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Since its inception nine years ago, CPED members have re-envisioned and implemented a new purpose for the professional practice doctorate in education, or Ed.D. This new purpose is grounded in the goal of preparing doctoral students to serve as scholarly practitioners, those who engage community as stakeholders in the process of improving problems of practice. Forming practitioners to be leaders in their communities under the CPED framework requires faculty who look beyond traditional roles by embEd.D.ing themselves in communities to work alongside practitioners working to transform their communities. Unfortunately, at many institutions, community-engagement is considered counter-normative to the traditional interpretation of research, teaching, and service, though it need not be. This paper will discuss the implications of CPED's community-engagement principle for Ed.D. programs, institutional policies, and academic environments in which community-engaged faculty do their work and the importance of these faculty members in the design of the Education Doctorate.

This paper discusses the issue of urban sprawl in the U.S. Urban sprawl can take different forms. It may involve low-density residential developments or so-called edge cities that give rise to business activity like office buildings, retail and even manufacturing. Only slightly more than 5 percent of the U.S. population lived in urban areas in 1790, a figure that had tripled by 1850 and surpassed 50 percent by 1920. In this view, the advent of the automobile and accompanying lower transportation costs became the primary catalyst of sprawling cities through much of the twentieth century. By 1910, the number of registered automobiles in the U.S. had passed the 500,000 mark, and in 1920, car registration reached eight million. The monocentric city model also suggests that rising incomes have led to decreasing city densities to the extent that the income elasticity of demand for housing and land is sufficiently large relative to the income elasticity of commuting costs. In principle, sprawl may both aggravate and lessen racial segregation within urban areas. In cities with little public transportation, this spatial mismatch may suppress employment opportunities for the poor who do not have access to the transportation technologies that drive the sprawling of cities and jobs.

Several communities have introduced growth controls with accompanying measures designed to reduce the increase in the price of housing. An assessment of the effectiveness of these measures is particularly timely in light of recent court challenges to the constitutionality of growth controls. In this paper we study the experience of Davis, California, a community explicitly attempting to mitigate the effects of growth controls on the price of housing. We have two major objectives: (1) to determine whether Davis was successful in reducing the expected increase in the per-unit price of housing services duc to growth control, and (2) to determine the extent to which Davis was successful in limiting the exclusionary impact of growth control on lowerincome households. By increasing the understanding of the growth-controlled market and the effectiveness of price-mitigating programs, this study will help in judging whether it is possible to institute growth controls without excluding lower-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First adopted in 1993 at the federal level, the original purpose of Empowerment Zones was to encourage economic development strategies aimed at revitalizing distressed US urban neighborhoods. Such strategies across the country would include four broad goals: to generate economic opportunities for residents living in the empowerment zones; to create sustainable community development; to build broad participation among community-based partners; and to generate a strategic vision for change in the community. This paper examines Boston's Empowerment Zone between 1999 and 2009. The author concludes that this initiative was successful in that it helped to revitalize some of the poorest neighborhood areas in this city. While the rate of poverty was not reduced between 2000 and 2009 inside Boston's Empowerment Zone, there were some notable successes. These include the initiation and completion of major capital projects, including the first Black-owned hotel in New England over several decades; assisting small and neighborhood-based businesses, and helping to expand the capacity of local nonprofits in Boston's distressed areas. These accomplishments increased the level and quality of economic activity in a part of Boston that was essentially overlooked before the initiation of the Empowerment Zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars, practice professionals, and policymakers should welcome the new era of evidence-based programming and policies, but these constituencies need to be realistic about the complexities, uncertainties, and limitations that lie beneath what could easily become a simplistic process. This paper discusses some of the requirements for the replication of evidence-based programs, suggesting that many of these underlying assumptions are often not met. One of these requirements is the evidence itself, and alternative evidentiary criteria are discussed. A main theme is that even if a well-documented program exists, implementing it in communities on a broader scale requires different processes that are less well studied. For example, some alternative approaches to summarizing actionable knowledge are offered, including characteristics of effective programs, consensus groups, and the Pathways Mapping Initiative. In addition, strategies are discussed that hold the promise of bringing scholars and community stakeholders together in a collaborative process that will build community capacity and create and implement effective programs and services on a broader scale. Finally, the research enterprise itself needs to be transformed to more effectively contribute to program and system community change. Recommendations for improving the process are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Between January 2005 and July 2020, 171 rural hospitals closed across the United States. Little is known about the extent that other providers step in to fill the potential reduction in access from a rural hospital closure. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the trends of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) and Rural Health Clinics (RHCs) in rural areas prior to and following hospital closure. Data Sources/Study Setting: We used publicly available data from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Provider of Services files, Cecil G. Sheps Center rural hospital closures list, and Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates. Study Design: We described the trends over time in the number of hospitals, hospital closures, FQHC sites, and RHCs in rural and urban ZIP codes, 2006--2018. We used two-way fixed effects and pooled generalized linear models with a logit link to estimate the probabilities of having any RHC and any FQHC within 10 straight-line miles. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: Not applicable. Principal Findings: Compared to hospitals that never closed, the predicted probability of having any FQHC within 10 miles increased post closure by 5.95 and 11.57 percentage points at 1 year and 5 years, respectively (p < 0.05). The predicted probability of having any RHC within 10 miles was not significantly different following rural hospital closure. A percentage point increase in poverty rate was associated with a 1.98 and a 1.29 percentage point increase in probabilities of having an FQHC or RHC, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In areas previously served by a rural hospital, there is a higher probability of new FQHC service-delivery sites post closure. This suggests that some of the potential reductions in access to essential preventive and diagnostic services may be filled by FQHCs. However, many rural communities may have a persistent unmet need for preventive and therapeutic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree to which three ecological models can predict the direction of neighborhood change is evaluated in this paper. The lifecycle, arbitrage, and composition models are commonly found in the literature on neighborhood change, but each focuses on a different aspect of this process. To date, researchers have evaluted these models on a single city at a time. This study compared the predictive ability of these models on two American cities -- Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio -- cities that have different basic economies and morphologies. The findings show that the lifecycle model has the greatest predictive ability in the two cities, followed by the composition model. The arbitrage model predicts upward succession in Cincinnati, but has no predictive value for the Cleveland data. In general, the findings show that the economic base of a city must be taken into consideration when evaluating ecological models. The composition and arbitrage models assume a dynamic and rapidly changing set of housing submarkets -- a condition that exists in Cincinnati and not in Cleveland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on McMillan and Chavis's psychological sense of community framework among southwestern community coalition members (N = 18), data were examined for narratives of how psychological sense of community and experiences of community manifest among coalition members. We were also interested in knowing how coalition members make meaning of social change. Findings illustrate that dimensions of psychological sense of community (e.g., membership, emotional connection, needs' fulfillment, and influence) are important in how members made meaning of community needs and their own participation in the coalition. Implications are put forward for theory and community programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of cities and towns are implementing “friendly” initiatives to change the community’s social and physical infrastructure to address the needs of a particular vulnerable segment of their population. Three prominent examples are aging-friendly, child-friendly, and immigrant-friendly initiatives. Although the limited but growing literature describes these initiatives as promising strategies to improve the quality of life of the targeted population, to date there has been little written about the underlying goals, values, and assumptions of these efforts. Using the value-critical approach, this article aims to better understand these aspects of population-friendly initiatives by examining the scholarly and grey literature. Social workers engaged in community and policy practice can play a key role in these efforts and call attention to the ways they may alleviate or exacerbate inequities. Future research is needed to assess the effects of these initiatives on their targeted population as well as other community residents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent years have seen unprecedented revitalization in many of America’s older industrial cities. The dynamics of revitalization, however, have tended to concentrate population and job growth in small parts of the city to the exclusion of the rest of the city, manifested in an uncoupling of the “economic city,” the city as a locus of economic activity, from the city’s population, leading in turn to growing economic and racial inequality within the city. As cities become increasingly polarized by race and income, this uncoupling has had particularly adverse consequences for these cities’ African-American populations. This article studies trends over the past decade in a cluster of 10 cities, including Detroit, St. Louis, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and others, and explores the implications of increasing polarization for these cities’ future. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Domestic Violence Fatality Review (DVFR) teams are a means of identifying systems’ gaps in the coordinated response to domestic violence. While the number of homicide reviews has grown, little is known about whether DVFRs facilitate change in the community-level response to domestic violence. This research evaluated whether the recommendations made by one state-level DVFR had an effect on community and organizational priorities and practices. The results indicate that the recommendations influence countywide priorities, but less was done to implement the recommendations. DVFRs have the capacity to influence community-level change agendas; however, organizations need support moving from issue prioritization to implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Globalization processes are putting pressure on traditional modes of democratic social action and rendering some ineffective. How does grassroots activists' knowledge of globalization influence their strategies for working toward community change? This article draws on a qualitative analysis of 24 in-depth interviews with activists and community organizers in the Midwestern United States to identify their perspectives on globalization, the local impacts and challenges that globalization creates, and the strategic adaptations of models for community organizing and local activism in the contemporary global era. We found that most organizers and activists are critically aware of globalization processes and the difficulties these dynamics pose for their communities. Further, they often view their locally focused work as a direct response to the demands of globalization. The findings offer a counterpoint to depictions of local social action as myopic or irrelevant for the global era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method is presented to determine retrospectively proportional changes of species composition in a community at risk from particular concentrations of chemical stressors. The method makes estimates with some similarities to those claimed by species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) but is based on species presence/absence field data and requires assumptions that are more likely to be met. The method uses Jaccard's index (JI), the proportion of species in common to two samples. At a similar level of contamination, the occurrence of species is usually highly variable, and thus JI values between individual pairs of samples can be low. However, by pooling samples with a similar contamination level, an increasingly complete set of species present at this level of contamination is gained. Our method involves calculating JI between randomly selected groups of samples (pooled sample sets) with similar and different levels of contamination. It then relates changes in JI to the difference in contamination and produces estimates of the proportional change in species between preselected categories of contamination. The application of the method is illustrated by using data on riverine freshwater macroinvertebrates exposed to salinity in southeastern Australia; pesticide runoff potential in the Aller River Catchment, Germany; and metal pollution (principle Cu) in the Clark Fork River Catchment, Montana, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2123–2131. © 2010 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the overlapping of two distinct groups, baby boomers and Hispanics in rural America. It notes that the migration of the groups constituted to the change in their receiving communities with a combined share of 50% in population. It also mentions that even these two populations are migrating in the same destinations at the county level, they are settling in different areas within these destination counties which implicates that the overlap holds only at the county scale and minute residential overlap.

Problem: Many policymakers and planners believe that entrepreneurship is key to rejuvenating American communities amid continued pressures of globalization and technological change; yet, despite its present popularity, we still know relatively little about the influence of different types of locations on new business creation and performance. Purpose: This study examines how new firms' entry, survival, and growth differ among central cities, suburbs, small cities, and rural areas inside and outside metropolitan areas, to allow policymakers and planners to develop more informed development strategies. Methods: I use a unique establishment-level longitudinal database to examine the formation, survival, and growth of new manufacturing and advanced services firms in the continental United States using a mix of descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results and conclusions: This study shows that entrepreneurial performance differs across a continuum of locations from nonmetropolitan rural to urban core. New firms in central cities have higher failure rates but faster rates of employment growth in advanced services. Nonmetropolitan rural places are undersupplied with new high-tech manufacturing and both high-tech and conventional advanced services firms, and have lower growth rates in both high-tech and conventional manufacturing and advanced services. Intermediate places in the urban hierarchy (suburbs, small cities, and rural segments of metropolitan areas) often have relatively high rates of new firm entry, survival, and growth. No environment favors entrepreneurship across all sectors and performance measures. Takeaway for practice: Policymakers seeking to develop effective entrepreneurial strategies should understand the relative advantages and disadvantages facing entrepreneurs in different types of areas. Central cities' lower new firm entry and survival rates may be due to higher costs and regulatory barriers, or may be a result of their attracting riskier endeavors that also have potential for more rapid growth. The growth of firms started by rural entrepreneurs, by contrast, is constrained by limited local markets and relative isolation, and likely to benefit from strategies that expand the reach of new firms into broader markets. Research support: This research was supported by the Ewing J. Kaufman Foundation's Dissertation Fellowship program and the National Science Foundation's Doctoral Dissertation Research Fellowship program. All research using the confidential Longitudinal Database (LDB) was conducted on site at the Bureau of Labor Statistics offices in Washington, DC, and has been cleared for public distribution. The author is solely responsible for the content of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. city of New Orleans, Louisiana and the resiliency of its citizens and community. The example given is the devastation by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Katrina overwhelmed the levees, flooded the city, and caused nearly 1,300 deaths. The damages were estimated in the tens of billions of dollars. In 2008 levees have been partially rebuilt, the pre-storm population is increasing, and tourism has been restored. A discussion of how resilience enables communities to rebound after natural disasters, the elements of resilience, and an assessment of the resilience in New Orleans' community are presented.

Youth–adult partnerships (Y-APs) for organizational and community change represent an innovative practice in the United States. Innovations are typically a challenge to implement, so it is not surprising that youth organizations are seeking guidance on how to adopt and sustain Y-APs. This article brings contemporary scholarship to bear on the issue. Through a synthesis of theory, research, and field-based data, it identifies six managerial guidelines for adopting and beginning to implement the innovative practice of Y-APs: (1) gain clarity and consensus on the purpose of Y-AP, (2) mobilize and coordinate a diverse range of stakeholders, (3) create favorable narratives about Y-AP, (4) construct theories and stories of organizational change, (5) affirmatively address issues of power, and (6) institutionalize new roles for youth. These guidelines depend on stakeholders having adequate time for shared organizational learning. Time for reflective dialogue, however, is a precious commodity in youth organizations, one that is rarely financed by public agencies or private foundations. A major challenge for the future, in terms of the wide-scale adoption and implementation of innovation, specifically Y-AP, may therefore lie in the creation of incentives and support for organizational reflection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 121–135, 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on the development of the "Eight Street Bridge" newsletter printed in Sioux Falls, Dakota. Importance of nursing's presence with community; Significance of the newsletter; Methods used by the steering committee of the health action model for partnership in community to obtain the initial funding for the launching of the newsletter.

The present study examined whether variations in social ecological conditions in New York City police precincts and divisions have predicted patterns of police misconduct from 1975 to 1996. The study included misconduct cases involving bribery, extortion, excessive force, and other abuses of police authority, as well as certain administrative rule violations. Using a longitudinal framework, the analyses found that dimensions of structural disadvantage and population mobility-drawn from the social disorganization literature—as well as changes in Latino population—drawn from the racial conflict perspective—explained changes in police misconduct over time. Further, most of the variations occurred within, as opposed to between, precincts and divisions over time, strengthening the case for a longitudinal examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1970s and 1980s, social scientists focused considerable attention on patterns of community change in boomtowns affected by large-scale energy resource development in the western United States. The resulting literature has provided inconsistent and relatively inconclusive evidence about the extent of various forms of social disruption caused by the rapid economic and demographic changes associated with such developments. In particular, because of a lack of in-depth longitudinal research, little is known about the degree to which social problems observed during rapid growth periods in such locations may persist after the boom. This research addresses some of those questions through a longitudinal examination of various dimensions of social well-being in four western rural communities. Community surveys conducted four times across a 13-year span provide data on patterns of change for 10 distinct indicators of social well-being. Results show that although social disruptions occur in several dimensions of well-being during boom periods, not all dimensions appear to be affected by such growth. Also, when boom-induced declines in well-being occur, they are consistently followed by a sharp rebound, with no evidence of lasting disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]