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Background: The standards of Ayurveda education in India are being questioned in the recent years and many suggestions related to educational reforms are being put forth by educators and health policy experts. However, the Post Graduate Entrance Examinations (PGEEs) that are carried out to select the candidates to pursue postgraduate programs have received little attention in this context. Objectives: The objective of this study was to classify the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Ayurveda PGEEs conducted in different universities of India during the five year period (ranging from 2010 to 2014) into six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy in cognitive domain. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study. The sampling method followed was purposive sampling. Totally, 3299 MCQs obtained out of 25 question papers from seven universities spread across four zones of India (North, South, West and East) were included in the study and were classified based on the Bloom's taxonomy. Results: About 93.3% of MCQs assessed only the ‘recall’ component whereas 6.2% of the MCQs assessed ‘comprehension’. Percentage of MCQs that assessed ‘application’ level was a mere 0.3% whereas the percentage of MCQs that assessed the ‘analysis’ component was found to be only 0.2%. There was not even a single question to assess the ‘synthesis’ and ‘evaluation’ components. Conclusions: We conclude that an appropriate proportion of MCQs assessing ‘higher order thinking’ are required to be included in Ayurveda PGEEs. While it is possible to frame MCQs to assess all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy in cognitive domain, the teachers are required to be trained well in the skills of MCQ writing. We propose that our study may be taken as a lead to introduce the required reforms in PGEEs. Clinical Trial Registration No.: Not applicable.

The traditional systems of medicine are being subjected to rigours of standardization to compete with national and international markets to establish their credibility. The present paper involves an Ayurvedic formulation Rasayana churna. It comprises of the dried powders of three rejuvenating drugs viz., dried stem of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.), dried fruit of Gokshur (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) and dried pericarp of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). All these plants are used in rasayana therapy. Rasayana Churna plays a very important role as an immunomodulator, rejuvenator, adaptogen, antioxidant and diuretic. Other important roles of rasayana churna involve elimination of toxins through urinary system and lowering the risk in kidney and cardiac disorders. The present study aims at analysis of the evaluation parameters of the inhouse and two marketed samples of rasayana churna (coded as IHRC, MRC and ZRC), for its morphological, microscopical, phytochemical, physicochemical, spectroscopical and biological evaluation aspects. The need of standardisation is justified in the range of variations obtained in the results of morphology and physicochemical parameters. The highest berberine content was found in MRC (1.19 μg/mL). The highest phenolic content was found in MRC (64.29±2.91 mg GAE/g) and highest flavonoid content was found in MRC (18.99±0.40 mg QUE/g). Samples also showed antioxidant activity in correlation with the amount of phenolic and flavonoid content present in them (MRC had the maximum activity with IC50 value of 204.09±14.64 µg/mL and 8.18±0.65 µg/mL for H2O2 and NO free radicals). The antiurolithiatic activity was studied and was found to be maximum for the aqueous extract of ZRC with 47.15% inhibition at 100 µg/mL within the first 2 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep plantar warts are the most common cutaneous lesions of the plantar aspect of the foot caused by Human papilloma Virus (HPV), mostly occur in children and adolescents. Most of the HPV infections are controlled by the humoral or cellular immune responses. But in few of the population groups these are manifested very frequently compared with other group of population. The virus sheds from the lesions and may infect the other sites of the plantar aspect or affect other parts of the body. Here we present a case of plantar warts which was successfully treated with multiple ayurvedic treatment modalities. This paper describes the case of a thirteen-year-old boy who presented to our hospital's outdoor department with plantar warts since seven days. The patient was treated holistically with ayurvedic treatment modalities including soaking feet in lukewarm triphala decoction, topical application of garlic paste with 777 oil and an ayurvedic oral medication, pancha tikta ghrita guggulu, and the patient was cured completely in 20 days with 100% clearance and even after four years of follow up there was no sign of recurrence. The holistic approach of these ayurvedic treatment modalities have proven as effective and safe in treating the plantar warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reductionist view of mental health tends to give limited results. While some important benefits are still achieved, other key elements are left unaddressed. These gaps tend to wipe out the gains which were made by focusing on the dominant aspects of mental health that are promoted by a reductionist view. This paper explores such gaps by looking at those healing traditions which view health and wellness from a broader perspective. Through the live experience of such traditions the paper tries to illustrate how the deeper aspects of mental health are also relevant. The paper attempts to argue that diverse cultures have inbuilt repositories of existential wisdom which can help in promoting and maintaining positive mental health through a conceptual exploratory analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the aegis of the World Health Organization, the Movement for Global Mental Health and an Indian Supreme Court ruling, biomedical psychiatric interventions have expanded in India augmenting biomedical hegemony in a place that is known for its variety of healing modalities. This occurs despite the fact that studies by the WHO show better outcomes in India for people suffering from schizophrenia and related diagnoses when compared to people in developed countries with greater access to biomedical psychiatry. Practitioners of ayurvedic medicine in Kerala have been mounting a claim for a significant role in public mental health in the face of this growing hegemony. This study examines efforts by ayurvedic practitioners to expand access to ayurvedic mental health services in Kerala, and profiles a rehabilitation center which combines biomedical and ayurvedic therapies and has been a key player in efforts to expand the use of Ayurveda for mental health. The paper argues for maintaining a pluralistic healing environment for treating mental illness rather than displacing other healing modalities in favor of a biomedical psychiatric approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to delineate the fundamental principles of āyurveda as applied in the presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) among children and present a systematic Āyurvedic treatment protocol for children diagnosed with ASD. The author - a practising Āyurvedic expert physician and scholar notes that āyurveda is a theory based system and these theoretical principles empower the clinician towards applications of the same in specific context and practice. The author also notes that classical āyurvedic texts do not specifically discuss ASD and the paper involves original research efforts towards identifying resolutions in the context of parents and children with ASD, who are looking towards Āyurveda for relief. With the objective to present the Āyurvedic principles and a systematic treatment protocol, the author delineates the Āyurvedic logical framework as applied to ASD from his extensive clinical practice. Further, based on his clinical work, the paper presents a systematic phase wise Āyurvedic protocol for ASD. The paper has profound implications for the integration of indigenous Āyurvedic medicines in the context of contemporary disorders. Second, the paper indicates several hypotheses that can now be tested empirically in the next phases of research. If proven, an evidenced based policy on Āyurvedic treatment for children with ASD can be proposed and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Ayurveda is not merely a curative science rather it is a lifestyle guide which helps to promote health and prevent diseases. The preventive aspects of Ayurveda are accommodated under the umbrella of Swasthavritta which includes Dinacharya, Ratricharya, Ritucharya, Rules regarding Nidra, the concept of Dharaneeya and Adharaneeya vegas, Ahaaram, Sadvruttam, Rasayanam, etc which help to strengthen the defense mechanism of the body. Ayurveda doctors are supposed to be the ambassadors of these health promotive measures to the common mass. Aim: The present work aimed at assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of selected Dinacharya procedures among the Ayurveda doctors across India. Materials and methodology: A KAP survey was conducted among the Ayurveda doctors across India by sharing a structured closed ended questionnaire through google form. 311 subjects participated in the study. Results: 1) Knowledge: Majority of the respondents are aware (partially/fully) about the Dinacharya practices. 2)Attitude: Majority of the respondents agree to the health benefits of Dinacharya practices because they have experienced them either personally or have learnt about it from the experiences of others.3)Practices: 23.8% were waking up in Brahma Muhurta, 20.2% were practicing Ushajalapaanam though none of them consumed 8 prasruthi of water as classically advised, 16.7% respondents used herbal toothpastes, 88.4% reported to be practicing Jihwanirlekhanam but none were using metallic or wooden tongue cleaners as classically indicated, only 19.3% respondents used herbal collyrium regularly, 6.7% practiced Pratimarsha nasyam daily, 13.5% practiced gandoosham, 1 % practiced dhumapanam daily, 27% respondents practiced abhyangam and 23.2% respondents practiced vyaayamam daily. Conclusions: There exists a wide gap in the Knowledge and practice of Dinacharya practices even among the ayurveda doctors. ractice of Dinacharya practices even among the ayurveda doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern world, modern medicine and complementary systems dominate the healthcare worldwide. Many developing countries which suffer with resources can improvise the healthcare at their retention by leveraging the extent of traditional medicine. A traditional Indian Atharva Veda implemented system of medicine called the Ayurveda, has gigantic benefits to human kind. This way of medicine deals majorly with naturally available herbs and methodologies to treat human health and promotes healthy practices for a better lifestyle. Ayurveda works on the idea of balancing biological systems. Ayurveda is primarily accomplished in India and being recognized internationally due to the effectiveness and use of naturally available herbs and associated methodologies to cure the diseases. Ayurveda as a system is successful, yet not widely practiced, there are range of reasons that has limited Ayurveda to reach its potential, such as less importance is given to Ayurvedic education and its practices, very few or no advancement is seen, resources limitations due to funds, limited technical support, and unstructured database. Therefore there is a constant need of improvising the field with technology and effectively creating knowledge based systems to improvise the practice of Ayurveda and to optimize its benefits. In this paper, a survey on the benefits of Ayurveda for women hormonal imbalance, Ayurveda for Skin and Hair health is done along with the Artificial intelligence technology advancements in the field of Ayurveda. The intend of the paper is to layout the benefits this 5000 years old approach towards medicine has to offer and the use of Artificial Intelligence to promote and influence its growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spilanthes acmella, which is commonly known as the toothache plant, has been used as ayurvedic medicine in dentistry for a long time. It is found to have anti-microbial, analgesic, and local anesthetic action. This medicinal plant has been studied for its local anesthetic applications in humans and animals. In this review paper, we have discussed the merits, limitations, safety, and potential future applications of using S. acmella as a local anesthetic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The primary objective is to assess the vulnerability of Matrija Bhava for the causation of metabolic disorders in the purview of epigenetics. Data Source: This study was conducted at the PG Department of Rachana Sharir, CBPACS, New Delhi, and AIIMS, New Delhi. Materials and Methods: Twenty subjects of metabolic disorders, namely diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypothyroidism cases, were taken to collect the data. The self-structured information sheet/case paper pro forma followed by a consent form was used to record all the data of the subject along with their mother's history (at the time of pregnancy) included in the study. All the observations were recorded and furnished for statistical analysis. Results: It was observed that Lavana, Madhura, Amla, and Katu Rasa Ahara; Viruddha Ahara, Ratrijagrana and Divaswapna were observed as a potential factor affecting the Metabolism of the mother at the time of their pregnancy with the subject; thereby causing related metabolic disorders to the subject. Conclusion: Maternal factors (Matrija Bhava) are vulnerable to cause metabolic disorders in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay aims to situate the emergence of Siddha medicine as a separate medical system in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of colonial India within a broader socio-economic context. Scholars who have worked on Siddha medicine have stressed more on political dimensions like nationalism and sub-nationalism with inadequate attention to the interplay of various (other) factors including contemporary global developments, changes in the attitude of the colonial State and especially to the new promises held by the greater deference shown to indigenous medical systems from the 1920s. If the construction of 'national medicine' based on the Sanskrit texts and the accompanying marginalisation of regional texts and practices were the only reasons for the emergence of Siddha medicine as presented by scholars, it leaves open the question as to why this emergence happened only during the third decade of the twentieth century, though the marginalisation processes started during the first decade itself. This paper seeks to find an answer by analysing the formation of Siddha medical identity beyond the frameworks of nationalism and sub-nationalism. Further, it explicates how material factors served as immediate cause along with the other, and more ideational factors related to the rise of the Dravidian political and cultural movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayurveda hospitals generate biomedical wastes (BMW). However, details on composition, quantities and characteristics are very scarce, details which are important to formulate a proper waste management plan for subsequent implementation and continual improvement. Therefore, this article presents a mini review of the composition, quantities and characteristics of BMW generated from Ayurveda hospitals. Additionally, this article presents some best possible treatment and disposal procedures. Most of the information was gleaned from peer-reviewed journals, although some information was collected by the author and from grey literature available to the author; 70–99% (by wet weight) of the solid waste is non-hazardous; biodegradables contributing to 44–60% by wet weight due to more used Kizhi (medicinal bags for fomentation) and other medicinal/pharmaceutical wastes (excluding waste medicated oils, which is 12–15% of the liquid medicinal waste stream and are not readily biodegradable) largely derived from plants. The hazardous waste component includes infectious wastes, sharps, blood as pathological wastes (from Raktamoksha – bloodletting), heavy metal containing pharmaceutical wastes, chemical wastes and heavy metal rich wastes. Quantities of infectious wastes followed by sharps and blood form a major portion of hazardous wastes. Most of the infectious waste material contaminated with blood or other body fluids and sharps from Raktamoksha are very similar (appearance, moisture content and bulk density) to what is generated from hospitals practicing Western medicine. However, hospital-specific waste studies are required in future to better understand the sources, areas of generation, types, quantities and characteristics of BMW, and hence to formulate more accurate waste management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nadi Pariksha is a significant, rather symbolic term for Ayurveda. Ancient Ayurvedic literature has prominently stated its importance in the judgment of Tridoshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) which are the base of ailment diagnosis and prediction. The knowledge about Nadi Pariksha is uncovered in various ancient Ayurvedic literature like Ravansamhita, Bhavprakash, Nadivigyan by Kanad, Sharangdhar, and Yogratnakar. The various Nadi parameters are indicative of the diagnosis of diseases. These techniques were used as popular diagnostic tools in Indian culture from ancient days. Still, nowadays, these are not being used explicitly due to the lack of expertise, so it is necessary to establish their results once gained so that they can be used along with technical aspects in today's era. Ayurveda believes that all the elements of the Universe are present in any human body in minute, proportionate quantity, and the Nadi represents these elements, that is, Vata, Pitta, and Kapha (VPK). To facilitate the Nadi Pariksha using appropriate sensors may help the Ayurveda practitioners diagnose Prakriti and predict some diseases, making the Nadi Pariksha more reliable and faster.This review paper lists, 2 books and 67 research papers, mostly from countries like India, China, Japan, Korea, etc., from various reputed databases. The review primarily concentrates on six research themes: sensors and devices used for Nadi signal acquisition, signal pre-processing methods, feature extraction methods, feature selection approaches, classification practices, diseases diagnosed, and results attained. The paper also reviews the challenges in implementing the automated Nadi Pariksha with technological aid, which is a necessity of this period and is a very vibrant research arena. Yet significant work remains to be done, like bridging the gaps between technical and commercial development, and the procedure standardization is also required.

Ancient science of pulse reading had existed from antiquity and still being practiced in some traditional medicine systems like Unani, Ayurveda and Chinese medicine etc. Examination of pulse still remains an integral part of these systems of medicine in disease diagnosis and monitoring the disease treatment. An experienced Unani physician can easily differentiate between normal and deranged temperament pulse through Unani metaphysics. As whole concept of disease and its management is based on temperament and its deviation under Unani system of medicine, therefore this unique and simple technique of pulse examination makes it easier to diagnose and treat any disease. In this article, it was tried to explore ancient history regarding knowledge base and practice of pulse reading and present various aspects of pulse examination described in Unani system of medicine and its interpretation through Unani metaphysics. This paper will be useful in generalizing the concept of pulse for better understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent attacks. The economic and societal burden of migraine is substantial, affecting patients' quality of life in terms of work, social activities, and family life. This article attempts to review the available literature for clinical evidence of Ayurveda in the management of migraines. We performed a literature search from January 2000 to July 2020 on popular search engines such as Pub Med, Google Scholar, and AYUSH Research Portal using the keywords "Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) and Migraine", "Ayurveda and Migraine" and "Panchakarma and Migraine". The selection criteria involved published clinical trials, including pilot studies, whereas review articles, concept papers, letters to the editor, and studies published in languages other than English were excluded. Out of 77 studies that were screened, 12 articles that satisfied the selection criteria consisted of six Randomized controlled Trials (RCTs), five non-RCTs, and one pilot study. Among them, ten studies used polyherbal and Herbo mineral formulations, two studies contained no oral medications, three trials utilized external therapies, and ten studies used panchakarma procedures. Eleven studies found Ayurveda to be clinically beneficial as monotherapy, while one study demonstrated the usefulness of Ayurveda as an add-on to conventional management. This review reveals the beneficial role of Ayurveda in the management of migraines without many side effects. Yet several limitations exist, like small sample size, short follow up, and lack of better outcome measures for pre and post-assessments. Future research should overcome these limitations and follow a robust methodology so that definitive conclusions can be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music can promote physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. It helps a woman in maintaining a pleasant, healthy, and positive state of mind, which is necessary for conceiving and nurturing a baby. Music during pregnancy has a great impact on the mental development of the unborn child. It also provides the ability to cope with stress during pregnancy, which is part of a broader concept of maternal health. Ayurveda focuses on balancing not only the physical Dosha (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) but also the psychological components. Music therapy based on the Prakriti or constitution of the woman can be employed as a supplement to Ayurveda and Yoga. Indian Ragas with a combination of specific tonal quality, depicting particular aesthetic mood helps in the transformation of negative aspects of human psychology by invoking positive ones. Here, we have developed a unique model of music that helps to balance the Dosha during pregnancy, integrating it with Yogic techniques like Asana and Pranayama, with Mantras from Rig Veda which promote relaxation and a positive inner environment. This paper discusses the mechanism of Ragas based on the biorhythm principle which helps in balancing Dosha during the preconceptual period as well as in each trimester of pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ancient India, men are blessed with the bountiful bliss of good health and sound mind where yoga and ayurveda has its own prominent significance. It is analysed that people thrived for longer years with more elasticity in their living. The Puranic Veda and Upanishads have elaborated the notable existence of Ayureda and yogic culture as a theory. Hindu mythology is rich in its heritage of sharing in abundance the application of Ayurvedic science for a healthy lifestyle. The utilization of 'sanjeevani leaves' for reviving the life of Lakshman in the great epic the Ramayana still creates an aura in the field of contemporary scientific observations. In the Indian mythological reading, 'nature' has a significantly remarkable position. They worship nature as a motherly archetype, bestowing respect and care for the natural world and in return Mother Nature offers shelter, food, good health and innumerable other benefits. The ecocritical theory of the current horrid practices of the anthropocene men on the divergent natural world is contrasted by the earlier eco-worshipping people. The Indian popular writer and mythologist Amish Tripathi has touched on such themes of nature and physical sciences in his writings. The author has altered stories from the Hindu mythology and has renarrated them with modern elements. The book series Shiva Trilogy, has accounted the lifestyle of Shiva, a humble tribal man from the Land of Mansarover Lake in Tibet along with Parvati and her kinsmen the Meluhans. The novel depicts the story of Somras, the ethereal drink of long life. The Meluhans are notable for their visible practices of ayurveda, medicinal sciences and yogic habits and their cherishing reliance on nature. The paper attempts to articulate the specific practices of ayurvedic relevance and physical sciences through the lens of mytho-science in understanding the concept of 'scientific components' behind myth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various aspects of aging in Ayurveda literature has been explored and correlated it with modern biological understanding. The concept of longevity is better understood upon the baseline understanding of Aging ie. Jara. Manda Jara or Ajara is synonymous with longevity. Vriddhavastha/Jirnavastha/Jara (old age) is the period after 60 or 70 years of age. This stage of life becomes very crucial as degenerative changes occur in the body. Deterioration occurs to Dhatus, Indriya (perception power), Bala (strength), Virya (potency), Utsaha (enthusiasm), Paurusha (masculinity), Parakrama (valour), Grahana (reception), Dharana (retention), Smarana (memory), Vachana (speech). Brihatrayis and Laghutrayis were reviewed to analyze the various aspects of Ayu and Jara and correlated with research papers establishing the concept of aging in terms of evidence-based technological advancements. Databases like PubMed, Scopus were searched using keywords like Jara, Ayu Lakshana, Aging, Old age, Senescence, biomarkers, DNA, blood biochemistry, proteomics, genomics, microbiota, microbiome, androgen, estrogen, lipolysis, peripheral blood monocytes, collagen, cognitive function; with the help of Boolean operators. Various aspects of Jara in Ayurveda have been analyzed by taking ample references from evidence-based technological advancements related to the physiology of aging. The indicators of biological aging based on recent researches like genomic irregularities, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, altered protein expression, immunological markers, oxidative stress, pathological microbiota profile, telomere shortening in peripheral blood monocytes, lipolysis, and many other factors have been put forward for basic evidence in relation with Jara Lakshana. Understanding the physiology of aging will give the insight to manage the elderly. So, the need of the hour is to develop strategies or to conduct more researches which prevent senile disorders and thus increase the health span for the future generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the early autobiographical work of the popular health and wellbeing guru, Deepak Chopra. The autobiography (entitled Return of the Rishi) is Chopra's account of his early forays into meditation and Āyurveda, the Indian health tradition. It is the story of his "spiritual transformation" and his development into a proficient Āyurvedic healer. Following the lead of his one-time guru and mentor, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Chopra represents Āyurveda as "consciousness-based" medicine. This paper demonstrates how, by means of a series of narrative strategies deploying the motif of the semi-divine ṛṣi, or sage, and foregrounding personal experience as the ultimate source of spiritual legitimacy and authority, Chopra (a biomedical doctor with little or no formal training in Āyurveda) seeks to secure legitimacy as an authority on Āyurveda and an adept with extraordinary healing powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the ayurvedic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Ayurveda implies that the disease described as 'kampavata' occurs due to the imbalance of 'vata', one of the three bioentities responsible for normal body functioning. The drugs are aimed to reverse the 'vata' imbalance. Roots of 'Aswagandha' and 'Bala,' seeds of 'Atmagupta,' and 'Paraseekayavanee' are used as remedies besides the use of medicated oils, decoctions and powdered drugs.

Varicose veins (VVs) are twisted and dilated veins, mostly located in the lower limbs. The particular condition is mostly neglected due to lack of awareness about the issue, lack of symptoms, or late appearance of symptoms. The current review summarizes the overview of VV and available treatment options (conventional as well as nonconventional such as Ayurveda, exercise, and Yoga) for VV. VVs can range from uncomplicated asymptomatic visible small veins to symptomatic complicated varicose eczema and varicose ulcers. We identified 200 papers on VV between 2000 and 2021, out of which 40 were selected for particular review. Article search was done through Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, psycINFO, and EMBASE using the keywords "varicose veins" and "surgery," "treatment," "conservative methods," "Ayurveda," "exercise," and "Yoga." The randomized and nonrandomized control, self as control studies, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, as well as case studies are included. The review focuses on the importance of nonconventional alternative form of therapies, specially Ayurveda, exercise, and Yoga, for the management of VV. There are a large number of studies done on VV, but a negligible number of studies are available to prove the effectiveness of Yoga on the particular condition. A lot of research trials on urgent basis are needed to prove the efficacy of Yoga in VV disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrative approach for wellness has become an arena where integrating the indigenous practice with the dominant bio-medical system has activated a transformation process. Further, a debate characterized by fundamental dichotomies of health/wellness is there to find an approach in agreement with holistic wellness. The limitations of protocol-driven medical science and avoiding the patient behind the patient have again compelled us during this pandemic to explore holistic health. This paper presents an analysis and explores the feasibility of Ayurveda as an integrative system to wellness and tests the Ayurveda concept of holistic wellness against three such dichotomies: 'health' vs wellness, 'body' vs 'mind,' and 'curative vs. preventive,' where the current medical model can be said to represent the first elements in the three dichotomies. Keeping the current Covid-19 pandemic as a critical incident, researchers tried to justify that the synergistic confluence will act as a complementary/supportive knowledge in humanity's struggle against the pandemic. For synergistic confluence of Ayurveda and medical Science, the scientist's temperament and evidence-based medical science approach should be applied to validate the principles and therapies of Ayurveda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease (COVID) is highly contagious, and negligence of it causes high morbidity and mortality globally. The highly infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was abbreviated as COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) by World Health Organization first time on February 11, 2020, and later on, WHO declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic on 11/3/2020. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that the SARS CoV-2 infects the overall population, irrespective of age, gender, or ethnic variation, but it was observed in clinical studies that older and compromised immunity population is much more prone to COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 majorly spread through aeration route in droplet form on sneezing and coughing, or by contact when touching eyes, nose or mouth with the infected hands or any other organs, resulting from mild to severe range of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This literature-based review was done by searching the relevant SCI and SCOPUS papers on the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, herbal formulation, and Ayurveda from the databases, Academia, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate. The present review attempts to recognize the therapeutic strategies to combat Covid-19 because of the current human risk. Indian system of medicine, including herbals, has immense potential in treating and managing various viral infections and provides evidence to utilize Ayurvedic medication to improve immunity. Cumulative research findings suggest that Ayurvedic formulations and herbal immunomodulators (Tino sporacordifolia, Withania somnifera, Crocus sativus, Zafran, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Albizia lebbek, Terminalia chebula, Piper longum, Mangifera indica, Ocimum sanctum, Centella asiatica) are promising in the treatment of outrageous viral infections without exerting adverse effects. Considering the ancient wisdom of knowledge, the herbal formulations would compel healthcare policymakers to endorse Ayurveda formulations to control the Covid-19 pandemic significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes an ethnographic look at laboratory discourses and procedures in the scientific construction of contemporary ayurvedic research in India. It opens up for analysis an experiment in a 'transdisciplinary' research laboratory that seeks to understand the methodological and epistemic logic of ayurvedic pharmacology with the help of research methodologies specific to modern Science. In doing so, this paper unravels the various meanings that Science has for its different stakeholders. I examine--as participant, observer, and trainee--a 'Sensory Analysis' experiment conducted by scientists at a pharmacology and pharmacognosy laboratory for ayurvedic medicine in Bangalore. Postcolonial science studies have analysed the ways in which discourses of science lead to new knowledges and technologies as well as new ways of organising traditional medical knowledge. Yet the processes that reconcile traditional and modem methodologies of pharmacological and pharmacognostic research have received less attention. The experiment that I am discussing here revisits the ayurvedic doctrine of savours and qualities to standardise not only the parameters indicating the nature of a drug, but also standardise the human body itself as a tool to develop a specific ayurvedic methodology. I argue that in its association with the laboratory and the experimental method, the pursuit of 'open-minded' dravyaguna research conceptualises new research in Ayurveda in terms of the right tools, simplifies complex knowledge, and reorganises the relationship of modem ayurvedic research with classical scientific thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Autism is a neuro-developmental ailment seen in the preschool age. It is a lifelong condition and requires long term and multiple treatment interventions. Aim and Objective: To review and present a possible prevention and treatment protocol on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Material and Method: The present study is based on the literature search from Ayurveda compendia, recent pediatric textbooks, articles published in research journals from 1983 to 2019. Observations and Result: ASDs are the complex diseases with imbalance of Tridosha and Dwimanasdoshas (fundamental principles of body and mind), based on typical clinical features which match with DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) that can be correlated with Unmada (Psychosis/insanity). ASDs can be classified into Autism, Asperger's and Rett's syndrome. The probable etiopathogenesis may be defective organogenesis, brain damage, metabolic or genetic changes. Discussion: Acharya emphasized on Yuktivyapashray (rational therapy), Daiva vyapashray (nonpharmacological spiritual therapy) and Satvavajay chikitsa (Ayurveda psychotherapy) altogether in Unmad treatment due to its complex nature. Recently developed therapies such as play therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy-CBT can be a good adjuvant with Ayurvedic management of ASDs for better quality of life. Conclusion: As no satisfactory treatment is available in modern medicine till now, multi-modal treatment such as Ayurveda, behavioral therapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and early educational interventions might be beneficial to treat ASDs effectively. This review paper will be a torchbearer in the prevention and management of ASDs with the whole system approach and proposed management algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper is a review of medical tourism in India with special reference to Surrogacy. It describes how health tourism existed even in the early 19th century due to the expertise Indians possessed in herbs and medicines. Also the mineral rich soil in India acted as a magnet for international visitors. The paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of health tourism in India and also compares costs with the U.S.A. The article concludes with recommendations for the health tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of Western modernity in India, as a by-product of British colonialism, brought about considerable strain within Indian medical traditions. Indigenous medical traditions which were operating within the broad humoral theory of disease causation came to be subjected to the logic of biomedicine. By the late nineteenth century, as the British in India consolidated their state systems and the princely states modelled their administrative structures in accordance with the British state, there was an increased acceptance of biomedical standards against indigenous medical norms. This was further accentuated by the fear of epidemics, which suggested that diseases spread from person to person and could affect large geographic areas bringing death and suffering in its wake. Disease control and management had, therefore, become a major concern for both the state systems in the British presidencies and in the princely states. The prevalence of contagious diseases offered a challenge to reorganize the public health systems of the states, yet they also provided an opportunity to legitimize state sovereignty over the bodies of its subjects. Diseases that were previously seen as localized and situated within culturally specific locales were now increasingly subjected to the governing mechanisms of the state. This paper examines how the medical bureaucratization of Travancore, in the south-western part of the Indian subcontinent, affected local healthcare traditions in the face of expanding fear of epidemics, ultimately led to the reshaping of indigenous medical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine practices are a most ancient health care system being practiced widely in India, Srilanka and other countries. Atharv- Veda and Charak and Sushrut SAmhita (100-500 BC) have given detailed descriptions of over 700 herbs. Out of research of researches carried out on Ayurvedic Medicinal plants, many pharmaceutical corporations have renewed their strategies in favour of natural products drug discovery and numerous drugs have entered the pharmacopoeias from traditional medicines. Allium sativum L. commonly known as Garlic belongs to family Liliaceae is one of the most widely traditional herbs used almost by all the people of India due to its benefits. The present paper focused on the traditional claims, folk lore uses and phytopharmacological significance of Allium sativum Linn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayurveda is India’s traditional system of medicine. around 80% population, especially using this system of medicine for their health care management. There are many issues and concerns over the usage of Ayurveda, They are simplified and try to deal in this paper. The methodology used to complete this review was through empirical research. This is a cross-sectional study where the use of Ayurveda utilized in this current period is examined. The sources are mostly from a doctor of Ayurvedic medicine and credible online sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, crude drugs have been used as medicines and are of great importance for human beings. However, traditional knowledge about the use of medicinal plants is eroding day by day, and there was a need to document the everyday experience of these indigenous medicinal plants. Ayurveda describes the medicinal values and uses of plants for healthcare. By the course of time, various new plants got added to Ayurvedic material medica, Dravyaguna Vigyan. Tricholepis glaberrima (Brahmadandi) is one of them. This plant has great importance due to its nutritive value and a significant source of medicines as they have been found throughout human history. This plant is mostly used for its aphrodisiac property, but several unknown activities need to be taken seriously. This mini-review paper encompasses the Ayurvedic aspects as well as the phytochemistry structure and pharmacological activities of the Brahmadandi plant. The current review focuses on the updated information from various scientific studies and reports available in the context of the phytoconstituents and pharmacology of this plant. This review also provides adequate information about the use of this plant in an Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival and periodontal diseases are among the common problems in oral health globally and is seen to be rising more in developing countries. Most of these diseases are caused due to the microbial aggregates in dental plaque. The conventional chemotherapeutic agents have limited success in the complete elimination and prevention of periodontal disease. Rise of incidence in periodontal diseases,increased resistance by pathogenic bacteria and the threat of opportunistic infections, has renewed the search for alternative and complementary treatment strategies over the years. Ayurveda the ancient system of healthcare mentions a large number of herbal plants beneficial in the management of periodontal infections. The nature derivedphyto-chemicals that are isolated from plants are considered to be better alternatives to synthetic chemotherapeutic agents. The herbs and medicinal plants in the medica (Ayurvedic material) have been proven not only to be safe and useful but with very minimal side effects. This paper attempts to study the various herbal medicinal plants that possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic and analgesic properties which can be used efficaciously for the prevention and management of the gingival and periodontal diseases with minimal adverse reactions. Hence an integration of modern oral hygiene practices with the ancient traditional ayurvedic herbs in the various gingival and periodontal diseases can provide safe, affordable and economic treatment options to patients in general and to the low socio-economic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Ayurveda continues to gain global recognition as a sanctioned system of health care, the essence of Ayurveda's identity has become prey to commoditization and commodification for commercial undertakings in the holistic health milieu of India, but also in emerging markets such as Europe. This paper critically assesses the commodification of Ayurveda as a cultural signifier within Europe that separates the indigenous artefact from its Vedic origins. Often presented as an elite commodity in Western settings, Ayurveda has become embedded as a cultural artifact within consumer society as the epitome of holistic care with an emphasis on its spiritual attributes, yet simultaneously isolating it from the customary elements that motivated its inception. The paper argues that Ayurveda's discursive detachment from its ontological tenets facilitates its rearticulation as a malleable experience as it crosses national boundaries, and in this process fosters the misinterpretation of the ancient healing tradition. This process may provide Ayurvedic treatments and principles with increased visibility in Europe's health sector. However, brands are exploiting this niche with push-marketing strategies to capitalize on the budding Ayurveda industry, turning traditional medicines into emblematic commodities. To advance this argument, we examine product diversions in the commodification of classical Ayurvedic medicines in the Netherlands and Germany, focusing on the over-the-counter (OTC) segment. We present an interpretive analysis of the processes that are (de)constructing traditional practices and principles as Ayurveda travels beyond India, and how this complicates issues of authenticity and expertise as herbal medicines diverge from the indications ratified in Ayurveda's classical compendiums.

Background: The RP-HPLC method has been established to simultaneous estimation of seven markers in polyherbal formulation JKC using the C18 (25 × 0.46 cm, i.d,5 µm) column. The mobile phase consisted of methanol: water (80:20) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and observed retention time at 2 to 11 min with sharp points. The marker compounds viz. Andrographolide (AG), Piperine (PP), Picroside-I (P-I), Picroside-II (P-II), α-Cyprone (AC), 6-Shogaol (6S), and 6-Gingerol (6G) were quantified in JKC formulations by HPLC method. Detection was performed at the wavelength (λ) of 229 nm for AG, 343 nm for PP, 279 nm for P-I, 264 nm for P-II, 254 nm for AC, and 280 nm for both 6S and 6G by HPLC–PDA detector. Results: The marker compounds in JKC formulations were observed in different retention times (Rt) i.e. AG at 3.060 ± 0.01 min, PP at 5.460 ± 0.03 min, P-I at 2.789 ± 0.02 min, P-II at 2.553 ± 0.03 min, AC at 10.951 ± 0.02 min, 6S at 6.302 ± 0.03 min, and 6G at 4.111 ± 0.02 min respectively. The proposed method was validated with acceptable linearity (r2 0.9995–0.9999), precision, robustness, ruggedness, and accuracy (RSD < 2%) under optimum conditions. The limit of detection and quantification of bioactive markers were as: AG (1.386; 4.200 ppm), PP (2.033; 6.161 ppm), P-I (2.822; 8.553 ppm), P-II (2.538; 7.691 ppm), AC (0.269; 0.815 ppm), 6G (0.158; 0.480 ppm), 6S (0.188; 0.569 ppm). The amount (mg/g) of bioactive markers detected and estimated in plants and formulation were as: AG (41.282 ± 0.48; 10.06 ± 0.18), PP (53.81 ± 0.25, 13.82 ± 0.37 in PN, PL; 4.27 ± 0.07), P-I (15.97 ± 0.01; 0.48 ± 0.003), P-II (63.24 ± 0.35; 2.31 ± 0.006), AC (0.42 ± 0.01; 0.36 ± 0.006), 6G (0.71 ± 0.03; 0.16 ± 0.001), and 6S (2.64 ± 0.09; 0.12 ± 0.004) respectively. Method was found to be rugged and robust. The results found for all the validation parameters were within the limits according to ICH guidelines. Conclusion: The proposed method is fast, precise, economic, and specific and used for the simultaneously quantifiable analysis of seven major bioactive markers in the ingredients (herbs) and the JKC formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic anion transporters OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) are drug transporters that are expressed in the kidney, with well-established roles in the in vivo transport of drugs and endogenous metabolites. A comparatively unexplored potential function of these drug transporters is their contribution to the in vivo regulation of natural products (NPs) and their effects on endogenous metabolism. This is important for the evaluation of potential NP interactions with other compounds at the transporter site. Here, we have analyzed the NPs present in several well-established databases from Asian (Chinese, Indian Ayurvedic) and other traditions. Loss of OAT1 and OAT3 in murine knockouts caused serum alterations of many NPs, including flavonoids, vitamins, and indoles. OAT1- and OAT3-dependent NPs were largely separable based on a multivariate analysis of chemical properties. Direct binding to the transporter was confirmed using in vitro transport assays and protein binding assays. Our in vivo and in vitro results, considered in the context of previous data, demonstrate that OAT1 and OAT3 play a pivotal role in the handling of non-synthetic small molecule natural products, NP-derived antioxidants, phytochemicals, and nutrients (e.g., pantothenic acid, thiamine). As described by remote sensing and signaling theory, drug transporters help regulate redox states by meditating the movement of endogenous antioxidants and nutrients between organs and organisms. Our results demonstrate how dietary antioxidants and other NPs might feed into these inter-organ and inter-organismal pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unani medicine is one of the traditional medical systems in India that is practiced and taught in an organized manner. While going through the literature, it has been observed that in the past, not many efforts have been made to understand the awareness level and utilization pattern among the population. This systematic review was conducted to better understand the awareness and utilization pattern of Unani medicine in India. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline, the results of survey-based studies conducted about the awareness and utilization pattern of Unani medicine in India were systematically reviewed. Thirteen studies conducted on awareness or utilization patterns, which exclusively represented data on Unani medicine and not Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH) in general, were included in the present systematic review. A wide variation regarding awareness of Unani medicine is observed, ranging from 28.9% to 100% in different populations. Only five studies reported utilization patterns, which also varied considerably (13.8% to 74%). Unani Medicine is generally used in musculoskeletal disorders (20%-60.2%) and skin disorders (21.1%-64.9%). On the other hand, fifty-seven papers on surveys of CAM and AYUSH were found regarding utilization and consumption patterns. The findings demonstrate that thirteen papers entirely focused on the Unani System of Medicine. Henceforth, the awareness of the Unani system of Medicine has not been reported among the masses, and to provide its maximum benefits, certain strategies need to be formulated.

This paper is the first known documentation of a covid patient in ARDS and MODS who recovered from home through Ayurveda telemedicine and when not completely dependent on oxygen. The covid patient suffered from fever, body ache, breathlessness, fatigue, and was admitted to the hospital when his SpO2 was at 56, his CT scores at 18/25, Corads 6 and his NL ratio was at 9. The patient was shifted to another hospital as he refused treatment in the first hospital; in the second hospital also he refused treatment and got himself discharged against medical advice when his SpO2 was at 65, RR 40. The patient sought Ayurvedic treatment through phone voluntarily when in MODS. He showed clinical improvement within a day and the SpO2 steadily raised to reach 94 in 27 days. He may have required invasive mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 ARDS reflected by his raised covid biomarkers (Malik et al., 2021) [1]. But this was not necessitated; also other risk factors for poor outcomes were his old age, comorbidities as diabetes, kidney injury and liver injury. This paper records that oral and ophthalmic administration of Ayurveda medicines can immediately increase SpO2 levels. This case study also opens up possibilities of emergency care in Ayurveda with respect to hypoxia.

Background: Amavata is a chronic immune-inflammatory systemic disorder caused by the formation of Ama and its association with Vata at Kaphasthana (joints) and can be simulated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Published evidences show that treatment indicated in Amavata is effective in RA. Increased inflammatory status in RA is suggestive of gut dysbiosis involving gut microbiota (GM). Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of diet on GM of RA patients based on Pathya (dietary advice) mentioned for Amavata. Materials and Methods: Laghutrayis such as Bhavaprakasha Samhita, Madhava Nidana and Sharangadhara Samhita, Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Nighantus (Sanskrit glossary) such as Raja Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and Yogaratnakara, Ashtanga Hridaya also different databases were reviewed for Pathya of Amavata. Different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, DHARA, Google Scholar, Science Direct were searched with research papers establishing the role of nonnutritive bioactive components in horse gram, barley, garlic, ginger, drumstick leaves, cow urine and buttermilk in the management of RA were also reviewed. It was found that Pathya influences on the GM by lowering or inhibiting inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), 17 and leukotrines through Bowman-Birk inhibitors and polyphenolic compounds. Among them, Takra is already a proven probiotic. Gomutra augments B and T lymphocytes, IL-1 and IL-2, strengthening the immune system. Conclusion: It was concluded that Pathya Ahara mentioned for Amavata have a direct link with GM of RA patients. Even though the pharmacological actions have been clinically proven/practised, this review creates evidence for its scientific basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]