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This study evaluated the flow properties of viscosity and flow rate for water and two common pediatric liquids. The flow properties of the test liquids are of interest to create a cup simulation model and "smart" prototype training cup. Two objective methods of determining flow properties were utilized: a rheometer to assess viscosity and a modified version of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) to assess flow rate. Rheometer results concluded that the pediatric supplements were less than 50 cP at all shear rates evaluated and exhibited shear-thinning properties, placing both liquids into the "thin" category. The IDDSI, which was performed according to standardized protocol and also with experimental modifications of varying syringe volumes, determined that all three test liquids had greater than 1 mL/s flow rate across all syringe types/sizes. The experimental modification of the IDDSI with 60 mL syringe volume was found to be the most consistent and applicable with discrete values obtained across all liquids tested. A flow rate factor equation can be determined with the use of a 60 mL syringe, with our laboratory setup, to create the cup simulation model. This computer-generated cup simulation model also aims to integrate engineering with clinical practice to develop a "smart" prototype training cup equipped with software to control flow rate.

A majority of the potential health benefits of green tea, including the potential to prevent cognitive decline, have been attributed to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Sunrouge is a green tea cultivar that contains EGCG and several other bioactive components such as quercetin, myricetin, cyanidin and delphinidin. We compared the effects of Sunrouge and Yabukita, the most popular Japanese green tea cultivar, on cognitive function in the senescence-accelerated mouse Prone8. These mice were fed an experimental diet containing Sunrouge extract (SRE) or Yabukita extract (YBE). SRE feeding significantly prevented cognitive decline, whereas YBE feeding had little effect. Moreover, SRE feeding prevented elevation of the amyloid-β42 level while improving the gene expression of neprilysin and decreasing beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 in the brain. These preventive effects of SRE against cognitive decline were attributed to the characteristic composition of Sunrouge and strongly suggest that consumption of this cultivar could protect against age-related cognitive decline.

Cellulosic nanomaterials (CNMs) are organic, green nanomaterials that are obtained from renewable sources and possess exceptional mechanical strength and biocompatibility. The associated unique physical and chemical properties have made these nanomaterials an intriguing prospect for various applications including the food and nutraceutical industry. From the immobilization of various bioactive agents and enzymes, emulsion stabilization, direct food additives, to the development of intelligent packaging systems or pathogen or pH detectors, the potential food related applications for CNMs are endless. Over the past decade, there have been several reviews published covering different aspects of cellulosic nanomaterials, such as processing-structure-property relationship, physical and chemical properties, rheology, extraction, nanocomposites, etc. In this critical review, we have discussed and provided a summary of the recent developments in the utilization of cellulosic nanomaterials in applications related to food and nutraceuticals.