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The global push for net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 requires countries to adopt sustainable energy sources, address energy poverty and promote energy security. Nigeria is grappling with an energy crisis, and the recently enacted Climate Change Act 2021 offers the prospect of addressing this while advancing energy sustainability. The study evaluates the Act's potential in promoting energy security and global net-zero carbon emissions. Nigeria faces challenges in recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic and combating climate change, prompting countries to take domestic and international measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Through doctrinal legal research and conceptual analysis, the study examines Nigeria's Climate Change Act, proposing solutions to enhance its commitment to global net-zero carbon emissions. It conducts a comparative legal analysis of climate change frameworks in Kenya, Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo, providing insights and suggesting reforms to Nigeria's Act for Energy Security. While the existing laws are adequate, weak enforcement by regulatory agencies and a lack of political will hinder compliance. Public awareness regarding individual contributions to climate change is also lacking. The study recommends increased funding for regulatory institutions and proactive public awareness. Complying with the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goal 13 is vital for a sustainable energy future., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This research entailed the acquisition of long-term (1980-2020) meteorological data (rainfall, temperature, and runoff) which was used to compute the values for the mean annual, monthly, and seasonal hydro-climate variables to establish their trend and behavior. To substantiate if the patterns of runoff are in any way due to the changing climate, the meteorological data were subjected to non-parametric tests-Mann-Kendall (MK), Sen's slope estimator, Kendall tau, and partial correlation. MK trend test for runoff, rainfall, and temperature (on an annual and seasonal basis) revealed significant trends on an annual scale. Nevertheless, rainfall data did not exhibit any, observable trend on a seasonal scale. On both annual and seasonal scales, temperature values showed increasing trends. In the entire period considered (1980-2020), runoff also exhibited a remarkable increase in trend. Sen's estimator values ranged from - 0.04 to 3.23. The results of the Kendall tau correlation showed that runoff is positively correlated to rainfall (tau = 0.222), with a high confidence level (95%). Again, the partial correlation analysis of runoff and climatic variables for annual and seasonal timescale, results show that the runoff is significantly (r xy.z  = 0.315) affected by both rainfall and temperature. It is therefore recommended that future research should utilize robust input-output models to determine the amount of water stress in the basin. As a sustainable management approach, artificial surface water reservoirs should be constructed to complement the available water from the Sokoto-Rima river and alleviate the water stress experienced by the population., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The interaction of land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change, to a large extent, involves anthropogenic activities. This study was carried out in the derived savannah of Nigeria, a delicate, transition ecological zone between the rainforest and savanna zones where the interaction of LULC and climate change could be well appreciated. Using the remote sensing and GIS, Land Change Modeler (LCM), and multivariate geostatistics tools, the study evaluated coupled interaction between LULC and climate change and assessed the changes in the land use/land cover patterns for the periods 1972, 1986, 2002, and 2019. It also evaluated the present (1941-2019) and future (2020-2050) variability in rainfall patterns and made an attempt to predict the interaction between LULC and climate change in future climate. The results suggest that the urban (built-up) area, waterbody, woodland, and farmland experienced a rapid increase of about 2,400%, 583%, 277%, and 32%, respectively, while the forest cover lost about 39% between 1972 and 2019. Furthermore, the study predicted 46% and 29% reduction in the forested area between 2002 and 2050 and 2019 and 2050, respectively. The study concludes that rainfall will be the major driver of LULC change within the study area under a future climate., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Since the first issue of the International Journal of Biometeorology in 1957, a total of 135 papers have reported on research in or of African countries. The majority of these have been on topics of animal biometeorology (36%), and the greatest proportion (24%) are situated in Nigeria. There has been a considerable increase in papers on African biometeorology since 2011, with those from this past decade accounting for 58% of all African papers in the journal. This occurs concurrent to an increase in the total number of papers published in the journal, driven by a move to the Editorial Manager system. While 66% of the papers on African biometeorology in the journal are authored by at least one person with an affiliation in the African continent, only 15 African countries are represented in the total authorship. As much of the African continent is projected to experience climatic changes exceeding the global mean, as much of the region is involved in animal and plant farming, and as seasonally-fluctuating and climatically affected diseases are common place, this low representation of work in Africa is surprising. This points to the need for greater awareness among African researchers of the discipline of biometeorology, greater involvement of African biometeorologists in International Society of Biometeorology and Commission meetings, and the inclusion of a greater number of African academics in the review process. This would be beneficial to the Society in increasing diversity and encouraging a more cosmopolitan engagement, and to the recognition of scientific development in African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Social housing offers occupants comfort, safety and protection against extreme weather conditions. However, social housing occupants in various regions of Nigeria face various challenges. This paper aims to use a quantitative approach to examine the factors that contribute to the challenges faced by occupants in social housing within a semi-arid climate of Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: An exploratory cross-sectional survey was used to administer 1,032 copies of structured questionnaires to occupants of social housing in Maiduguri, one of the largest urban centers of the semi-arid climate in Nigeria. A total of 955 responses were retrieved, giving a response rate of 92.5%. The statistical model used in analyzing data was relative importance indices and factor analysis. Findings: The results show that poor quality of FM services provided, poor maintenance of building components, damage to materials and valuables in the Harmattan period and housekeeping problems due to dust deposition in doors, while the poor response to occupants' complaints/reports is the least among the occupants' challenges in order of importance. Moreover, the results of the factor analysis further established that inadequate FM services and poor environmental conditions are the two factors contributing to the occupants' challenges in social housing within the semi-arid climate of Nigeria. Originality/value: This paper seeks to examine the factors contributing to social housing occupants' challenges in the semi-arid climate of Nigeria. The paper should inform policymakers, academics and professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North-western Nigeria faces significant vulnerability to the impact of climate change. In recent years, States that comprise the zone had increasingly experienced conflicts, such as farmers-herders clashes, cattle rustling, and rural banditry, a situation aggravated by the interaction of multiple factors related to the scarcity of natural resources such as loss of grazing lands, water scarcity, erosion, and drought-induced by the climatic changing condition. This paper, therefore, explored the intersection between climate change and cattle rustling in the North-Western part of the country. The paper argued that changing in climate influenced cattle rustling and rural banditry in the North-west. Employing a qualitative approach, this paper relies on secondary data and utilises descriptive content analysis as method of data analysis to provide an insight on climate change linkage with cattle rustling as an old and emerging organized crime in the North-Western part of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper speaks on certain environmental problems in Nigeria and the interest here is on eco-aesthetics and the communication of environmental issues. Although eco-problems have become globally endemic, the inclination of many Nigerians has predisposed them to negative environmental conditions. It is this understanding that prompted my thinking of the problem of the environment from a visual standpoint. The increasing scientific concourse around the ecological problem has left non-scientific studies emerging from behind. Yet artistic actions are burgeoning. Visual and creative methods could be properly leveraged for adaptive and mitigatory directions, considering the rise of the image culture of this time. In this paper, I have engaged with my artistic practice as a way to provide understanding and discourse around selected ecological issues. Using my motivated artworks as visual data, this study explores three major themes: the generic concept of climate change, emissions, and waste mismanagement informed largely by Nigeria's throwaway culture. This practice-led process of artistic exploration follows a qualitative paradigm of study. The visual data and their themes stand as visual metaphors and are so analysed using conceptual metaphor theory expounded by Lakoff and Johnson, Andrew Ortony, and Charles Forceville. The study provides understanding, redirects the sensibilities of the audience, and adduces positive responses to eco-publicising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North Central Nigeria has experienced a series of deadly conflicts between Fulani herders and farmers. Contestation over ecological space and natural resources, prompted by climate-induced drought, has promoted a migratory form of pastoralism. The influx of Fulani herders in the region has triggered deadly eco-related conflicts between the host communities and the Fulani herders. Consequently, the RUGA settlement policy was unilaterally introduced to prevent migratory pastoralism, including, among others, to provide an immobile or stationary system of pastoralism in the host communities. This paper explains why and how host communities opposed the RUGA settlement policy in North Central Nigeria. As a significant contribution to the literature, its findings align with some theories that inform the possibility of host communities' resistance to top-down government policies, some of which are highlighted as implementation barriers to the RUGA settlement scheme. The paper acknowledges the relevance of participatory, inclusive, and consensus-based conflict resolution strategies, particularly at local community levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to address Nigeria's challenges in meeting its climate objectives by investigating feasible pathways that can be implemented to accelerate progress and ensure credibility in meeting these targets. By examining the current policies and practices in place as well as successful strategies employed by other countries, this paper aims to provide strategies and policy implications recommendations for Nigeria to enhance its climate action efforts. The potential scenarios developed in this study ranged from increasing renewable energy capacity to implementing stricter regulations and standards for industries to reduce their carbon footprint, promote sustainable production processes, and strengthen climate governance and policy frameworks. The authors further investigated these measures and discovered that implementing stricter regulations and standards for industries would reduce their carbon footprint, promote sustainable production processes, and strengthen climate governance and policy frameworks. As such, Nigeria will be able to meet its climate goals more quickly as a result of the following factors: preventing environmental degradation, funding environmentally friendly infrastructure, and improving public transportation systems that can reduce vehicle-related greenhouse gas emissions. The authors developed policy measures based on the proposed twelve credible pathways to catching up with climate goals in Nigeria, thereby promoting faster progress by the Nigerian government in achieving climate goals. By adopting these measures, Nigeria's progress toward the proposed zero net by 2060 will be significantly accelerated. It will position Nigeria as a continental leader in sustainable development and contribute to the overall global efforts to mitigate climate change. This will not only benefit the environment but also lead to financial development and an improved standard of living for its citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a global issue that affects every country, a pressing issue that requires global response. Nigeria is one of the countries that are most affected by climate change. The Nigerian government has recognized the impact of climate change on the country's economy, health, and environment, and has put in place laws and policies to address the issue. However, the question remains whether these laws and policies are effective in mitigating the impact of climate change or if they are simply symbolic gestures with no real impact on the ground. This paper examines the Nigerian climate change laws and policies to determine whether they are contributing to progress or stagnation. The paper provides an overview of the Nigerian climate change laws and policies, including the Climate Change Policy and Response Strategy (2012) and the National Climate Change Policy (2013). It1 also examines the legal framework for climate change in Nigeria, including the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) and the Environmental Impact Assessment Act (1992). The paper then analyses the effectiveness of Nigeria's climate change laws and policies, especially the 2021 Act. The analysis is based on a review of relevant literature, as well as interviews with key stakeholders in Nigeria's climate change sector. The analysis reveals that while Nigeria has made some progress in addressing climate change, there are still significant challenges to be overcome. These challenges include a lack of funding, limited public awareness and understanding of climate change, and weak institutional frameworks. It concludes by recommending measures that can be taken to improve Nigeria's climate change laws and policies. Overall, the paper suggests that while Nigeria has made some progress in addressing climate change, there is still much work to be done to ensure that the country is better prepared to tackle this critical issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examined the effect of climate variables on poultry production efficacy in Nigeria with emphasis on broilers and layers. Multi-stage sampling was used to select 401 poultry farmers who provided useful information with the aid of a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and logit regression model. Result shows that free range accounted for 22.7%, battery cage 11.2%, deep litter 54.6%, and semi-free range 11.5% were notable systems of poultry rearing in the state. Heat stress 75.1%, reduced egg 99.8% and meat production 88.5%, and reduction in quality of eggs 51.9% were some of the climate change effects on poultry production. Adaptation strategies of poultry farmers include; proper housing system 100%, proper feed formulation 99.8%, right stocking density 96.8% and adequate water and feed supply 82.8%. Age, education, off-farm activities, size of poultry pen and poultry farming experience were important adaptation determinants of poultry farmers to climate change. High price of feed 100%, lack of access to credit services 77.1%, disease outbreak and parasites 100% and high cost of poultry inputs 99.5% constrained poultry farming. The study concludes that climate variables affect poultry farming. Farmers were recommended to practice climate smart poultry production to mitigate adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper addresses an acknowledged knowledge gap by exploring both impact and risk in an African cultural context. • This paper is the first to assess the same methodology at two very different site types in two very different regions. • This paper presents a bottom-up, values-based and community focused approach to understanding climate risk. • This paper presents an approach to embed sustainable change, with a strong focus on capacity building and knowledge exchange. Climate change is a major threat to global heritage and many sites are already experiencing impacts from climate change and related hazards. Recent studies have indicated that this challenge is especially acute in the African continent. Climate vulnerability assessment is increasingly a key tool in periodic reporting and ongoing site management and an essential first step in climate adaptation planning. This paper presents results from climate vulnerability assessments undertaken at two UNESCO World Heritage (WH) properties: The Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara in Tanzania; and the Sukur Cultural Landscape in Nigeria. These assessments each applied a version of the Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI), a values-based, science-driven and community-focused technique. A values mapping exercise identified key heritage and socioeconomic values, including key attributes associated with the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the WH property. Downscaled climate projections were used to identify key hazards over selected emissions scenarios and timeframes, before weighing potential impacts against local adaptive capacities. Based on the timeframes and emissions scenarios, the project found OUV Vulnerability was Moderate at the Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara and Low at the Sukur Cultural Landscape, whilst the Community Vulnerability was Low for both properties. The paper will conclude with some wider observations on the application of climate vulnerability assessments in an African context and a focus on lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate change scenario and corresponding human actions on fisheries management was studied in this paper using a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations to describe the interaction between fish species subpopulations. The steady state solutions were obtained from the model equations and analysis of the steady state solutions performed for the fish biomasses at steady states with the region of stability and instability of the dynamical system established. Two growth rates with varied parameter values were adopted to determine the challenging environmental problem of fisheries production using the numerical scheme based of ODE (45). Consequently, a reduction in the growth rates parameter values resulted in the decrease in fish production whereas an increase in the growth rates parameter values witnessed an is upswing in fish production. The full results that we have obtained are presented and discussed quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female pastoralists exhibit great strength in the drive to make a dependable livelihood from livestock tending. This is not without challenges that are genderspecific. This paper examines the socio-economic and environmental challenges faced by women pastoralists in the Sahelian Region of Northern Nigeria. Primary data were derived from an interview of 2,290 adult female household members in 6 local government areas in Bauchi and Gombe States in Nigeria. A stepwise regression analysis determined that amongst 23 socio-economic variables, 14 were significant explanatory or predictive variables (p < 0.05) for the socioeconomic status of women, as a measure of their capacity to sustain pastoralism. The results indicate that the length of time or experience in pastoralism had the most predictive power (β = 0.31; p < 0.05), and contributed 13% (R2 = 0.13) in enhancing the socio-economic status of pastoralist women. This was followed by other socio-economic factors such as the level of formal educational attained, participation in household livestock raising, ownership of large livestock, climate change awareness, prevalence of out-of-school children within the household, availability of household transportation means, category of health care facility accessed, involvement in non-agricultural economic sectors, involvement in food crop farming, ownership of small livestock, amount of rest/sleep affordable, membership of community development groups, and age. The paper recommends support for female education in pastoral communities, access to health care in remote areas, and upgrading community development groups to cooperative or self-help groups that can provide affordable loans to assist pastoralist women in thriving better in a supposedly male-dominated profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is recognised among the drivers of conflicts in developing regions but the growing studies on climate change–violent conflict nexus in Africa have paid little attention to the spatial dimension of the farmer–herder conflict in Nigeria. Existing studies have not explored the issue of climate change vulnerability regarding the farmer–herder conflict. Therefore, this paper contributes to the literature by examining the spatial dimension of the relationship between climate change and farmer–herder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria. Data were obtained from various secondary sources and the analyses were based on climate security vulnerability model. The study shows that the farmer–herder conflict is widespread across Nigeria but with significant spatial clustering and the hotspot is in the Middle Belt, especially in Benue State. The result of the regression model indicates that climate change vulnerability is the best predictor of the farmer–herder conflict in Nigeria but the effect is negative. This result implies that regions more vulnerability to climate change experience lesser farmer–herder conflict. The paper demonstrates that climate change could influence herders' migration pattern as the herders now move southward due to deteriorating environmental conditions partly caused by changing climate in the northern regions. Thus, it argues climate change is not necessarily the cause of the conflict because the change in the pattern of herder's migration does not automatically lead to climate change causing conflict. Migration is important but the mechanism establishing the migration–conflict nexus has to be explained by taking cognisance of identity differentials between herding groups and local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined rain action on buildings in South-eastern Nigeria where annual rainfall figures range from 1740mm to 2400mm. The aim of the study was to establish the importance of climatic context in building design to ensure resilience to adverse rain action. The study was conducted inside the premises of the Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri. All the buildings in the institution totalling 116 were assessed based on age, design features, and types and levels of rain damage. Data collection was by physical enumeration and pictorial documentation. Analysis of results was by simple descriptive statistics. The findings identified either mild or severe rain damage on the buildings, traceable to design features, materials, and construction detailing. The study concluded that buildings in the study area should have high-pitched roofs, extensive eave overhangs, rain collection and discharge mechanism through gutters and downspouts, impervious walls, airtight openings, shaded windows, and elevated ground floor levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. While some African states have contributed very little to the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions driving climate change, others are heavier polluters. Over many decades, Nigeria's oil and gas industry and the gas flaring for which it is notorious, has significantly contributed to the global rise of GHGs. The country is already experiencing the adverse effects of climate change in term of increasing cases of droughts, sea-level rise, acid precipitation and floods, among others. Global climate litigation has foregrounded the potential contributions which a national court can make in regulating the human activities that fuel climate change and undermine mitigation and adaptation efforts. Against this backdrop, this paper will assess the current status of climate change litigation in Nigeria. The paper argues that climate change litigation in Nigeria is still in its infancy. However, it will critically assess the paradigm shifts evident in the decision of the Nigerian Supreme Court in the recent case of Centre for Oil Pollution Watch (COPW) v Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), arguing that this case potentially clears the way for future climate change litigation in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the determinants of the strategies adopted by the arable crop farmers in coping with climate change in Osun state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 arable crop farmers as samples for the study. Data for the study were collected with a structured interview schedule. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistical tools; frequency distributions, means, standard deviation, percentages, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Descriptive results reveal that most (87.5%) of the sampled farmers were male, and married (63.00%). The average age, household size, and years of formal education were 53.6 years, 10.15 persons, and 5.20 years respectively. Perceived significant variables influencing climate change were fluctuating rainfall patterns and extreme temperature with weighted mean scores (WMS) of 4.55 and 4.47 respectively. The major climate change adaptation strategy and constraint to adaptation were late or early planting, and unavailability of capital with WMS scores of 4.54 and 2.80 respectively. Significant factors influencing climate change adaptation strategies were age, household size, years of formal education, and farming experience. The study concluded that farmers were aware of the effects of climate change and have adopted coping strategies, especially planting their crops early or late in line with emerging rainfall patterns. Thus, extension services must be tailored towards awareness and adoption of improved agronomy practices and planting materials, especially early maturing and drought-resistant varieties of crops that would mitigate climate change effects on crop productivity. Also, farmers should be encouraged to insure their crops against failure due to the effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The growing threat of disasters caused by climate change, of which flooding is the most prevalent has led to a call for a change in the design of, and roll-out of disaster mitigation and response policies. A more inclusive approach to Disaster Risk Reduction has been advocated with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction calling for the involvement of women and marginalized groups for more effectiveness and efficiency. The rapidly urbanizing countries of sub-Saharan Africa are particularly vulnerable to the threats and impacts of disasters, including flooding, and women in these countries are differentially vulnerable and marginalized. In response to the call for the inclusion of women in disaster risk management, this scoping review seeks to understand to what extent Nigerian women have been engaged or included in urban flooding research. This review finds that very little research has been conducted on gender and flooding. In addition, 85% of the papers reviewed focus on rural women, while the prevalence and rising threats of flooding in urban areas are given little attention. As urban centers throughout the region are becoming more feminized, a better understanding of urban women's experiences with flooding will help ensure a more inclusive and effective disaster response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper sought the opinions of English language teachers on the integration of climate change adaptation strategies into the secondary school English language curriculum in Nigeria for sustainable development. Three research questions guided the study. The design of the study was the survey research design. The study was carried out in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State with 137 English language teachers constituting the sample for the study. The Climate Change Adaptation Questionnaire was developed and validated. The data got were analyzed using means and standard deviation to answer the research questions. The results revealed that respondents agreed that climate change themes such as meaning, causes, vulnerability and impact as well as climate change adaptation strategies should be integrated into the secondary school English language curriculum. They also agreed that debates, stories, drama and speeches are some of the strategies through which climate change adaptation can be integrated into the English language curriculum. They were also of the opinion that integration of climate change adaptation strategies into the English language curriculum would require the training and retraining of teachers and production of relevant textbooks. On the basis of the findings it was recommended that the English language curriculum should be expanded to include climate change themes, while workshops should be organized at the school, community, state and federal levels to sensitize all stakeholders, including teachers, students and parents on the reality of climate change and appropriate adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detrimental stresses of future climate change are well known and decisions are required to reduce their effects. Climate and disease stresses cause severe damage to plants and it is essential to understand how they will respond. Oil palm (OP) is an Fusarium important crop for many countries. The palm originated in Africa, where palm oil is produced in the largest amount within the continent by Nigeria. OP becomes stressed by climate change and wilt, a devastating disease of OP in Africa. Previous methods to determine the suitability of future climate on OP in continents and whole countries were applied to Nigeria, which is the first time an individual country has been assessed in this manner. Climate maps of Nigeria were divided equally into 16 regions from north to south and east to west to determine the future suitable climate for growing OP. CLIMEX and narrative modelling were used to determine suitability for growing OP and Fusarium wilt incidence for current time and 2050. Maps from published papers were employed directly thereby facilitating the procedure. A distinct latitudinal increasing trend from north to south in suitable climate was observed, which was unexpected. A decreasing longitudinal trend from west to east was also observed. These differences in suitable climates may allow refuges for OP in the future. The growth of OP in the south of Nigeria may be largely unaffected by climate change by 2050, unlike the north. The procedures allow policy decisions at state and national levels to be made from empirical data, which do not otherwise exist. States with low amounts of OP and where the climate deteriorates greatly, could usefully be abandoned. Other low palm oil producers, where the climate does not deteriorate greatly, could be encouraged to develop OP. Little requires to be done in the high producing states where the climate does not deteriorate. In all cases, the environmental impacts require thorough assessment. Climate change requires reduction as indicated in recent Conference of the Parties meetings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender inequality is one of the main drivers of food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa, as it is the main threat to the agricultural production activities of women due to climate change. The interplay between gender and vulnerability to the impacts of climate change especially on agriculture and food security in Nigeria is poorly documented. Through a systematic review, this paper investigated the interplay between gender and the impact of climate change vulnerability on agriculture and food security in Nigeria. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA approach. The results document that gender issues are poorly addressed in research on vulnerability to climate change impacts on agriculture with implications for food security in Nigeria. More importantly, the existing studies are limited in number with little focus on food security in relation to vulnerability. Moreover, the majority of these studies conceptualized gender in terms of two sexes: male and female. Only a few studies have considered gender as the socio-cultural roles played by men and women. Findings also indicated that women are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change impacts on agriculture and food security than men. Besides, several factors have contributed to these gender inequalities including education, age, access to land etc. Gaps in gender research include the limited gender studies in the Northern region of the country, the little conceptualization of gender as the sociocultural roles of men and women with regards to the vulnerability to climate change impact on agriculture and food security; the long-term impacts of vulnerability to climate change on social cohesion in rural households and the sustainability of strategies to reduce rural women's vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to improve the performance of Nigeria's office buildings is due to, energy challenges, increasing population, changing user needs, and climate change. With the expansion of several Nigerian cities, existing buildings constitute a significant portion of the building stock, and improving their environmental performance could be more cost-effective than reconstruction. The use of simulation packages to assess alternative retrofitting enhancement scenarios is a straightforward approach. However, in Nigeria it is often challenging to get appropriate information to facilitate this type of evaluation; many buildings were not built to their original specifications, and when available, the records are often in a poor state due to deterioration. Studies that aimed at enhancing a building's performance hardly stated the acquisition of the required building information. This paper investigates current practices and future possibilities of improvement measures and data capturing of existing buildings using a questionnaire survey of 133 building professionals in Benin City. The inter-relationship between energy efficiency, the environment, and building design with a high potential for meaningful retrofit to mitigate energy inefficiencies is known but not fully utilized. The collected thought on current practices signifies the need for developing a more economical and reliable methodology for data capturing and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proceeds on the assumption that decoloniality matters in tackling the global climate crisis, conflict, and development at the community level across countries with high vulnerabilities. Africa remains one of the most vulnerable regions in the world. By examining what decolonisation means in climate adaptation and the experience of six communities in three states in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, this article contributes to the conceptualisation of the decolonial discourse of climate adaptation, development and conflict understood as conditions favourable to the crisis. I analysed qualitative data obtained from the coastal communities through observation, focus group discussions, and interviews. The results showed a reinforcement of positions in a segment of the literature on decolonial climate adaptation in communities in some parts of the world. Migration, alternative sources of livelihood, embarkment of shorelines, skills development, vocations, and infrastructure development are among legitimate adaptive measures local communities are adopting. At the same time, maladaptive measures such as piracy, kidnapping, illegal oil refining, and gangsterism are common. These antisocial behaviours lead to conflict and contribute to making climate change a very complex problem. Decolonial climate adaptation requires collaborative interventions at the level of the community, sub-national, national, and multilateral fronts. The fact that climate change is a global problem with unequal impact means that the capacity to respond well to it at the community, sub-national, national, regional, continental, and international levels is crucial in addressing the crisis. The role of decoloniality in the handling of the effects of climate change in the community may take the form of integration of local and western knowledge. The decolonial framework would appear to be elastic with a potential conceptual role of critical assessment of existing frameworks, outcomes, impact, and power relations. One of the striking messages in this analysis is the likely role of local knowledge in reducing the risk of social tension and criminal conflict, and the need to strengthen it to increase the resilience and well-being of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry sector is large and expanding in the global South, playing a central role in providing increased protein to a rapidly growing base of consumers. The sector includes small backyard farms, small commercial operations, and very large, complex enterprises. Although there is substantial literature on climate adaptation by crop farmers and large livestock farmers, such information is limited for poultry. This study focuses on the effects of higher temperatures on commercial poultry farms in southwest Nigeria and their adaptation strategies. We use a rich set of in-depth interviews to describe how poultry farmers are adapting to higher temperatures and their reasons for adopting particular practices. In general, interviewees are aware that temperatures have increased over time and that heat stress reduces poultry productivity in terms of weight gain and laying capacity. They are knowledgeable and are not passively enduring the adverse effects of higher temperatures as they have adopted a range of adaptation practices. This study identified three main adaptation strategies: (i) keeping drinking water cool, (ii) keeping the building cool and increasing ventilation, and (iii) giving birds medicines and supplements that help them cope with increased heat. Small farms tend to adopt simple and low-cost practices, and large farms tend to adopt more sophisticated and expensive approaches, in line with the nature of their respective operations. The paper's findings can help address gaps in strategies aiming to help this critically important sector of the food system be robust to future environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the current issues that involve environmental changes in Nigeria and environmental threats within the country. The fundamental aim of scientific knowledge in environmental studies is to reconcile climate change and environmental sustainability with developmental goals. Therefore, information on impact adaptation to climate change and vulnerability research is required to develop specific, action-oriented, interdisciplinary, successful, sociopolitical and democratic reform for the entire population of a country. This condition requires large inclusion of environmental researchers, institutions, re-inventing of research structures and ideas to dominate the global environmental change research and the critical analysis of present decision making, power, structure and related information structures. This review presents the effect of climate change in Nigeria and encourages adaptation research with challenging innovation, such as the use of energy-efficient renewable energy sources to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper also highlighted the need for researchers to become detailed, action oriented and multiscalar and to attend communications structure problems in enhancing the environmental activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent need for clean innovative energy systems is widely recognized amidst increasing concerns over energy insecurity, climate change and other environmental impacts of a carbon-constrained economy. Several renewable energy technologies such as small hydropower (SHP) are poised to play a critical role in the transition to a low-carbon future in Nigeria. The technically exploitable small hydro capability in Nigeria is high but underutilized in spite of the recent power sector reform of the government. The main objective of this paper is to trace the evolution of small hydropower and determine what component of the interactive learning mechanisms would result in the most significant outcome. The paper also maps out the networks of actors and linkages among those involved in the development and deployment of SHP technology in Nigeria. The study assesses the innovation process of the key stakeholders on models of sustainable SHP in the country. In the final assessment, the study identifies four models with firm-driven and a hybrid of policy and donor-driven models producing the most significant outcome. The findings of this study suggest that SHP could play an important role in remote off-grid communities as well as grid-based power generation. However, barriers such as low level of technological capability, lack of up-to-date sound technical and financial analysis and low investment have hindered its deployment. This paper concludes by outlining several policy priorities that would entrench sustainable SHP for multiple societal and economic development objectives in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the global issues being combatted in recent times. One of the measures is a worldwide cutdown on carbon emissions. This has brought about the rapid development of technologies that can best actualise this goal. The decentralised energy system is designed to harness the strengths of small power-generating sources such as renewable energy sources in a noncentralised manner to help meet the global need for clean energy. Renewable energy sources are faced with the challenge of intermittency, which brings about instability in the grid. Another source of clean energy is nuclear energy, which is traditionally large and not flexible; however, the recent development of technology has resulted in a scaled-down version of the large nuclear plants that are more flexible yet provide clean and stable electricity. This paper explores the possibility of deploying nuclear microreactors in the decentralised energy system and describes the features and the challenges of a decentralised energy system. The features of the small modular reactor that make it a viable candidate for the generating source in the decentralised energy system are explored. A case study for a DES system with a microreactor was conducted for a rural area in Nigeria. The HOMER software was used in simulating the optimum system, while TOPSIS was used in ranking the systems. The result showed that the PV/nuclear/battery system ranked first, followed by the PV/nuclear/wind and battery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assessed the status of climate smart agriculture (CSA) among VADI farmers in North-central Nigeria using qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection. Two hundred and forty-seven farmers were randomly selected from the study area. Also, focus group discussions were conducted. Data collected were subjected to qualitative analysis and logit regression. The study identified five broad and important practices relevant to CSA in North-central Nigeria, which include: mobility and social networks, adjusting agricultural production systems, diversification on and beyond the farm, farm financial management, and knowledge management and regulations. The determinants of CSA in north-central Nigeria include: farming experience, education, extension, livestock ownership, income, land ownership, household size, credit, land area cultivated, distance to the market and water resources, leadership position, risk orientation, gender, and mass media exposure. Government policies need to support research and development that develops and diffuses the climate-smart technologies to help farmers respond to changes in climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assessed the climate smart agricultural practices using learning videos in Irepodun LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria using qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection. One hundred and forty-eighty farmers were randomly selected using interview schedule. Also, focus group discussions were conducted with 137 participants. Pairwise comparison was used to evaluate the difference between the proportion of household heads who used the videos to learn and those who did not use the videos. The study revealed that farmers have similar perception of climate change and related impacts in video-villages and in non-video-villages. However, the study revealed farmers’ observation of climate change and related impacts are influenced by gender, with men perceiving more climate change and related impacts than women. In non-video villages, few respondents adopted crop rotation, intercropping, crop diversification, and improved short-cycle seed varieties as climate change adaptation strategies. Videos contribute more to the adoption of crop rotation, intercropping and fertilizer application for men than for women. Videos on accounting (managing money) enable more women than men to enhance their cost-benefit evaluation practices for income improvement. During the interviews, women farmers in video-villages were eager to demonstrate their knowledge about cost-benefit evaluation. Furthermore, the yield of sorghum, cassava and maize is higher in video-villages than in non-video-villages. Thus, using videos as an extension tool is suitable for knowledge development and leads to the high adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices for food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global population has more than tripled since the middle of the twentieth century, rising from roughly 2.5 billion in 1950 to nearly 7.9 billion in 2021. According to United Nations (UN) projections, the global population will reach about 11 billion people by the end of the twenty-first century, when it is predicted to stabilise. The population of Nigeria follows the same patterns as the rest of the world. Her population continues to rise at a rapid rate. To achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those linked to reproductive health, education, gender equality, climate change, and the environment, comprehensive law and policy frameworks are required to slow population increase and advance gender equality in decision-making at family and community levels. This paper examines the current law and governance frameworks on gender equality in Nigeria to evaluate gaps that continue to exacerbate the population explosion. We offer several drivers of women's marginalisation at family and community levels, such as an imbalance in power relations, limited education for girls and women, financial inequality, and marginalisation in decision making, that continue to worsen population increase in Nigeria, therefore, slowing down progress on the SDGs' successful implementation and population control. On a multidimensional approach, we examine SDGs 5, 6, 7, 11, and 13 as tools for population control, women empowerment, and gender equality. The SDGs dynamics provide a model for environmentally healthy and long-term population control. This article analyses this from a feminist perspective as integral to sustainable development policies and activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is arguably one of the biggest challenges globally. In order for countries to meet the commitments of the Paris Agreement, climate investments need to be scaled up for adaptation and mitigation strategies. Green bonds are one of the most emerging climate finance mechanisms for large-scale climate projects and offer investment opportunities for many developing countries. Most developing countries are heavily reliant on climate funds which are insufficient. Hence, the urgent need to tap into emerging climate finances such as green bonds. Out of all the regions, Africa is expected to be the worst impacted by climate change and green bonds can contribute to the much needed climate finances. The growth of the green bond market has been observed in the economic hubs of the continent with countries such as Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa demonstrating huge potential in being active and contributing to the growth of the market. However, this paper recommends that for the green bond market to further expand in these countries and rest of the continent, there needs to be public–private partnerships fostered, integrated policies, political will as well as effective institutional frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Carbon emissions from gas flaring in the Nigerian oil and gas industry are both a national and international problem. Nigerian government policies to eliminate the problem 1960-2016 yielded little or no results. The Kyoto Protocol (KP) provides Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as an international market-based mechanism to reducing global carbon emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analytically highlight the potentials of CDM in eliminating carbon emissions in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Design/methodology/approach: This paper reviewed the historical background of Kyoto protocol, Nigerian Government policies to eliminating gas flaring in its oil and gas industry 1960-2016 and CDM projects in the industry. The effectiveness of the policies and CDM projects towards ending this problem were descriptively analysed. Findings: Government policies towards eliminating gas flaring with its attendant carbon emissions appeared not to be yielding the desired results. However, projects registered under CDM in the industry looks effective in ending the problem. Research limitations/implications: Therefore, the success recorded by CDM projects has the policy implication of encouraging Nigeria to engage on establishing more CDM projects that ostensibly proved effective in reducing CO2 emissions through gas flaring reductions in its oil and gas industry. Apparent effectiveness of studied CDM should provide a way forward for the country in eliminating gas flaring in its oil and gas industry which is also a global menace. Nigeria could achieve this by providing all needed facilitation to realising more CDM investments. Practical implications: CDM as a policy has proved effective in eliminating gas flaring in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. The government should adopt this international policy to achieve more gas flaring reductions. Social implications: Social problems of respiratory diseases, water pollution and food shortage among others due to gas flaring are persisting in oil and gas producing areas as government policies failed to end the problem. CDM projects in the industry have proved effective in eliminating the problem, thus improving the social welfare of the people and ensuring sustainable development. Originality/value: The paper analysed the effectiveness of Nigerian Government policies and an international market-based mechanism towards ending gas flaring in its oil and gas industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current scientific evidence shows that human activities are causing interference at different levels in the global climate and availability of natural resources, and many authors already relate water scarcity to the increased risk of violent conflict, particularly in rural societies on the African continent. Climate disruptions caused by climate change are reflected on a regional and local scale, and the greatest impacts are already being felt in the poorest areas of the planet. Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, has been facing environmental problems in its territory that can be associated with climate change, such as rising temperatures, reduced rainfall and advancing desertification. Considering that all these phenomena have been worsening since the early twentieth century in Nigeria and, due to the escalating of violent conflicts since the beginning of the current century, the objective of this paper is to analyse how climate change can interfere in the conflict between herdsmen and farmers, as well as the possible impact of seasonal variation in rainfall on the dynamics of these communal conflicts. The study focused on literature review and the case study took place in four Nigerian states (Plateau, Benue, Taraba and Nasarawa) for the period 2010-2017, focusing on the communal conflict involving the Fulani ethnic group. The approach adopted was the inductive method in which the behaviour of rainfall in the study area was compared with the number of deaths resulting from the conflict, in addition to using geo-processing software to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of casualties. The theoretical framework used was that proposed by Thomas Homer-Dixon (1994) and the information was collected from primary sources, with consultation of qualitative and quantitative data, and from secondary sources through book reviews, publications and papers in scientific journals. While it is not yet possible to establish a direct and linear relationship between climate change and violent conflict, the revised literature indicates that competition for water and other natural resources in certain parts of Nigeria is increasing, and that the violent conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and farmers are increasing due to the dispute over access to water sources and grazing lands. Data analysis shows that in the study area there are 46.4% more deaths in the dry season (November to April) than in the rainy season (May to October). While there are still not enough elements to conclude that climate change is the primary cause of the conflict, the analysis reinforces the need, in certain contexts, particularly in developing countries with populations highly dependent on the primary sector of the economy, for the impacts of climate change to be seriously considered as a risk to human security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil explorations by multinational corporations in Nigeria have grave consequences on the ecosystem. Gas flaring, oil spillage, and other forms of land and water pollution seriously degrade the natural environment as well as displace Nigerians from their homes and traditional occupations. Pollution has caused increased flooding, erosion, and dearth of both food and fishes, leading to poverty and hidden hunger, among other problems. More destructive is the reactionary disposition of the Nigerian state to climate change and ecological disasters. Beside the provision of make-shift structures and relief materials to flood victims, there are hardly any proactive efforts on the ground to check the activities of multinational corporations operating in the country. Greg Mbajiorgu's eco-drama Wake Up Everyone (2011) depicts the challenges of the climate crisis in contemporary Nigeria. A close reading and critical analysis of the play, which is a microcosm of the country, illuminates the ways these challenges affect Nigerians and the need for action. Apart from displacing individuals from their homes, flooding takes a heavy toll on the agricultural sector, as most crops and livestock production systems in Nigeria are not yet fully technology-based and are, therefore, susceptible to environmental degradation. As a result, the flooding of farms and plantations, damaging crops and seedlings, leads to a corresponding degree of food scarcity/insecurity and indeed inflation in the cost of farm produce. This paper concludes that conscious efforts suggested in the play should be made to forestall multinational corporations from further pillaging the environment, and that government functionaries saddled with the task of forging active measures to stem the effects of climate change in the country should rise to their responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's climate changes, largely due to the spade of industrial "progress" and increase in human number, the emission of Green House gases into the atmosphere has grave implications on human health globally Within this context, 'third world' countries, including Nigeria are the worst hit by the immediate impact of climate change, even though they contribute least to the cause of the problem - emission of Green House gases, in comparison with their counterparts in the global North. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) have been proven to be responsible for global warming with the consequent threat to climate change. This paper contends that climate change is a major threat facing human health and existence in Nigeria and attempts a critical analysis of the roles of both developed and developing countries in contributing to the problem. It raises empathetic tone for the world's less privileges and future generation. The paper focuses on the impacts of climate change on Nigeria's economy, agriculture, health, security as well as environmental impacts. The paper submits that for the effects of climate change to be effectively resolve or managed in Nigeria and indeed globally, there should be, among other things, a sustained commitment on the part of the developed economies towards assisting developing countries in tackling the problem; attitudinal change and reorientation on the part of the populace towards environmental security, and green-friendly initiatives, adaptation to climate change requires public health strategies and improves surveillances. The paper ends with way forward on how causes of climate change can be adapted as well as mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is pivotal to the economic development of every nation. However, its production and utilization leads to undesirable carbon emissions that aggravate global warming which results in climate change. The agriculture sector is a significant user of energy. However, it has the potential to be a major contributor to Nigeria's energy supply mix in meeting its energy deficit. More so, in the light of current and impending adverse effects of climate change, there is a need to contain GHG's emissions. This paper focuses on bioenergy utilization as a climate change mitigation strategy and one that can, through effective waste management, enhance sustainable economic development in Nigeria. The paper employed a critical discourse analysis to examine the potential of the agricultural sector to provide biofuels from energy crops and other biomass sources. We conclude that Nigeria can reduce its GHG emissions and greatly contribute to global climate change mitigation while also alleviating its energy supply deficit if the agricultural and municipal wastes readily available in its towns and cities are converted to bioenergy. Such engagements will not only promote a clean and healthy environment but also create jobs for economic empowerment and a better standard of living for the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palms are highly significant tropical plants. Oil palms produce palm oil, the basic commodity of a highly important industry. Climate change from greenhouse gasses is likely to decrease the ability of palms to survive, irrespective of them providing ecosystem services to communities. Little information about species survival in tropical regions under climate change is available and data on species migration under climate change is important. Palms are particularly significant in Africa: a palm oil industry already exists with Nigeria being the largest producer. Previous work using CLIMEX modelling indicated that Africa will have reduced suitable climate for oil palm in Africa. The current paper employs this modelling to assess how suitable climate for growing oil palm changed in Africa from current time to 2100. An increasing trend in suitable climate from west to east was observed indicating that refuges could be obtained along the African tropical belt. Most countries had reduced suitable climates but others had increased, with Uganda being particularly high. There may be a case for developing future oil palm plantations towards the east of Africa. The information may be usefully applied to other palms. However, it is crucial that any developments will fully adhere to environmental regulations. Future climate change will have severe consequences to oil palm cultivation but there may be scope for eastwards mitigation in Africa.

Climate change is a global problem, which affects the various geographical regions at different levels. It is also associated with a wide range of human health problems, which pose a burden to health systems, especially in regions such as Africa. Indeed, across the African continent public health systems are under severe pressure, partly due to their fragile socioeconomic conditions. This paper reports on a cross-sectional study in six African countries (Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Namibia, Ethiopia, and Kenya) aimed at assessing their vulnerabilities to climate change, focusing on its impacts on human health. The study evaluated the levels of information, knowledge, and perceptions of public health professionals. It also examined the health systems' preparedness to cope with these health hazards, the available resources, and those needed to build resilience to the country's vulnerable population, as perceived by health professionals. The results revealed that 63.1% of the total respondents reported that climate change had been extensively experienced in the past years, while 32% claimed that the sampled countries had experienced them to some extent. Nigerian respondents recorded the highest levels (67.7%), followed by Kenya with 66.6%. South Africa had the lowest level of impact as perceived by the respondents (50.0%) when compared with the other sampled countries. All respondents from Ghana and Namibia reported that health problems caused by climate change are common in the two countries. As perceived by the health professionals, the inadequate resources reiterate the need for infrastructural resources, medical equipment, emergency response resources, and technical support. The study's recommendations include the need to improve current policies at all levels (i.e., national, regional, and local) on climate change and public health and to strengthen health professionals' skills. Improving the basic knowledge of health institutions to better respond to a changing climate is also recommended. The study provides valuable insights which may be helpful to other nations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Nigeria is experiencing, together with the rest of the world, consequences of relentlessly accelerating technological developments, in the contexts of relative lagging of developments in the Humanities, new discoveries in sciences and technological innovations, advances in medicine, changes in government policies and norms, rapid changes in the society, unhealthy practices in the area of food and agriculture, degradation of the environment as well as climate change. Furthermore, Nigeria as a Member State of UNESCO Bioethics is expected to have a National Bioethics Committee to enhance her participation in global concerns, as well as increase her opportunities to tap into global Bioethics resources. For this Committee to be established, the National Bioethics Framework and Policy Documents must be put in place. This paper discusses the rigorous process of developing the National Bioethics Framework and the National Bioethics Policy Documents as well as the need for a National Bioethics Committee in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to mitigate climate threats should not exclude the household as the household is a major driver of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through its consumption patterns. This paper derives an emission index that could be used to estimate inventories of carbon dioxide (CO) emissions from kerosene combustion for lighting in Nigeria and also looks at the implications of solar pv lighting replacing kerosene lamp in Nigeria. Findings indicate that (1) average CO emissions from kerosene combustion for lighting in Nigeria is about 0.06 kg per hour per lamp, which can be taken as the kerosene lamp CO emission index for Nigeria. (2) about 3 × 10W solar pv will be required to replace a kerosene lamp, while about 0.124 tonnes of CO will be avoided per lamp per year, operating at 6 h daily. At the national level, under the kerosene lamp replacement projection assumptions made, between 0.4 and 1.0 million tonnes of CO will be avoided per year. The household investment required to owe a solar pv, including the capital cost of switching from kerosene lamp, is about US$356, while the national capital investment outlay is between 1,138.265 and US$2,848 million. (3) Certified Emission Reduction (CER) units, assuming CO is traded, will generate significant annual revenues on the order of 6.96 to almost US$17.4 million per year, while earnings from unspent household kerosene fuel could amount to between 2,520 and US$6,300 million over the life span of the solar pv. The micro-economic assessment carried out indicates the non-attractiveness of solar pv use at the household level, and (4) to promote solar pv use, both long and short term policy measures that aim at cost reduction were suggested. The paper concludes that, factoring the suggested measures into the climate, energy, and financial policy decision discourse in Nigeria could empower the households to play a significant role in achieving global CO emission reduction, but at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to describe the combined impacts of the nutrition transition and climate change in Nigeria and analyze the country's national food-related policy options that could support human and planetary health outcomes., Recent Findings: This paper uses a food systems framework to analyze how the nutrition transition and climate change interact in Nigeria affecting both diets and the double burden of malnutrition, resulting in what has been termed the syndemic. Interactions between climate change and the nutrition transition in Nigeria are exacerbating diet-related inequities and will continue to do so if food systems continue on their current trajectory and without significant transformation. Siloed policy actions that attempt to mitigate one aspect of food system risk can create a negative feedback loop in another aspect of the food system. Our analysis finds that Nigeria has five national policies that include actionable steps to address food system insufficiencies; however, each of these policies is constrained by the boundaries of singular nutrition, climate change, and agricultural objectives. The country should consider a coherent policy environment that explicitly identifies and links underlying systemic and institutional drivers between climate change and malnutrition that simultaneously and comprehensively address both human and planetary health outcomes of food systems. The systemic and institutional outcomes of this emerging syndemic-undernutrition, obesity, and climate change-are inexorably linked. Nigeria lacks a coherent policy environment taking on this challenging syndemic landscape. The analysis in this paper highlights the need for Nigeria to prioritize their national nutrition and agricultural and climate policies that uncouple feedback loops within food systems to address climate change and malnutrition in all its forms.

There is the urgency in finding solutions to this global problem and this requires bold actions from governments, the private sector and civil societies. This paper conducts an x-ray of political questions relating to climate change issues. This can be achieved by making departure from the provisions of section 6(6)(c) of the Nigerian Constitution by proactive interpretation of sections 13, 14(2), 20 and Item 60(a) of the Exclusive Legislative List of the said Constitution. The philosophical underpinning of this preposition is to enable the courts avoid injustice and absurdity in addressing claims for loss and damages linked to climate change induced impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of achieving and maintaining sustainable farming system is rapidly becoming a top priority of agricultural and environmental policy makers in most developing countries particularly Nigeria. The paper attempts to examine Nigerian agriculture within the context of climate change and sustainable development. The findings of the study show that efforts to ensure self-sufficiency in food production and raw materials for industries and severe climate change are causing increased pressure on the resources of the Nigeria economy. Several socio-economic and other human activities such as; bush fallow, application of modern technologies in farming, increasing population, transhumance, overgrazing, deforestation and exploitation of mineral resources are causing severe and uncontrolled problems of sustainable agricultural development all over the country. The paper recommends proper exploitation of natural resources, government commitment through research and development and public enlightenment campaign among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined coping and adaptation strategies employed by smallholder farmers and their efficacy in response to climate change in Zango and Kofa communities in North-Western Nigeria. Three focus group discussions with 51 participants comprising men, women, and the youth, and 15 follow-up interviews were conducted in this study to understand the influence of cultural beliefs on climate change adaptation. Results show that to adapt, farmers borrow food from neighbours to repay in good season, use early maturing crops, sell livestock and other assets, engage in other businesses. Farmers also offer prayers and sacrifices based on the belief that climate change is caused by God. Thus, offering prayer and making sacrifices were very pronounced and found to be the dominant strategies farmers adopt in both communities which could potentially lead to less adaptation action thereby indirectly exposing the vulnerable communities to additional shocks. We found that most (50% and above) of the participating farmers in both communities had no access to any formal education which could affect their adaptation decisions. We concluded that farmers' cultural beliefs and practices such as prayer influences their adaptation behaviour and therefore adaptation designs need to address cultural influences to avoid future maladaptive responses consequently exacerbating vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spate of violent clashes between nomadic pastoralists and agrarian communities in Nigeria raises a number of legal and policy questions that had been long overlooked. Issues arising from the phenomenon range from questions over constitutionally guaranteed rights such as the right to own property, to questions over the inadequacies of Nigeria's security apparatus as well as calls for land use reforms. Additionally, due to the groups affected and the scale of casualties, the topic has become a political molten magma. The constant conflicts between nomadic pastoralists who are majorly from the Fulani ethnic group, and agrarian communities from other parts of the country have reached unprecedented levels leading to accusations of coordinated attempts at land grab, ethnic cleansing, jihad and insurgency, threatening the country's security and stability in the process. Fiscally, the destruction of lives and property and the state of insecurity emanating from the clashes stood at $16 billion in potential revenue as at 2018. In no small measure have these clashes been precipitated by climate change and the consequent drought in the Sahara region. This paper analyses the role of the Nigerian state in balancing the interests of affected groups in the clashes and promoting development. At its core, it seeks to identify legal and policy gaps that require filling to put a definite end to the lingering crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa's food systems are among the most vulnerable sectors to climate risk. Unfortunately, numerous activities along food supply chains (production, processing, storage, marketing and consumption) are also important contributors to climate change. Despite the differential effect of climate events on activities along food supply chains and vice versa, most climate change perception studies in agriculture focus on producers, particularly crop farmers. This study adopts a value chain perspective to examine climate change perceptions among economic agents all along the maize-poultry value chain in Nigeria. We find that economic agents perceive those climate events that have a direct effect on their economic activity and this is not restricted to crop farmers. We also find that very few actors along the maize-poultry value chain believe that their economic activity negatively affects the environment and contributes to climate change. Though African countries might currently not be major contributors to climate change, this indicates a need for more awareness among economic agents about the effects of various agriculture-related activities on the environment and their contributions to climate change to encourage practices and technologies that can reduce agriculture's negative effect on the environment and contribution to climate change., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)