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In the late Qing Dynasty, religious periodicals by Western missionaries were made legal in China, and subsequently became an important manner of their missionary cause. Among them, Child's Paper 小孩月报 (1875–1881) by John Marshall Willoughby Farnham, a Protestant missionary from the United States, endeavoured to convert child readers by carrying children's stories of moral and emotional education. By concentrating on the educational elements of Child's Paper, this article inspects how conversion was achieved via the intertextual interpretation of Christian doctrines within these educational elements. Specifically, how the image of little Christians and urchins, respectively, represents salvation and redemption in Christian morals. This article holds that the missionaries' stress on the authority of Christian discourse in the education of Chinese children makes evident an increasing emphasis on the reformative effects of Christianity on Chinese children. Moreover, the conversion-education efforts by missionaries also construed helping Chinese children gain a cross-cultural perspective on Western religion, and arguably inspired later Chinese intellectuals' to create newspapers for the purpose of the pre-primary education of Chinese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the book "Teuflische Allmacht: Über die verleugneten christlichen Wurzeln des modernen Antisemitismus und Antizionismus" by Tilman Tarach, the author argues that there is a tendency to overlook the Christian roots of antisemitism and anti-Zionism. Tarach traces the history of antisemitism back to early Christian pogroms and emphasizes the influence of Christianity on Nazi ideology. He also highlights the role of the Catholic and Protestant churches in perpetuating antisemitic beliefs. The book demonstrates that antisemitism has deep historical roots and remains connected to Christianity. [Extracted from the article]

"The 7 Deadly Myths: Antisemitism from the Time of Christ to Kanye West" by Alex Ryvchin explores the historical and contemporary manifestations of antisemitism. The book examines various myths surrounding the discrimination and persecution of Jews, including the blood libel, the belief that Jews are Christ-killers, and the myth of Jewish global domination. Ryvchin also addresses the concepts of Jewish chosenness, Jewish wealth, dual loyalties, and the perception of Jews as oppressors. The author concludes by emphasizing the importance of exposing and combating antisemitism to create a more inclusive and tolerant society. [Extracted from the article]

Marjorie Corbman's book, "Divine Rage: Malcolm X's Challenge to Christians," argues that the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s should be seen as a spiritual transition from Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi to Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam (NOI), rather than a move away from religion. Corbman traces Malcolm X's spiritual influence on the Black Power movement, highlighting his theological development and the impact of his ideas on figures such as Huey Newton, Sonia Sanchez, Vincent Harding, and James Baldwin. The book also explores Malcolm X's influence on Black Liberation Theology and radical activists of the era. While the book provides an important reinterpretation of Malcolm X's influence, it could benefit from a more nuanced discussion of conflicting perspectives within these movements. [Extracted from the article]

In this article two major volumes with Chinese paper cut art by Fan Pu (Paula Fan) are reviewed. In her work it becomes clear how a traditional type of folk art can be transformed by using new techniques and material. By doing so, Fan Pu is able to make modern Christian art, which hopefully also appeals to present-day Chinese people. Herself being an evangelical Christian, she interestingly also uses sayings by pre-Christian Chinese sages like Confucius in her art; their wisdom can be seen as a kind of preparatio evangelica. The two works, analyzed here, together form a catalog of her work so far, from the nineteen seventies till now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manuscript Goa 76b of Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (Rome) gathers together most of Ippolito Desideri's extant Tamil papers. It is written in Tamil, Latin, Italian, Portuguese, and French. It relates to two major difficulties he faced during his stay in and around Pondicherry, where he spent one year (1726) in the Jesuit Carnatic Mission: learning Tamil and hearing the confessions of new converts. While he seems not to have had a significant number of Christians to catechize in Tibet, he was asked in the Carnatic Mission to serve throngs of them wanting to confess to Catholic gurus. Contrary to his metaphysical debates in the Tibetan language against the followers of Tibetan Buddhism, he does not seem to have had intellectual and theological exchanges with the Tamil Brahmin elite. He was probably asked to learn at first the vernacular language of his particular area of missionary work. But, had he remained in the Carnatic Mission some more years, he would perhaps have learnt Sanskrit to debate with Brahmins, as did several other French Fathers. The manuscript Goa 76b contains copies of various Christian texts (especially about confession), grammatical notes and parts of Desideri's grammar of Tamil in Latin. It shows that Desideri made fast progress in learning and mastering Tamil, at first under the guidance of Father Pierre Lalane, who finished his grammar of Tamil in French in 1728. It forms part of the rich multilingual corpus of the eighteenth-century Carnatic Mission. The specificity of this literary, theological, catechistic, and ritual corpus is overlooked. The French Jesuits no doubt embraced the legacy of De Nobilis's accommodatio method and used his Tamil works, but their corpus also included post-Denobilian Tamil works as well as the works composed or collected by them in Tamil, Telugu, Kannaḍa, and Sanskrit. The problem the Carnatic Mission Fathers faced was not only the translation of Christian terms into an Indian language but also their translation from one Indian language to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on sociologist David Baradas' paper "Conflict in the Land of Promise," which was published in the October 1972 issue of the journal "Philippine Sociological Review." The long standing abuse of numerous Christian settlers, particularly farmers and businessmen, by certain Muslim datus and political warlords was one of the causes of the present conflict. These abuses had bred deep resentment among the Christians, many of whom privately admit that they had waited for as long as 30 years for an occasion to avenge themselves Listed among the abuses were the "tong" system practiced by some datus, cattlesrustling, reclaiming, sometimes several times over, of land sold to Christians, threats and intimidations of all kinds, and abuses against women, particularly in areas inhabited by none Christian tribes. This litany of abuses could go on interminably, so that there was little reason to doubt that sooner or later alliances of political leaden would emerge who would call a halt to what most Christians regarded as an intolerable situation.

The article presents comments on sociologist David Baradas' paper "Conflict in the Land of Promise," which was published in the October 1972 issue of "Philippine Sociological Review." Much has been written about the causes of the conflict in Mindanao. There are major differences between the conflict in Lanao and the conflict in Cotabato. The violence in Lanao del Norte seems to have been triggered by a bitter rivalry between two political leaders-one a Muslim and the other a Christian. It erupted suddenly and spread quickly, but now it seems to have been fairly well contained. While the conflict has resulted in great loss of lives and property, and has caused massive dislocations of the population, it seems so far to have brought only a standoff. The balance of power between Christians and Muslims in the province does not appear to be radically altered. In Cotabato, by contrast, the trouble began much earlier and spread more slowly. It started as a series of sporadic encounters in which the opposing sides were not well organized and were not part of any larger struggle or movement. The struggle was soon interpreted to be one between the Christian settlers and the Magindanao and Iranun.

Throughout this paper a certain view of theology is assumed, and it seems desirable therefore to begin by an endeavor to state it clearly in a way, which it is hoped, will meet with very general agreement. It does not claim to be a complete view, but it endeavors to bring forward that aspect of theology, which makes a closer union between theologians and sociologists possible and indeed urgent. And in the first place it should be mentioned that by theology is meant Christian doctrine, any other religious philosophy being differently named. Theology, then, is taken to be! in the first place an interpretation of life by its highest and fullest perfection, unified as God. Theology postulates Christ as the perpetual image of God manifested in the world, but realized in fullness in "The Son of Man." In this way people have a working conception of the nature of God. This divine humanity summed up in Christ, is further exemplified by certain persons called the saints, more or less approximating to the ideal type. All Christians are "called to be saints."

This document provides annotated titles of various books related to interfaith dialogue and religious diversity. The books cover a range of topics, including the impact of interfaith dialogue on Christian faith and practice, the intersection of African American history with the Bahá'í Faith, Christianity's encounter with other religions, Native American religious belonging, dialogue between theists and atheists, Muslim-Christian encounters, the interpretation of sacred texts, the plight of Middle Eastern Christians, religious pluralism, the changing terrain of religious freedom, the rise of Islam through non-Islamic sources, interreligious learning in India, and the Baghdadi Jewish community in India. These books offer valuable insights into different perspectives and experiences within the realm of interfaith dialogue and religious diversity. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae is the property of Uniwerystet Kardynala Stefana Wyznskiege w Warzawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indonesia stands firm in its democratic values and respects its presidential election in 2024. However, the scent of the history of identity politics still lingers and threatens the harmony of voting. Even though identity politics seem to be a common and acceptable method, it bears danger, especially to Christians as a minority. This can happen through the burdens and biases of Christians to vote. Through descriptive literature methods of biblical perspective with contextual interpretation alongside political reviews and literature, this paper tries to answer the question of how a Christian should vote for their future leader amidst identity and political pressure. The Bible can be a clear guideline to show that such political events and methods had already occurred in the Old Testament and New Testament eras. The wisdom contained in the Proverbs that was intended for future young leaders, as well as the wisdom of Jesus Christ, can help shape the answer on how a Christian should vote for their future leaders. This paper finds that Christians as minorities should try to be objective following biblical standards and the quality of a leader, such as righteousness, multiple councils, servanthood, and accountability, rather than drowning in misconceptions of defensive and subjective votes based on religion-ethnicity sameness or popular opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership is championed through political participation starting from the grassroots to the federal. However, Christians' participation in politics/governance has not been significant and their civic responsibilities appear to be consciously eroded given the misconceptions of biblical injunctions. To address this, qualitative methods were used in critiquing areas of duties of Christians' in Nigerian politics and democratic governance from doctrinal and moral standpoints; and examining the doctrinal and moral questions surrounding Christians' apathy. The paper revealed that three areas of obligations that Christians are to fulfill comprise: duty to God, duty to the State, and duty to neighbours. Failure of the clergymen, failure of the government, political corruption, godfatherism conundrum and failure of the security operatives were the identified moral questions. The paper concluded that the level of Christian involvement in Nigerian politics is low and democratic governance is lacking in Nigeria. It therefore submitted that Christians should fulfill their duties through political involvement and advance social justice and social welfare policies as part of the hallmarks of scriptural injunctions. The implication of the paper for practice is that except the moral questions raised in this paper are tackled, Christians would likely maintain their apathetic stand on politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a response to an article by Hefin Jones concerning the lack of importance given to the personal development of Christians published within the issue. It notes that the work of Jones was able to cover issues that should be of concern to Congregationalists. It adds that Jones has mentioned that the gifts important for the good health of the church have been provided by God yet church members are said to have not been encouraged to use such gifts. It emphasizes the need to develop plans such as Church Development Plans.

It is a glaring fact that the environment has constantly been subjected to deforestation, air and atmospheric pollution, and many other related factors that threaten both human and animal life. Individuals, governments, churches, etc. have long identified the pressure on the ecology and have addressed it from different perspectives. This paper thus sought to address this environmental problem from a religious or Christian point of view. Since the paper involved the analysis of a text (Mark 16:15), text critical method was applied. This method studies and compares ancient manuscripts of texts like biblical passages to find out which texts were originally written by the author and can thus be proved authentic. It was found out in the analysis that though Mark 16:15 was not written by the original author of Mark's gospel, the text laid bare the fact that Christians especially, must have a strong sense of responsibility towards nature. Enshrined in Jesus's mandate to his disciples in Mark 16:15 is the Christian responsibility to care for created things. It appears, however, that in their evangelisation plans, Christians concentrate more on the salvation of human beings than the survival of the ecology which suffers from the handiworks of humans. Christians are, therefore, encouraged to value nature and take necessary measures to ensure its survival. This paper contributes to the debate on how sacred texts can positively influence humanity's attitudes towards the ecosystem. It creates the awareness that nature is God's greatest gift to humanity and must be properly cared for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collectanea Theologica is the property of Uniwersytet Kardynala Stefana Wyszynskiego w Warszawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper highlights the key features of the Christian and Islamic Economic systems and encourages Christians and Muslims to work together to develop not only a system of Christian Economics, but also a pan-Abrahamic system of economics called Holy Book Finance. The paper outlines various methods of inter-faith collaboration to make this vision a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the role of independent and interdenominational Pentecostal actors in the politicisation of American Pentecostalism between the 1950s and 1970s. It lays particular stress on a nexus of three tightly interrelated groups: the deliverance movement (with emphasis on Oral Roberts and Gordon Lindsay); the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship, International; and the Word of Faith movement (with emphasis on Kenneth Copeland). The paper reveals a striking diversity of mid-century political postures and positions, but documents a growing shift towards political networking, patriotic themes and activities, and Christian Americanism within these quarters throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, culminating in open political engagement. That outcome is epitomised by Copeland's fervent endorsement of President Richard Nixon in a sequence of prophetic messages that prefigured, in striking ways, the ardent embrace of Donald Trump by New Apostolic Reformation prophets almost a half-century later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protestant communities in South India were vocal in dissenting against colonial rule and in expressing their discomfort with the demographic politics of nationalist discourse. Within this context, this paper focuses on young Christian women in Madras, who, in the 1930s and 1940s, articulated an internationalist ethic and a geography of ecumenical belonging that drew on their positioning within internationalist humanitarian, Christian socialist and global student Christian networks. Critiquing the narrowly regional and national geographies within which minoritised communities in South Asia have tended to be studied, I argue that these young women drew on social gospel theology to imagine an expansive international geography of social action, while critiquing their positioning as 'minorities' within the emergent Indian nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One thing the world at this time needs is leadership. As a Christian, the bible contains countless figures who exhibit biblical leadership. In this day and age, Christian leadership is an uncommon and significant quality. Mrs. White even mentioned the traits of those who can stand up for what is right in the midst of chaos. Numerous individuals with this quality of leadership are mentioned in the Bible, including Joseph, Daniel, Paul, and even Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior; however, the focus of this essay is Joshua, the man who succeeded. This paper is based on the identification results above, the researcher defines the problems that are considered to greatly influence the leadership model based on the book of Joshua on the performance of executive and legislative employees. This resultresultstesting of the hypothesis shows thatTransactional leadership based on the book of Joshuahas a positive and significant influenceOn the Performance of Christian executive and legislative employees in Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. This is in accordance with the proposed hypothesis. Thus the hypothesis is declared accepted. Based on the T test, it is known that the t-count is 14.682 > t-table (14.682 > 1.654) and sig < 0.01 (0.000 < 0.01), this means that H0 is rejected and H6 is accepted. Or in other words shows thatTransactional leadership based on the book of Joshuahas a significant influence on the performance of Christian executive and legislative employees in Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. From the Pearson correlation value on sub variablePerformance of Christian executive and legislative employees in Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is considerable agreement that mainstream organization and management theory (OMT) has been undergirded by religious faith and beliefs, we nevertheless lack a well-developed understanding of how contemporary scholars' faiths may serve to inform OMT. In this paper we differentiate between faith and belief, describe the idea of organization and management theoria (OMTia), and then develop a process model that describes how faith informs OMTia, which in turn informs OMT. The paper presents two illustrative first-person accounts of the process model in practice, one from a Buddhist perspective and the other from a Christian perspective. We conclude with implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 30 years of wars or reformation wars of religion were followed by secularization, a seemingly apparent solution to religious intolerance. However, despite the benefits of secularism, it became another challenge to Christianity and won the struggle but not without leaving its taint on Christianity. it was in this context that the missionaries made so much sacrifice and brought the Christian faith to this part of West Africa called Nigeria. As was the case in Europe, the negative impact of secularism persists in Nigeria to date among Christians thereby putting the integrity of the gospel into question. Using a desktop preview method, this paper analyses the negative dimensions of secular humanism, a side word for secularism. The paper further examines their implications on the success of evangelization otherwise known as Christian religious outreach. The Biblical perspective which is considered the central Christian authority is explored as a guide to true Christian humanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Christian responses to religious and spiritual experiences (RSEs) associated with psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT). It addresses the challenges of defining and understanding spiritual and religious experiences and examines the theological implications of PAT-induced RSEs. It highlights the growing acceptance of PAT as a therapeutic approach and its potential benefits for mental health. It also discusses the occurrence of RSEs in individuals undergoing such therapy. In response to these experiences, I propose four possible Christian perspectives: viewing RSEs as illusions, perceiving them as inherently evil, considering them as encounters with the Christian God, or acknowledging their reality while recognizing their broader occurrence beyond the Christian tradition. The paper emphasizes the importance of active dialog and collective responses within the Christian community to avoid hindering individuals seeking mental health relief through PAT. By engaging with these theological questions, Christians can navigate the complexities and potential benefits of RSEs in the context of psychedelic-assisted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the positions of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and its teams regarding anti-racism protests from historical, sociological, and political perspectives. In the wake of global attention to racism and protests sparked by George Floyd's death, athletes have increasingly used their platforms to criticize society's shortcomings. Basketball, particularly the NBA, has played a prominent role in these protests due to its high representation of Black players and its perceived image as a progressive organization regarding political and social engagement. Through a literature-based hermeneutic research approach, the study gathers data from secondary sources such as academic papers, books, reports, articles, and official NBA websites. The historical development of Black basketball, from its origins in the Young Men's Christian Association to its present-day standing, is examined, showing that the development of "Black" basketball has been instrumental in the current position and importance of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color in the league. The NBA's regulations, policies, and initiatives related to diversity, inclusion, and racial justice are analyzed, along with its individual teams' efforts to combat racism. Despite the NBA's positive steps, racial disparities persist at the management level within teams, and some clubs still lack explicit diversity values and initiatives. This article concludes that while the NBA has taken significant strides in creating an anti-racist environment, there remains work to be done to eradicate racism entirely. The league's commitment to anti-racism and social justice is evident, but it is essential for both the NBA and its teams to continue their efforts and create a safe space for anti-racist protests. The study emphasizes the importance of sustained engagement and collective action to drive meaningful and lasting change within US basketball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sin which is a violation of God's law, makes humans stray away from God and causes damage to the relationship between them and God. Humans can't get back in touch with God unless they have received forgiveness from God. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the meaning of forgiveness as it is expressed in the Gospel of Matthew 6:14-15, through a biblical study based on the Byzantine Greek text of the Bible. The approaches taken were an exegesis and a descriptive literature methodology approach. The result obtained in this limited study is that the meaning of forgiveness in the Gospel of Matthew 6:14-15 is that there is a connection between the first clause and the second clause used which is a conditional sentence along with its negation. Based on the grammatical and lexical structure of Matthew 6:14 the second clause is an apodosis of the first clause, where the second clause is the answer to the first clause which is the prosthesis. So the sentence apodosis will apply if the prosthesis is fulfilled, as well as in the next paragraph which is the sentence negation. When the prosthesis in Matthew 6:15 is not performed, then the apodosis in Matthew 6:14 becomes invalid. Also, Matthew 6:14-15 cannot be separated from Matthew 6:12, where the translation of this verse grammatically states that God has forgiven humans first, and this is the basis for Matthew 6:14-15. This was emphasized by the Lord Jesus in Matthew 18:35. Christians in Indonesia should understand the meaning of forgiveness that the Lord Jesus taught, so that after a person has repented and become a Christian, he or she remains in Christ and keeps their life holy and forgive others, as a form of response to God, for the forgiveness that the Lord Jesus has given to them. Thus there must be repentance including a change of heart about one's actions or one's whole life. Atonement is needed as well which is making reparation after one has committed an offense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the panoply of theological discourses in Africa that seek to identify the role and the place of Black theology in post‐apartheid South Africa and the broader context of postcolonial Africa. This task is premised on two assertions. First is the argument of Alistair Kee that Black theology would have become redundant with the end of apartheid if racism remained its only subject of critical analysis. Second, Kee's assertion corroborates Allan Boesak's observation that beyond its goal to support the end of apartheid, Black theology is an ongoing discourse to rediscover and reclaim human dignity and identity. These two arguments underscore the need for a reassessment of South African Black theologies, redefining this theology's foundational ideals and casting new visions for emerging theological concerns today, including for the wider African context. The paper therefore explores the intersecting identities of "black, queer, and Christian" as an imperative for Black theologies' discourses in Africa today. Using a queer Black consciousness as a theoretical lens, these identities are examined through the eucharistic ritual of an LGBT church in Kenya where the phrase "this is my body," on the institution of the eucharistic meal in the gospels, has become concretized and performed as a liberative praxis for people who identify as LGBT. As such, it is argued that the eucharistic ritual becomes a symbol, an art, and an act of resistance in Africa, where LGBT people continue to assert and affirm their identity and dignity of blackness, queerness, and faith (Christian). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amman, as the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, has been said to suffer from a crisis of identity, a condition that is seen as impinging a sense of authentic urban memory and form. As it has become the destination of multiple refugee and migrant communities seeking safety in Jordan, Amman's subsequent migrant make-up has been primarily narrated as a burden – on space, on resources and on understandings of the Jordanian national self-preventing a sense of national unity being found within its capital. Countering these narratives of burden and crises, this paper seeks to reconceptualise the role of migrants in Jordan's capital as contributing to and participating in the development of Amman as a modern urban centre. By discussing one particular communal group – Palestinian Christians – and their contributions to the socio-spatial fabric of the city this paper aims to promote a shift in narrative around Amman in particular, and Jordan in general, as one which can embrace its history of not only migrating people but their ideas of modernity and urbanity and how they are imprinted on the urban landscape today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes new ways of missional engagement during the Covid-19 pandemic and afterwards in Korea. While Covid-19 is inflicting serious damage on the entire Korean society, the damage to the Protestant churches is serious. The local government’s prohibition of ‘in-person gathering’ for worship resulted in the decrease of membership and endangered the unique paradigm of ‘in-gathering’-centred ecclesiology in Korean Protestant churches. The study tried to understand how local congregations coped with the changed situation in their missional engagement. Three congregations were used as case studies of how the local congregations responded to their missional tasks during the pandemic. With some preliminary assessments from these case studies, the paper suggests three ways of missional engagement of local congregation in Korea during the pandemic and even after the pandemic: 1) engaging personal fellowship using narratives, 2) performing a habitual ethical lifestyle, and 3) embracing the practice of hospitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Qur'anic Studies is the property of Edinburgh University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The German and Swedish Lutheran Mission was a major and pioneering Protestant mission society that started its mission work in Tamil Nadu. The Halle Danish, Leipzig mission, and Church of Sweden mission societies had a larger mission field in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Christians are intimately associated with the German Lutheran Mission and Swedish Mission. The first German Lutheran missionaries, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Plütschau, came to India in 1706. From then on, many Lutheran missionaries came to Tamil Nadu. Afterwards Tamil Nadu became a thriving Christian center for decades, with a strong Christian congregation, church, and several institutions. The majority of these Christians are descendants of Dalits (former untouchable Paraiyars) and Kallars who embraced Christianity. From a life of near slavery, poverty, illiteracy, oppression, and indignity, conversion to Christianity transformed the lives of these people. Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Dalits and Kallars found liberation and have made significant progress because of the Christian missionaries of the Church of the German and Swedish Mission. Both the German and Swedish Mission offered the Gospel of a new religion to not only the subaltern people but also the possibility of secular salvation. The history of Lutherans needs to be understood as a part of Christian subaltern history (Analysing the Indian mission history from the native perspective). My paper will mainly focus on Tamil Lutheran Dalit and Kallar Christians. In this paper, I propose to elucidate the role of German and Swedish Lutheran missionaries in the social, economic, educational, and spiritual life of Tamil Lutheran Dalits and Kallars. Due to the page limit, I am going to mainly focus on Swedish Mission and Kallar Lutheran Christians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]