of the growth of road length, road density and connectivity in the study area in spatio-temporal context. Here, growth in road infrastructure has been compared with the growth in urban population and towns. Spatial variation in terms of growth can clearly be seen while discussing the growth of road connectivity and urban growth. Morigaon district has experienced the highest growth in terms of both road connectivity and urban population which clearly reveals that a strong positive relationship exists between the growth of road infrastructure and urban growth. The study has the potential of becoming a guideline for the policy makers to implement action plans for increasing the degree of accessibility in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether immigrants and their descendants are catching up socioeconomically with the rest of society is a fundamental question in the study of immigrant assimilation. In this paper, we examine the progress that Hispanic immigrant men make catching up with the earnings of later-generation Whites across generations. We rely on data from multiple years of the Current Population Survey linked with individuals' tax earnings. This unique dataset allows us to overcome some important limitations of previous studies that employ a synthetic generation approach in which individuals born approximately one generation earlier are used as proxies for actual parents. Our matching strategy also enables us to identify the exact third generation and evaluate the contribution of ethnic attrition to estimates of intergenerational mobility. Second-generation Hispanic men are found to experience lower mobility than later-generation Whites for most values of parental earnings. However, their lower mobility can be explained by their immigrant parents' lower education levels. In contrast, third-generation Hispanic men experience lower mobility even after accounting for parental education and ethnic attrition. This finding is consistent with a stalling or reversal in the socioeconomic progress of Hispanics beyond the second generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines identity formations and negotiations among Indo-Europeans, and senses of 'race' in the postcolonial Netherlands. We do so by analysing daily practices of 'being', 'feeling' and 'doing' identities by second- and third-generation Indo-Europeans in the North-Eastern Netherlands. The paper contributes to 'mixed-race' literature by highlighting new, underexplored contexts in which 'mixed-race' identities are negotiated. We focus on practices, relations and transmissions across two generations and changing contexts within the Netherlands. Drawing on life story interviews, the narratives reveal how participants' identities are politically and historically contingent, shaped by larger structures of racialized violence Indo-Europeans experienced in both the Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands. Identities are navigated in various ways with divergences and negotiations between self-identification, social imposition and familial and biological narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although editorial cartoons occupy an integral place on the editorial pages of most newspapers, they have seldom been a topic of research, especially First Nations cartoons. Editorial cartoons offer readers clarity and humour and quickly present a point of view. Everett Soop, of the Blackfoot First Nation and contributor to the Kanai News, fits the description of Trickster through his often ironic and satirical politically charged editorial cartoons. This paper provides an introduction to issues surrounding Indigenous/Mainstream relations in Canada during 1969-70 by unpacking several of Soop's editorial cartoons. During this period in Canadian history Trudeau's Liberal government produced an assimilationist policy document levelled at Canada's First Nations and titled the White Paper, which sparked a united voice of resistance among Canada's Indigenous peoples and eventually led to the withdrawal of the proposed changes to the Indian Act. Everett Soop's cartoons from this period provide a discerning analysis of this affair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews literature on migration and marriage and highlights contributions of the papers in this special issue. The papers show that Asian marriage migrants' experience of integration and assimilation are complex, nuanced, and heterogeneous across migrants' sociodemographic backgrounds, ethnic profiles, and political contexts. The heterogeneities in Asian marriage migrants' assimilation trajectories challenge the classic assimilation theory which assumes an unilinear integration trajectory in all relevant aspects. This issue diversifies the academic discourses on migration and marriage by going beyond marriage migration to include how other types of migration shape family formation processes including divorce and remarriage. It also examines the mechanisms underlying the migration-marriage link. Finally, this special issue widens methodological repertoires in the field of marriage and migration by using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method analyses to divulge the complexity of the relationships. Topics examined in these papers include variations in economic well-being, cultural assimilation, gender inequality vis-à-vis marriages, migrants' subjective well-being, and how policies pertinent to cross-cultural marriages affect migrants. Unlike in the western societies where race/ethnic integration is a dominant concern, in Asia, the extended families of marriage migrants and their spouses, patriarchy, religion, and caste also play a big role in Asian migrants' family formation behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Settler colonialism continues in Australia today. One way this occurs is through processes of assimilation such as targeting First Nations subjectivities with behavioural conditions on their social security payments. In this paper, I draw on a 13‐month study examining one such programme; the Cashless Debit Card trial in the East Kimberley region in North West Australia. Through restricting cash and purchases to curb alcohol consumption, illegal drug use, and gambling, card aims to instil "responsible behaviour" such as getting a job in the capitalist economy, accumulating private property, and succeeding in English education. Through drawing on critical discourse analysis, I ask, what does the Cashless Debit Card tell us about the settler state's attempts of continued assimilation? The paper explores specific ways the state legitimising assimilation through provoking narratives of First Nations dysfunction, depoliticising poverty and colonisation, constructing evidence around success of policy, and constructing ideas of "community" in order to regulate who speaks and who is overlooked. Although assimilation attempts are made, there is resistance and pushback in the trial site. Attempts of assimilation, not actual assimilation, can only be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global debates over inclusive education have long moved beyond the archaic notion of physical integration and more towards the meaningful participation in education, children's rights and breaking down institutional barriers. The latest inclusion policy in China also recognises the need for schools to develop provisions to accommodate additional learner needs. However, Chinese teachers may still view inclusion as mere physical integration. This paper focuses on one key theme arising from a qualitative study and explores in‐depth the possible causes behind teachers' interpretation of inclusion as physical integration to offer deeper understanding of how to move China's inclusive education forward. Drawing from 37 interviews with mainstream primary school teachers in a Chinese city, this paper illustrates how teachers' non‐inclusive views can be embedded within the local culture, explaining how some teachers focused on physical attendance based on normalising values, although others emphasised assimilation as part of the collective culture. The paper aims to unsettle the often taken‐for‐granted beliefs regarding norms and collectivism in the Chinese culture. The conclusion suggests areas for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arctic decision‐making processes are often praised for including Indigenous peoples. Yet, state practices of "inclusion" may also inadvertently delimit what can be meaningfully said from a stage already set for a highly specific role as "Arctic voices". This paper draws on reflections offered by Norwegian and Icelandic state personnel on the meanings of Arctic statehood and identity, showing how often well‐meaning attempts to "include" may serve the includer more than the included—indeed, may serve to uphold the same power structures they seemingly seek to improve. In so doing, the paper contributes both to understandings of Arctic statecraft and to work seeking the "peopling" of geopolitical concepts such as the state. By focusing on the operation of dominant discourses, the paper argues that current prescribed performances of "inclusion" are not enough in a region marked by histories of dispossession, assimilation, and colonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which the mobility of indigenous people in Victoria during the 1960s enabled them to resist the policy of assimilation as evident in the structures of schooling. It argues that the ideology of assimilation was pervasive in the Education Department's approach to Aboriginal education and inherent in the curriculum it produced for use in state schools. This is central to the construction of the state of Victoria as being devoid of Aboriginal people, which contributes to a particularly Victorian perspective of Australia's national identity in relation to indigenous people and culture.Design/methodology/approach This paper utilises the state school records of the Victorian Department of Education, as well as the curriculum documentation and resources the department produced. It also examines the records of the Aborigines Welfare Board.Findings The Victorian Education Department's curriculum constructed a narrative of learning and schools which denied the presence of Aboriginal children in classrooms, and in the state of Victoria itself. These representations reflect the Department and the Victorian Government's determination to deny the presence of Aboriginal children, a view more salient in Victoria than elsewhere in the nation due to the particularities of how Aboriginality was understood. Yet the mobility of Aboriginal students – illustrated in this paper through a case study – challenged both the representations of Aboriginal Victorians, and the school system itself.Originality/value This paper is inspired by the growing scholarship on Indigenous mobility in settler-colonial studies and offers a new perspective on assimilation in Victoria. It interrogates how curriculum intersected with the position of Aboriginal students in Victorian state schools, and how their position – which was often highly mobile – was influenced by the practices of assimilation, and by Aboriginal resistance and responses to assimilationist practices in their lives. This paper contributes to histories of assimilation, Aboriginal history and education in Victoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the external effects of adjudicative activity of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, structural questions emerge regarding the influence of IACtHR precedent in judicial branches of the Parties to the American Convention on Human Rights. In this sense, this paper seeks to apply the theoretical typologies developed by Ryan Goodman and Derek Jinks to the analysis of operative mechanisms of influence of international law inside the States' jurisdictions. In this regard, it was necessary to create new specific categories (eg, acculturative persuasive precedent, selective persuasive precedent), to test whether they suitably describe the application of Inter-American precedents, in an attempt to categorize the recent performance of the highest courts in Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia. Additionally, the concept of double control of conventionality has presented essential perspectives for the compliance with IACtHR judgments by demanding States, as well as the interpretation and application of national laws deemed compatible, or not, with the Pact of San José. In the end, quantitative analysis played an important role in measuring each national court's assimilation of international precedents as it outlined scenarios of explicit adoption of Inter-American Court precedent by national judicial branches. Sampled States were classified as follows: a) Brazil: selective persuasive IACtHR precedent with low performance; b) Colombia: acculturative persuasive IACtHR precedent with high performance; c) Argentina: selective persuasive IACtHR precedent with moderate performance; d) Chile: selective persuasive IACtHR precedent with high performance; and e) Bolivia: acculturative persuasive IACtHR precedent with moderate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Piil Peseinggiri, which is a concept of cultural philosophy of the indigenous people of Lampung. Piil Peseinggiri is briefly defined as "high self-esteem," which provides deep understanding and meaning. Symbolically, the Piil Peseinggiri is the identity of the Lampung people who are very strong and difficult to change, it can be said that it is the core of the culture that is difficult to change. Meanwhile, other Lampung cultures began to experience a reduction due to transmigration, acculturation, assimilation, and various cultural changes that occurred in Lampung society, where the population was only 13% compared to the Javanese ethnicity which was almost 64%. However, Piil Peseinggiri is very important and has the potential to build the character of the community, especially the character of the leader, in the Lampung indigenous community called the Penyimbang. The Penyimbangr is the customary head who leads the community or clan. The counter must have a good Piil Peseinggiri so that it has a high level of trust from the members of the indigenous community. The leadership and trust built by the counterweight is something that needs to be studied to reflect on how local leadership contributes to national leadership and fosters public trust. This study uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, the research was carried out in several Pepadun community groups, namely in Way Kanan and Sai Batin in Kalianda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How migrants' behaviour shapes their intention to settle in their destination (settlement intention) has rarely been examined. This paper pays special attention to the role of the reference-group effect, captured by subjective economic status, in shaping migrants' intention to settle in urban China. We found that both sending communities and receiving communities contribute to the reference-group effect on settlement intention. Compared with their relatives, friends, and colleagues in their hometowns and destinations, migrants with a higher subjective economic status have a stronger intention to settle. A 1-unit increase in the relative position of a migrant's subjective economic status in the sending or receiving community contributes to a 19.6 per cent or 19.4 per cent increase in the possibility of a migrant's intention to settle. Additionally, cultural assimilation, social participation, and identification mediate the relationship between subjective economic status in the reference group and settlement intention. We also found that objective economic status in the destination increases subjective economic status in the reference group in the hometown and destination. Both objective and subjective economic status affect migrants' settlement intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous and immigrant communities have both been targeted by the Canadian government with employment interventions as a means of integration and assimilation. This article examines an employment program run by an immigrant settlement agency in Saskatoon, Canada, that brings Indigenous people and immigrants together to build their employment skills and learn about each other's cultures. Through participant observation, interviews, and sharing circles, I analyze the possibilities for building solidarity and resistance to neoliberalism within the structure of a state-funded program. I build on Simpson's (2016; 2018) concept of constellations of co-resistance to analyze the possibilities and limitations of resistance within the shadow state. While the program does adhere to some typical neoliberal "soft skill" development, both staff and participants negotiate within the constraints of the shadow state to enact resistance. This resistance to settler colonialism is expressed through a framework of healing: program staff draw from Indigenous knowledge to build interdependency and kinship between Indigenous people and immigrants as a means toward employment. This paper's conceptual intervention is a synthesis of scholarship on assimilation of Indigenous people and integration of immigrants through employment training, and contrasting it with constellations of co-resistance. In doing so, I show that resistance to the state's assimilationist aims is possible through alliances between Indigenous people and immigrants, but there are limits to the extent of resistance because of the shadow state structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cieszyn Silesia is a region which was divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland in 1920. Czechoslovakia obtained the industrially developed and strategically important part, which had a large Polish and German population. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the minority policy of the Czechoslovak state administration by focusing on the examples of state-run railway employees and workers in large, mostly private, industrial establishments. It discusses the mechanisms of an ethnic policy that functioned in a particular, distinctive region at the crossroads of three cultures—German, Polish and Czech. Policies towards minorities in Czechoslovakia in the period before the Munich Agreement of 1938 have often been regarded as democratic and tolerant. Nonetheless, the integration of Cieszyn Silesia was a significant challenge for Czechoslovak authorities and their actions were often in contradiction with liberal principles. This paper focuses not on the legislation, but on the practical approaches that contributed to the enhancement of the position of the Czech nation. In the case of both railwaymen and industrial workers, the state authorities took action that had a common goal—the Czechification of the region. The main difference in methods used against both groups depended on the direct dependence of the former (railwaymen) on the state as their employer. In the case of industrial workers, state policies had a less direct impact, but nonetheless created conditions conducive to discriminatory and assimilationist pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first critically assesses the sociology of immigration and refugee studies and demonstrates that they have long ignored refugee adaptation. Immigration studies have focused on the assimilation of labor immigrants and their descendants in the Global North. Refugee studies have developed largely as a depoliticized humanitarian field with attention to refugees in the Global South. The paper, then, reveals the differences between immigrants and refugees in terms of networks, demography, mode of incorporation, and perceptions and argues that these differences result in dissimilar adaptation pathways. The paper finally points out that investigating refugee adaptation in the Global South can significantly modify existing assimilation/integration theories because of the blurry configurations of racial, ethnic, social, cultural, and religious boundaries between refugees and host societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Xinjiang's municipal government has enacted a series of religious policies with the overt aim of combatting religious extremism, but which increasing numbers of Uyghur activists, scholars and human rights NGOs assert are discriminatory, serving as a vehicle for religious repression and the cultural assimilation of the region's Uyghur and other Muslim minorities. Within this context, this paper will consider the applicability of international human rights law in protecting the Uyghurs' cultural identity as a religious minority. However, any attempt to do so remains stymied as China has yet to ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the sole human rights treaty of the United Nations that contains a provision dedicated to freedom of religion or belief for all. By exploring the applicability of cultural rights as a protection of the Uyghurs' religious identity, this paper will highlight how the UN's evolving definition of culture ensures that Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides one of the broadest protections for minority rights within the core human rights instruments of the United Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humour in military organizations can be antithetical given the rigid hierarchy, high degrees of work formalization, and obedience to hierarchy. This paper explores how humour is initiated, propagated and maintained in the Indian Army. We conducted twelve in-depth interviews with retired army professionals and used Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis to capture the study's main findings. Three major themes emerged - organizational humour, leader humour, and team humour. We found humour is essential in combating stress, increasing social cohesion, facilitating newcomer assimilation, and promoting a positive work environment. We also found evidence of subversive humour used in forms of resistance to challenge the hierarchical structure subtly. We have provided a three-part schema of workplace humour which sheds interesting insights on workplace humour. Our findings will contribute to understanding how military humour helps to maneuver challenges of a stressful work situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multicultural context generated cultural diversity but also cultural conflicts. Hanif Kureishi's The Buddha of Suburbia deals with problems generated by the cultural difference, focusing on the condition of individuals in a multicultural context. Racial hybridity is a prominent theme in Hanif Kureishi's novel, The Buddha of Suburbia, as it explores the complex identities of its characters in a multicultural society. Set in the suburbs of London during the 1970s, the novel follows the journey of its mixed-race protagonist, Karim Amir, and his challenges of cultural assimilation and self-discovery. Through Karim's experiences, Kureishi skilfully analyses the concept of racial hybridity and its implications in a society that is increasingly diverse. This paper focuses on the representation of race, identity and home in postcolonial literature, mainly in Hanif Kureishi's The Buddha of the Suburbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Riau Islands Chinese are an anomaly in the study of Chinese Indonesians. For one, while many of their ethnic Chinese counterparts in other parts of Indonesia can no longer speak Chinese due to the New Order regime's assimilation policy, Chinese languages are alive and well in the Riau Islands. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2017–2018, this paper seeks to understand the Riau Islands Chinese's cultural resilience and sense of belonging as a borderland ethnic minority. I argue that long-standing inter-Island and cross-border mobilities and cultural flows with Singapore have been central to the maintenance of Riau Islands Chinese identity. Utilising translocality as a theoretical framework to understand the processes of identity formation and place-making that transcend national borders, I contend that the case study of the Riau Islands Chinese challenges the conventional state-centric modes of analyses prevalent in the study of ethnic Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing frameworks of assimilation and group boundaries are limited in making sense of experiences of racial ambiguity. What happens when racial groups are mistaken for other groups, and how does this phenomenon relate to the racial hierarchy? This paper investigates the on-the-ground mechanisms of racial ambiguity that formal institutions, like the Census, do not capture, yet are the lived realities for many immigrant groups. Through analysis of 120 interviews and supplemental observations, I find that the racialization of second-generation South Asians shifts between racial ambiguity and racial legibility in daily life. I present a theoretical concept – localized racialization – to reveal the transient, yet defining, racial experiences of groups residing in the racial middle. Localized racialization centres multiple factors of skin colour, intersectional status markers, and situational contexts that tether racial experiences to the local. This study's South Asian participants reveal persistent racial dynamism at the micro-interactional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Christian migrant groups make up a sizeable part of the immigrant population in Europe, little is known about their religiosity. This paper studies patterns of intergenerational change and proposes and tests hypotheses that specify when and why changes across generations are stronger. Using data from the European Social Survey (2002–2018) on 33 European countries, it is found that there is a strong pattern of intergenerational decline in the level of religiosity among Christian migrant groups in Europe. This process of religious decline is by no means universal. Results show that children from two foreign-born parents are much more religious than children from intermarried (foreign-born and native) couples. We also observe that intergenerational decline is much less pronounced in European countries that are more religious. Finally, when Christian migrant groups belong to a religious minority group, this is associated with higher levels of religiosity in both the first and second generation. It is argued that these insights can explain the 'puzzling' strong intergenerational religious transmission among Muslim migrant groups in Western European societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Among French Jewish intellectuals who rejected Zionism in the early twentieth century was René Worms, a sociologist who used sociological theories as well as "franco-judaïsme," the French-Jewish model of assimilation, to oppose it. In 1920–21, during debates organized by the Société de sociologie de Paris on the future of Palestine and Zionism, Worms used various theories to counter Jewish nationalism. Influenced by biology and race science, he began by denying the existence of a Jewish race, emphasizing the racial heterogeneity of modern Jews. His understanding of the evolution of modern religions toward universalism, influenced by Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim, also discredited Zionism. Finally, his sociology of nationality, interwoven with Ernest Renan's conception of the nation, precluded any national claim to Judaism. This article examines the arguments Worms made and compare them to those of other speakers in debates between sociologists in Paris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Optimality Theoretic approach to assimilation is proposed where all assimilation processes result from the interaction of a single syntagmatic markedness constraint that requires sequences of sounds to AGREE in all feature specifications with a variety of faithfulness constraints that seek to IDENT input feature specifications. Assimilation or the lack of it is the residue of AGREE after satisfaction of higher ranked IDENT constraints. AGREE is analyzed as a single gradient constraint rather than a set of categorical constraints each obligating agreement in a specific feature. The study concludes that a gradient interpretation of AGREE is theoretically appropriate since it meets the general principle of economy in the structure of our language faculty and also supports the general move towards convergence rather than divergence in linguistic analysis. The outcomes of the study also prove to be practically appropriate in handling various assimilation processes from different languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe and interpret the main objectives of the educational policy of the central elites of the Liberals in the region of Greek Macedonia during the period 1915–1924 concerning the process of assimilation and especially the cultural assimilation, the structural integration and the psychological identification of the so-called xenophone or allophone population. We investigate the Glinos Foundation Archive using CDA techniques in combination with the historical interpretative method. Αn assimilation process with mild practices took place, while the achievement of national homogenization through literacy via the demotic Greek language teaching was considered as the main goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the cultural implications of the assimilation of Hong Kong movie production in the process of China–Hong Kong coproductions. Local Hong Kong cultural products tend to be stripped of their local characteristics to cater to the Chinese market when prosperous businesses become based in China. Moreover, distinctive cultural resources in the Hong Kong movie industry, such as techniques, professionals, and intellectual property (IP), are assimilated and coopted by China's cultural industry to ensure the success of its future development. This assimilation may result in cultural conflict, which was indicated by the reaction of Hong Kong audiences to China's embezzlement of their cultural products. This study analyzes three animated movies in the McDull series through focus group interviews with movie investors and audiences in Hong Kong and China. The findings show that assimilation driven by economic factors induces negative sentiment in Hong Kong audiences as they witness the assimilation of their nostalgic icons. Based on these findings, the ramifications of such assimilation for cultural dynamics are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]