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Using a discounted cash flow methodology, we have performed a detailed analysis of the current costs of electricity from two Indian nuclear reactors. We compare these costs to that from a recently constructed coal-based thermal power plant of similar size. Our results show that for realistic values of the discount rate, electricity from coal-based thermal power stations is cheaper than nuclear energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Solar energy is one of the most important and rapidly developing technologies in India. In recent years, India's attempts to increase the share of solar energy in electricity generation have led to the use of all renewable energy sources in electricity generation. It does not require fuel and has no negative impact on the environment. This research paper compared real-time data for off-grid and floating Photovoltaic (PV) systems. A stand-alone photovoltaic system assumes that a battery is used to store energy. He encountered a problem with the heating on the ground or on the roof, causing the panel's efficiency to drop. A floating solar panel is a novel solution to the problem of scarce land and rising panel temperatures in standalone systems. The efficiency of a floating PV system is higher than that of a stand-alone PV system because the water constantly cools the temperature of the floating solar panel. This paper explored the performance of both standalone and floating PV modules. The systems used the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) approach and the simulations were performed in MATLAB. Other MPPT algorithms are available, but this is the one uses the Perturb and Observe (P & O) technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A powerhouse under development, India is slowly breaking free from its traditional methods of operations. It has been chosen for analysis as it offers a plethora of diverse cultures and a variety of indigenous groups of people. The energy sector of the country is transitioning to adopt policies that are in line with its sustainable goals. Focusing on peer-to-peer energy trading and the development of blockchain technologies, unconventional methods are slowly being incorporated with the help of various experimental projects. This is backed up by peer-to-peer trading of energy providing a prosumer with an autonomous environment. The paper looks into the ongoing trends in this sector and major reforms that are required to bring about the necessary shift. Challenges and their recommendations are also been discussed along with the need to implement them. Suitable conclusions have been drawn that aim towards favoring the P2P style of open-source electricity trading as the need for such an analysis is vital to achieve a decentralized energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is endowed with a lot of solar radiation as a result of its location. The Indian government therefore intends to maximize the usage of its solar energy resources through the development of solar power plants across the country. The concentrated solar power plant (CSP) is one of the technologies that rely on solar energy for its electricity generation. The type of condenser model in the CSP technology has the potential to affect its techno-economic viability. In this paper, a 100 MW solar tower power plant (STPP) with two different condenser models, i.e., the dry-cooled STPP and wet-cooled STPP models, are studied using the System Advisor Model (SAM) at six different geographical areas in India. The study employed the optimization of the thermal energy storage and the solar field size to identify the minimum levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for all six locations. Results from the simulation show that the LCOE will range between 13 and 17 cents/kWh under the optimization conditions for the STPP dry-cooled condenser model, while that of the wet-cooled condenser model will range between 12.40 and 12.96 USD cents/kWh for the study locations. It was also observed that the optimized solar multiple (SM) for the dry-cooled STPP model ranges between 1.4 and 1.8, whereas that of the wet-cooled model ranges between 1 and 1.8. The study identified Bhopal as the best location for installing the STPP plant for both condenser models. In addition, this paper also discusses major potential barriers and government policies that are needed to develop CSP technologies in India. The outcome of the study is expected to help both government and other stakeholders in decision making and policy formulation for the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, India is in the developing stage and the requirement of electrical load demand is increasing day-by-day. In order to meet these load demands, existing available resources have some limitations to fulfill these demands. As, solar energy plays a major role in the generation of electricity, as it is a clean, inexhaustible and environment friendly resource compared to all renewable energy sources, this paper gives an idea about how to select the solar power plant for the electrical load demand and also an analysis of 5 kW grid connected roof top solar plant has been provided. The grid-connected system was synchronized with the commercial grid with the help of net meter for electricity transfer under no load condition. The monthly energy generation by proposed grid connected roof top solar power plant is also calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the status of nuclear energy developments for generation of electric power. Notably, India's pivotal role in advancing nuclear technology is highlighted, particularly with the development of a cutting-edge nuclear Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology-based power plant. India has been developing the latest nuclear Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology-based power plant having power generation capacity 10 times higher than the existing nuclear power plants. The review incorporates the most important component of the FBR system i.e. cold trap. Model Sodium Cold Trap (MSCT) is used by India to demonstrate the regeneration of secondary sodium cold trap.The development, advancements and challenges towards the Model Sodium Cold Trap (MSCT) are discussed in detail. It is possible to increase the maximum in-situ regeneration of MSCT up to 82%. This paper also reviews status of energy production using renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Finally, the scope in the advancements of nuclear reactor technology and related future opportunities has also been included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the economics of a grid-interactive rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system and the impact of the temperature on it. The analysis related to energy metrics, lifecycle costing, and environmental economics was performed considering the PV system's life as 30 years. The system economics is also compared at different conditions like theoretical, temperature-corrected, and real electricity generation data. The parameters like energy payback time (EPBT), energy return on energy invested (EROI), and lifecycle conversion efficiency are determined as 5.95 years, 5.04, and 0.078, respectively, based on actual generation. The unit electricity cost of the rooftop PV system was estimated as INR 5.37 at the 5% interest rate. The electricity cost varies with the interest rate variation and operation system life. The results show a reduction in overall economic performance on the increase in module temperature. The effect of temperature on the economics of the system is presented in terms of the per degree rise of module temperature. One degree increase of module temperature 8.5 days in EPBT of the PV system increases, and INR 0.021 increases in the unit cost of electricity considering a reference temperature 25 °C. A PV system has environmental benefits by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which are also affected by the rise of module temperature. The system lost INR 355.93 in carbon credits at an increase of one-degree module temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a hybrid fuzzy-based method is suggested for determining India's best system for power generation. This suggested approach was created using a fuzzy-based combination of the Giza Pyramids Construction (GPC) and Recalling-Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network (RERNN). GPC is a meta-heuristic algorithm that deals with solutions for many groups of problems, whereas RERNN has selective memory properties. The evaluation of the current load requirements and production profile information system is the main objective of the suggested method. The Central Electricity Authority database, the Indian National Load Dispatch Centre, regional load dispatching centers, and annual reports of India were some of the sources used to compile the data regarding profiles of electricity loads, capacity factors, power plant generation, and transmission limits. The RERNN approach makes advantage of the ability to analyze the ideal power generation from energy data, however the optimization of RERNN factor necessitates the employment of a GPC technique. The proposed method was tested using MATLAB, and the findings indicate that it is effective in terms of accuracy, feasibility, and computing efficiency. The suggested hybrid system outperformed conventional models, achieving the top result of 93% accuracy with a shorter computation time of 6814 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity is the new buzzword for economic growth in the era of globalization, as countries with higher productivity levels enjoy a comparative advantage over their competitors. Infrastructure is critical in this quest for higher productivity, growth, and development, and energy infrastructure is one of its crucial components. Longterm planning for ensuring that energy demands are met has become an integral part of policy-making, as energy infrastructure requires a huge lump sum investment and has a long gestation period. So, capacity augmentation and installing energy infrastructure in its physical form (refineries, power plants, pipelines, distribution lines, and so on) have to be planned and executed early. In this paper, we first narrate India’s energy demand/consumption trends over the last four decades and then try to forecast future energy demands and related energy infrastructure needs over the medium to long run period of 20 years from 2020 to 2040. Total Primary Energy Consumption is expected to be more than double the current level, and electricity demand to treble. As a result, coal production, oil refining, gas importing and distribution, electricity generation, and transmission & distribution capacities all have to grow substantially. Thus, we are looking at massive infrastructure requirements for the energy production sector. Finally, policy implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most significant development activity on the Teesta River in India is the construction of a series of cascade dams for hydropower generation in the state of Sikkim, India. Approximately 30 major hydropower projects have been planned on the Teesta River, with a planned capacity of over 5000 MW of electricity. This paper discusses hydraulic model studies conducted at Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune, India, for Teesta-IV Project in Sikkim which played an important role in enhancing the overall performance of spillway and energy dissipator by incorporating various modifications such as providing curved dam axis, tilting the dam axis anti-clockwise by about 3°, modification of breast wall profile, etc. The details of model studies conducted for improving the overall performance of spillway and energy dissipator are described in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high energy consumption in India, modern energy-efficient technologies are desperately needed and to be included in the national energy policy. Such technologies could be investigated in the areas of electrical equipment's, energy integration in buildings, and energy supporting tools. It is believed that a considerable saving in the investments of constructing new power stations could be attained; and consequently the energy conservation policy will be seriously improved in the forthcoming years, and the requirement of energy generating capacity will be reduced accordingly. Here in this paper, both renewable and non-renewable energy sources have been briefly described. Various energy conservation methods (general guidelines) have been presented to save energy. Saving energy by means of wise use of available energy is equivalent to energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Accelerated Power Development & Reform Programme (APDRP) was launched in February 2001 by the Union government of India to promote the distribution reforms. But the APDRP could not achieve the desired goals within the stipulated time. Government of India rethought its course of action and came up with another ambitious project, Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program (RAPDRP) to overcome the shortcomings of APDRP and to reduce the Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses to 15% by implementing projects within 18 to 24 months. Restructured APDRP was approved in July 2008 for implementation in the 11th five year plan. The focus of the programme is on actual, demonstrable performance in terms of sustained loss reduction. This paper analyses the major reasons behind the failure of APDRP and discusses the proposed scheme of R-APDRP and its challenges. The paper also provides a model for R-APDRP scheme for a sample State of India. This paper may be a helpful tool for policy maker and state government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has set aggressive targets to install more than 400 GW of wind and solar electricity generation by 2030, with more than two-thirds of that capacity coming from solar. This paper examines the electricity and carbon mitigation costs to reliably operate India's grid in 2030 for a variety of wind and solar targets (200 GW to 600 GW) and the most promising options for reducing these costs. We find that systems where solar photovoltaic comprises only 25 to 50% of the total renewable target have the lowest carbon mitigation costs in most scenarios. This result invites a reexamination of India's proposed solar-majority targets. We also find that, compared to other regions and contrary to prevailing assumptions, meeting high renewable targets will avoid building very few new fossil fuel (coal and natural gas) power plants because of India's specific weather patterns and need to meet peak electricity demand. However, building 600 GW of renewable capacity, with the majority being wind plants, reduces how often fossil fuel power plants run, and this amount of capacity can hold India's 2030 emissions below 2018 levels for less than the social cost of carbon. With likely wind and solar cost declines and increases in coal energy costs, balanced or wind-majority high renewable energy systems (600 GW or - 45% share by energy) could result in electricity costs similar to a fossil fuel-dominated system. As an alternative strategy for meeting peak electricity demand, battery storage can avert the need for new fossil fuel capacity but is cost effective only at low capital costs (USD 150 per kWh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I enumerate some of the narratives about the electricity sector in India and examine them in detail. Coal is a major source for energy in India and forms a significant part of India's present electricity mix, while the share of renewable energy sources is increasing. Share of hydro has declined over the years, and the share of nuclear is set to rise as several reactors are under construction and more have been approved. The paper comments on limitations of using levelized cost of electricity generation as a metric for comparing different technology options and suggests replacing it by an approach based on system modelling. Electricity demand is rising, and renewable energy sources and large hydro cannot meet the total projected demand. Switching over to a mix that addresses environment concerns has a cost attached to it and these costs need to be recognized and paid. After an examination of narratives, the paper ends with detailed observations about the electricity sector with the objective of providing evidence-supported perspective to public and also inputs for the formulation of policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Availability Based Tariff (ABT) has been implemented in all the regional grids of India for improving grid discipline by frequency dependent pricing. Currently it is limited to short-term energy transactions between the beneficiary States and Central generating stations without the need for negotiations on price or quantum in real time. In the present scenario, Independent Power Producers (IPP), Captive Power Plants (CPP), small Distributed Generation (DG) like mini-turbine, fuel cell, etc., are not considered under ABT. DG units are normally modular in size and they can be placed close to consumers so as to reduce the T&D costs and losses. Hence, they need to be encouraged so as to meet the ever-increasing electricity demands of Indian power sector within the financial constraints. In this paper, impact of IPPs, CPPs and DGs on intra-State ABT is studied. This paper also proposes to study the impact of grid connected DG on network availability and reliability. The improvement in system reliability is studied after evaluating reliability indices like SAIFI, SAIDI, etc., with the inclusion of DG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common information model (CIM) in vogue represents transmission and distribution components, and market operations in the perspective of electrical system, as unified modeling language (UML) objects. UML is object centric. CIM can offer interoperability and facilitate model exchange for large systems and is being adopted by many utilities. However, dealing effectively with multiple business processes is the backbone of the restructured power systems. Since CIM lacks chronological process sense, this has to be superimposed on CIM models, which is not easy due to inherent limitations of UML. To overcome this, this paper proposes to utilize business process modeling notation (BPMN) standards as a kind of pre-processor. BPMN is used to represent process centric interoperability requirements as business objects. UML object representation in CIM model is derived subsequently from it. The proposal is illustrated with an application use case—deriving CIM model of day-ahead market (DAM) transaction of distribution company, from its business process representation. Semantic model of DAM transaction using CIM IEC 62325 (Markets) and extensions required are presented with a sample Indian system. DAM models in BPMN and CIM can be utilized to build an efficient software application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wind energy is a popular from the non-conventional energy sources in the World. In India states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Orissa, and Maharashtra are as regarded as superior areas with respect to this type energy. The installed capacity of wind in India till December 2010 was 13,056.37 MW, principally distributed throughout the Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, etc. In Maharashtra, there are 38 wind farms and the 3655 wind machines are installed with the 3431.86MW capacity of power generation up to September 2013. In Satara district, 17 wind sites and also other some sites are discovered. At present there are 1636 wind turbines are installed with its capacity of power generation is 1122.61MW and the production of wind energy of 2183745.15KWh average per annum in Satara district.The main objectives of the present paper are to assess the scope of non-conventional energy resources especially the power generation from wind and to analyze the trend and distribution of the wind mills and wind farms in Satara district. It is find out the amount of recovered from the power generation comes around 12 years without subsidy and around 8 years with subsidy. The total life span of wind turbines is 25 years. It is very much clean and does not cause any problem to the environment as well as to the survival on the surface of the earth. Therefore, it is inferred that the generation of power from wind is not only cheaper and permanent energy source but also a non-polluting, freely available source. It is helpful for the development of economically and socially in a region especially in rural development. With these consequences the income level will increase and it will further help in minimising the social disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an effective method of congestion management in power systems. Congestions or overloads in transmission network are alleviated by generation rescheduling and/or load shedding of participating generators and loads. The two conflicting objectives 1) alleviation of overload and 2) minimization of cost of operation are optimized to provide pareto-optimal solutions. A multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method is used to solve this complex nonlinear optimization problem. A realistic frequency and voltage dependent load flow method which considers the voltage and frequency dependence of loads and generator regulation characteristics is used to solve this problem. The proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30-bus system, IEEE 118-bus system, and Northern Region Electricity Board, India (NREB) 390-bus system with smooth as well as nonsmooth cost functions due to valve point loading effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, apart from state owned generators, a central sector power pool has been created consisting of central sector power stations. The Central Transmission Utility (CTU) has built an EHV network to transfer this power to the constituents of the regional network. To recover the costs incurred, the CTU levies the Transmission Service Charges (TSC) over the constituents. The constituents are billed for network usage charges which are proportional to their allocated share in the central sector power generation. An ideal pricing mechanism would have been to find out the usage of the network by the constituents and charge accordingly. In this paper, a real power tracing based method for recovery of Transmission Service Charge (TSC) from the constituents of Western regional grid in India is proposed. The method uses proportionality based real power tracing to find out the network usage by various constituents. Loss allocation on EHV network to the various constituents is also done. Actual data of power flows over the EHV network of Western regional grid for one day is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, uniform price was assigned to renewable energy certificate (REC) irrespective of renewable energy (RE) type, technology, and location. Moreover REC price bands are higher than existing preferential tariff. There are distinct renewable purchase obligations (RPOs) specified for various RE types, whereas there is lack of efficient tools to check RPO compliance. Because of these reasons, REC market stabilisation is getting delayed. This paper proposes a method using plant performance multiplier to convert non-solar and solar REC to single equivalent REC with competitive REC pricing, which can be traded on unified REC market. The method combines solar and non-solar RPOs into a single composite RPO, to make RPO compliance and its checking simple and efficient. A sample illustration of the proposed method is given. The benefits offered by the proposed method in REC pricing, REC trading and RPO compliance are discussed. A comparative economic analysis of present and proposed method is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Majority of the power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and fossil fuels being the primary ones, which contribute heavily to greenhouse gas emission and global warming. The Indian power sector is witnessing a revolution as excitement grips the nation about harnessing electricity from various renewable energy sources. Electricity generation from renewable sources is increasingly recognized to play an important role for the achievement of a variety of primary and secondary energy policy goals, such as improved diversity and security of energy supply, reduction of local pollutant and global greenhouse gas emissions, regional and rural development, and exploitation of opportunities for fostering social cohesion, value addition and employment generation at the local and regional level. This focuses the solution of the energy crisis on judicious utilization of abundant the renewable energy resources, such as biomass, solar, wind, geothermal and ocean tidal energy. This paper reviews the renewable energy scenario of India as well as extrapolates the future developments keeping in view the consumption, production and supply of power. Research, development, production and demonstration have been carried out enthusiastically in India to find a feasible solution to the perennial problem of power shortage for the past three decades. India has obtained application of a variety of renewable energy technologies for use in different sectors too. There are ample opportunities with favorable geology and geography with huge customer base and widening gap between demand and supply. Technological advancement, suitable regulatory policies, tax rebates, efficiency improvement in consequence to R&D efforts are the few pathways to energy and environment conservation and it will ensure that these large, clean resource bases are exploited as quickly and cost effectively as possible. This paper gives an overview of the potential renewable energy resources in Indian context while evaluating the present status, the energy demand of the country and forecast consumption and production, with the objective to evaluate and assess whether India can sustain its growth and its society with renewable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewables around the globe, provide fuel diversification, energy security and produce little or no emissions during the electricity generation. The unavailability of rotating masses prohibits on-grid renewable energy generation systems from providing inertia during a frequency disruption. This would be extremely unsettling and impactful when the proportion of energy in the grid due to renewables is high. India currently, has a 28.04% share of on-grid renewable energy. The grid infrastructure systems of India would face severe challenges when the share of on-grid renewables leaps past 50% in the future. Thus, this paper primarily addresses the repercussions of increasing share of on-grid renewables in terms of inertia and frequency response in India. The energy scenario of 2040 in India under 80% proliferation of on-grid renewables has been well reviewed in this paper. The novelty of this paper is the narrative literature review of the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) on frequency response which is unique and exclusive to this manuscript. It demonstrates the current strategies prevalent in the grid system of India towards frequency response and inertia support. This paper also explains the diverse control strategies and energy storage technologies required for adoption with the on-grid renewables in India for frequency response. The other novelty in this paper is the insight about the inertia lost due to an on-grid 100-kW p solar photovoltaic system to explain the readers about the impact when the integration is hundreds to thousands of kilowatts. • Share of renewables in the Indian grid network is 28.04% (113.226 GW) as of 2022. • India aspires to achieve 54% share of on-grid renewables by 2030 and 80% by 2040. • Indian Electricity Grid Code indicates need for expansion in active power reserves. • India requires diverse control strategies and energy storages for inertia support. • On-grid 100-kW p solar photovoltaic system loses inertia of 100-kW for 4.44 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing awareness towards environmental concern, efforts are made to reduce harmful effects of conventional electricity generation methods and uses of renewable sources of energy to generate electricity. India has enormous potential of renewable energy resources to meet its power generation requirements. India can meet with global footsteps in the economic and social advances through the advancement in field of renewable sources. In remote area applications, where grid approach is either not feasible or very costly, hybrid energy systems are recommended to supply electric power needs of single or multiple user utility for household or irrigation applications. In the areas where grids are not connected, electrical power can be generated by solar cells, wind turbine generators, hydro power plants or diesel engine generators. Multiple sources can be combined for generating the desired electrical energy for remote areas. When majority of the sources are renewable generating sources, then the combination is known as Hybrid Energy System. The purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for hybrid system setup, modeling, renewable energy sources, criteria for hybrid system optimization and control strategies, and software utilized for optimal sizing. In addition, this paper gives a mathematical model of the hybrid system components, highlighting the significance of power reliability and system cost, and discusses a comparison of the most popular topologies utilized for the implementation and sizing of HRES. This article concludes with a comprehensive review of the various algorithms and software programmes utilized for size optimization. Then the paper also discuss the various uncertainty analysis in HRES size optimization. • This paper present a review of HRES size optimization and forecasting methodologies. • The comprehensive review of HRES optimization and software tools is presented. • For knowledge collection of HRES, various reviews and surveys are conducted in past. • Old literature not give social, technical, economic, environmental, reliability aspect. • Review of solar and wind forecasting methods are not discussed for HRES optimization.. • Effect of using forecasted weather data on HRES is not properly analyzed till date.. • Performance of HRES optimization algorithm and forecasting effects are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact assessment of a process over its entire operational lifespan is an important issue. Estimation of life cycle emission helps in predicting the contribution of a given process to abate (or to pollute) the environmental emission scenario. Considering diminishing and time-dependent effect of emission, assessment of the overall effect of emissions is very complex. The paper presents a generalized methodology for arriving at a single emission discounting number for a process option, using the concept of time value of carbon emission flow. This number incorporates the effect of the emission resulting from the process over the entire operational lifespan. The advantage of this method is its quantitative aspect as well as its flexible nature. It can be applied to any process. The method is demonstrated with the help of an Intermediate Pyrolysis process when used to generate off-grid electricity and opting biochar route for disposing straw residue. The scenarios of very high net emission to very high net carbon sequestration is generated using process by careful selection of process parameters for different scenarios. For these different scenarios, the process discounting rate was determined and its outcome is discussed. The paper also proposes a process specific eco-label that mentions the discounting rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “polygeneration” is referred to as “an energy supply system, which delivers more than one form of energy to the final user”, for example: electricity, heating/cooling, desalination can be delivered from polygeneration process. The polygeneration demonstrates unique integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy. It is the next generation energy production technique with a potential to overcome intermittence of renewable energy, reduce cost of power generation and greenhouse gas emissions. The feasibility study of this paper is divided in three sections: In first section of this study, solar and biomass have been arranged to produce steam for power generation. In the second section, cooling is produced by vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR; LiBr-H 2 O) system as per demand load requirement using steam, extracted from pass-out turbine. In the last section of this paper, multi effect dehumidification (MED) water desalination is produced by using limited amount of heat from water vapor (refrigerant; H 2 O) through HE1 of VAR cooling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastivity is a wholesome measure of performance of any system. It considers the waste generated during the working of any system concerning the input provided to the system. This article deliberates on the concept of ‘lifetime wastivity’ of any system incorporating the waste of all types of resources such as material, energy, manpower, capital, and time. It first considers the context of electrical power systems, based on fossil fuels such as coal. The lifetime wastivity in the electricity sector is of very high order incorporating energy wastivity of all the processes in the life cycle, auxiliary energy wastivity, and different types of pollution-related wastivity at all stages. The paper takes another example from services sector such as hospitality industry. There is a need to put in place wastivity accounting and audit systems to portray the pattern of wastivity of different resources overtime to minimize lifetime wastivity. As an editorial, it also gives a brief of all the papers scheduled in this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal power plants in India emit around 500 Mt of CO 2 annually. All of it is released into the atmosphere untreated. Microalgae, a third generation feedstock for bio-fuel emerges as a viable option for partly sequestering the emissions. Moreover, its carbon capture capacity of 4.8 kg CO 2 /kg biomass, which is very much as compared to terrestrial substitutes like Jhatropa curcas , enables to produce bio fuel hence adding value to the entire process. This paper intends to build upon this idea and come up with strategies to integrate bio fuel production and CO 2 sequestration with the existing thermal power plants. The raw materials needed for algal growth are available in the plant as elaborated in the paper. Thus the bio fuel produced can be routed back to power the plant consequently lowering the dependence on coal. This would help in putting a check on the carbon emissions thus making the existing systems more environmentally benign and suitable for long haul. This paper reviews currently employed carbon capture technologies and methods and comes up with a strategy to subsume carbon capture through microalgae with power plants of a certain capacity. 3 t/day is taken as the basis for calculations in the proposed flow sheet. An alternative of the above is also provided which substitutes the biofuel production with co-firing. This escalates the nitrogen content of flue gas but deescalates the investment. This brings down the capital investment in the plant but enhances N 2 content of flue gas. Carbon leakage is accounted for in a table of atomic balance. It takes care of input and output of carbon. The paper is inclined towards the conclusion that the Microalgae possess incredible potential and if tapped efficaciously could prove to be extremely helpful in these days of power and environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed power generation based on renewable energy sources brings new life and hope to electrify remote villagers. The proposed work suggests the techno-economic feasibility of three different energy-supplying alternatives namely the solar photovoltaic (SPV) system, diesel generator system and extending the grid connection for energy supply to a remote village located around 15 km away from the place where grid supply is available. Design of all the above three systems along with their economic analysis is carried out in this paper. A comparison on the basis of economic indicators like unit cost of electricity, net present value and payback period among the three systems is also discussed. The results show that the SPV system is economically more viable among the three options apart from environment benefits. This study may provide a new direction for energy planners to supply energy in remote non-electrified areas of India through SPV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to conventional fossil fuel-based electricity generation technologies, renewable energy centered technologies, specifically small hydropower, release a lesser amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gases but are normally more expensive. A major segment of the capital investment in the current small hydropower scenario accounts for equipment and construction process costs. The construction and cost administration process are generally limited to analysis of the capital cost of civil constructions, electro-mechanical equipment works, neglecting the costs related to operating and maintaining the plant, replacement or refurbishment, certified emission reductions, among others. Contemporary studies indicate that these costs form a substantial fraction of the total capital investment. Consequently, for cost management and investment decision making, small hydropower plant developers are drawing increased attention in recent years towards conducting life cycle costing studies that take into account the ignored costs. In addition, small hydropower plants in developing nations can become more competitive by trading the emission reductions achieved under the provision of the Clean Development Mechanism, an outcome of the Kyoto Protocol proposed at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In this paper, a modest attempt has been made to determine the Levelized cost of electricity generation using life cycle costing methodology, which accounts for all the costs over operating lifetime on a range of small hydropower plants and the results are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mini-Hydro power generation could be planned on small-scale on existing small rivers, canals etc. as it could be beneficial in utilization of all existing water reservoirs and streams so as to generate hydro power which is renewable in nature. By this, they do not encounter the problems of rehabilitation of people and environmental problems associated with the large hydro power plants. This paper presents the case study of two potential sites namely Shahnoor and Purna in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra State in India. Here, the hydrological data of a potential site for nearly sixty years is obtained and is thoroughly studied for possible development of mini hydro power plant. The basic parameters those are to be included in feasibility report which is to be prepared for every proposed hydroelectric project are also mentioned. This paper could be well utilized for planning and irrigating land in and around rural areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The techno-economic viability of a combined heat and power system (CHAPS) for urban areas in India is analyzed in this paper. This approach considers the electrical and thermal energy delivery subsystems for which the cost considerations were based on the present market values. A sensitivity study based on capacity utilization factor (CUF) was carried out to evaluate the unit cost of electricity produced. Other financial figures of merit like simple payback and internal rate of return were also calculated. It is observed that when the system utilization was 0.3, the payback of the system is attained within the CHAPS' lifetime of 20 years. Based on the economic evaluation, it is evident that favorable financial benefits for a typical system with a collector area of 4.5 m2 will occur if the system cost is limited in the range of Rs 100,000 to Rs 120,000. A comparison with the actual CHAPS system cost based on the current market price is done and the difference is off set by the carbon credits earned by the CHAPS system during its lifetime due to CO2 mitigation. The carbon credits earned by the CHAPS system caused a reduction of the unit cost of electricity generated from Rs 11.02/kWh to Rs 9.0973/kWh. This study further helps to introduce the CHAPS system in the Indian market at an acceptable price for the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper assesses the evolution of India's power sector to 2050 and identifies crucial low carbon technologies to meet its NDC and long-term climate change mitigation targets under various carbon emission rights allocation schemes using a multi-region global energy systems model TIAM-UCL where India is modelled as a separate region. Six scenarios were developed – reference case, NDC, global 2 °C and three scenarios where CO 2 emissions of all model regions converged in 2050 based on criteria of GDP/capita, emissions intensity of GDP and per capita emissions. The analysis shows that emission rights allocation schemes influence the total energy system development costs, long-term electricity generation requirements, and share of renewables especially solar PV generation to meet the 2 °C target. The model runs also show that solar-PV is the single most important generation technology for decarbonisation of India's power sector. Limiting the share of solar-PV generation can lead to 20% reduction in total electricity generation and increase system costs substantially for 2050. Further, the results also indicate that India may have 200–215 GW of stranded coal generation assets in 2050 in the low carbon scenarios. Our analysis suggest that India is one of those countries which are at the development stage and also highly risked with the lock-in in carbon emitting infrastructure especially coal-based generations unless action taken in the near-term. • Solar-PV is the most important technology for decarbonisation of electricity sector in India requiring 800GW-1100GW by 2050. • Stranded assets of coal power plants could be a real threat to the financial health of the power sector. • Early introduction of CCS for the power sector in India can significantly reduce the cost of overall emissions reductions. • India is one of those countries which are highly risked with the lock-in in carbon emitting infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • India has set a goal to achieve 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030. • Indian bioenergy sector increased by 5.42 times in last 10 years. • Small scale biomass gasification plants, solution for waste biomass disposal. • Energy generation for environment protection. • Reducing air pollution by utilizing crop residue in energy generation. India is an agriculture based economy, and also has a forest cover that comprises roughly 24% of its total geographic area. Thus, an abundance of biomass, in the form of waste material is readily available throughout the country annually. The forest biomass, which consists of deadwood and residues, and the agricultural biomass in the form of crop residues, are presently disposed of by burning, which causes air pollution and damage to the local ecology. This waste biomass can be better used for electricity generation using gasification technology. The total installed capacity for electricity generation in India is 344 GW as of March 2018. Renewable energy makes up 20% of this total, and bioenergy, in turn, makes up 14% of renewable energy. Bioenergy makes up 2.8% of total energy installations in India at present. However, the power being generated through bioenergy sources is about 9.5 GW. In this paper, the most recent statistical data regarding energy generation through bioenergy resources has been presented using currently available sources. Brief descriptions of gasification conversion routes have also been included, with their sustainability conditions, as well as the government policies necessary for implementation in the Indian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In recent years the decentralized rural electrification is becoming cost effective and convenient for areas where grid extension is very difficult. The present paper deals with the electrification of dense forest areas of Uttarakhand state in India by Integrated Renewable Energy Optimization Model (IREOM). The IREOM consists of locally available renewable energy resources such as Micro-Hydropower (MHP), biomass, biogas, wind and solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems have been used to meet electrical energy and cooking energy needs of a cluster of villages. The paper includes the selection of different system components, sizing and development of a general model to find out optimal combination of energy subsystems for the selected study area in order to minimize the cost of energy (COE) generation for a required reliability values. The sizing of different renewable energy system components has been carried out so that they are suitable for four different seasonal load profiles. The two reliability values are considered for the selection of optimum solution of year round application. The model developed for this purpose, has been found to be quite useful in optimizing the renewable energy system sizes that are available in market. The proposed model totally depends on the renewable energy systems and eliminates the use of conventional energy systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The clean development mechanism (CDM) could play an important role in the power generation sector of developing countries and emerging economies by providing additional revenue to support the diffusion of renewable energy sources (RES). This paper investigates the contribution of the CDM to deployment of renewable electricity projects in China and India, and highlights the main potentialities and limitations of this mechanism for their support. The outcome of our analysis shows many differences and similarities in the way and scale of CDM projects for renewable electricity generation have been implemented in the two countries. In both cases, the CDM has made a contribution to greening investments in the power generation sector, which is still largely dominated by subcritical coal-fuelled power plants. Nonetheless, some major problems still remain and they are mainly related to the distribution of projects across different technologies and to the environmental integrity of the mechanism. In view of the likely revision of the CDM in the post-Kyoto period, we find that the differentiation of the credit generation rate of different project categories could bring some level of improvement without significantly altering the current system functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NTPC Ltd. of India is presently constructing the 520 MW (4 x 30 MW) Tapovan-Vishnugad hydroelectric power plant in Uttarakhand in the Himalayas. As part of this project, an approximately 12.1 km head race tunnel (HRT) is to be constructed, of which approximately 8.6 km are being excavated by DS-TBM with an excavation diameter of 6.575 m. Construction of this HRT has been awarded to a Joint Venture (JV) of Larsen, Toubro Ltd., India, and Alpine, Austria. Geoconsult ZT GmbH is acting as a Consultant to NTPC Ltd. for the TBM part of the HRT. The overburden above the tunnel is up to 1, 100 m with the result that knowledge of the geology along the HRT alignment could only be based on projections made from surface exposures available in the area. Basically, the ground consists of jointed quartzite, gneiss and schist. Excavation of the HRT started in October 2008 and excavation rates of over 500 m per month were achieved in November 2009. However, in December 2009 the TBM encountered a fault zone along with high-pressure water inflow and became trapped. This paper outlines the present status of HRT construction and describes in particular the difficulties encountered during TBM excavation in fault zones with large high-pressure water inflows and how these problems are being dealt with. Die indische Firma NTPC Ltd. errichtet derzeit das 520 MW (4 x 130 MW) Tapovan-Vishnugad Wasserkraftwerk in Uttarakhand, Himalaya. Als Teil dieses Projekts wird ein ungefähr 12,1 km langer Triebwasserstollen (TWS) errichtet, wobei rund 8,6 km davon mittels einer DS-TBM mit einem Ausbruchdurchmesser von 6.575 m aufgefahren werden. Der Bau dieses Triebwasserstollens wurde an die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Larsen, Toubro Ltd., Indien, und Alpine, Österreich vergeben. Geoconsult ZT GmbH fungiert als Berater von NTPC Ltd. für den TBM-Teil des TWS. Aufgrund der Überlagerung des Tunnels von bis zu 1,100 m konnte die Geologie entlang des Triebwasserstollens nur durch Projektion von vorhandenen Oberflächenaufschlüssen aus der Umgebung bestimmt werden. Das Gebirge besteht hauptsächlich aus geklüftetem Quarzit, Gneis und Schiefer. Der Ausbruch des TWS begann im Oktober 2008. Im November 2009 wurde eine Vortriebsgeschwindigkeit von über 500 m pro Monat erreicht. Im Dezember 2009 jedoch fuhr die TBM eine Störzone mit einem Hochdruckwassereinbruch an, wodurch die TBM stecken blieb. Dieser Artikel skizziert den derzeitigen Stand des TWS und legt besonderes Augenmerk auf die Schwierigkeiten beim Auffahren der Störzone inklusive Hochdruckwassereinbruch mit einer TBM. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, wie sich die auftretenden Probleme lösen lassen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrological interdependence of plants in cascaded hydroelectric system means that operation of any plant has an effect on water levels and storage at other plants in the system. Hydro-logically efficient operation of power plants in such cascaded system requires that water resources should be managed efficiently, so that it can dispatched to predicted demand considering all physical and operational constraints. Meta-heuristic optimization techniques particularly Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and its variants have been successfully used to solve such problem. In this paper Time Varying Acceleration coefficients PSO (TVAC_PSO) has been used to determine the optimal generation schedule of real operated cascaded hydroelectric system located at Narmada river in state Madhya Pradesh, India. Results thus obtained from TVAC_PSO are compared with Novel Self Adaptive Inertia Weight PSO (NSAIW_PSO) and found to give better solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyse the vulnerabilities of current power-grid systems and to propose alternatives to using fossil fuel power generation and infrastructure solutions in the form of microgrids, particularly those from renewable energy sources. One of the key potential benefits of microgrids, apart from their inherent sustainability and ecological advantages, is increased resilience. The analysis is targeted towards the context of business process outsourcing in India. However, much of the research on vulnerabilities has been derived from the USA and as such many of the examples cite vulnerabilities in the USA and other developed economies. Nevertheless, the vulnerabilities noted are to a degree common to all grid systems, and so the analysis may be more broadly applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the finiteness of fossil fuels and its associated environmental problems, new prospects to cover energy demand are urgently required. Energy from surplus biomass can support an essential contribution to a sustainable energy generation. This paper deals with a case study of surplus biomass available in the Indian state Rajasthan. About 1275 MW electrical power is possible to generate through biomass gasifier based power generation plant through surplus biomass available in Rajasthan. About 1656 tonnes of CO2 can be saved annually by installation of 1 MW biomass gasifier based power plant. The techno economic parameter like net present worth, cost benefit ratio and pay back period are also carried out for this route of power generation and these are about 1.18 million US$, 1.42 and 8 years and 2 months respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To redress the problem of poor electricity access in rural India, even after 50 years of sustained electrification effort has proved to be a challenging task. And in order to address this problem, India launched a massive rural electrification programme in April 2005 with an objective of achieving universal household electrification by 2012. This short paper discusses the issues facing this programme and suggests that unless the risks are carefully mitigated, the programme may not succeed in achieving its principal objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future economic development trajectory for India is likely to result in rapid and accelerated growth in energy demand, with attendant shortages and problems. Due to the predominance of fossil fuels in the generation mix, there are large negative environmental externalities caused by electricity generation. The power sector alone has a 40 percent contribution to the total carbon emissions. In this context, it is imperative to develop and promote alternative energy sources that can lead to sustainability of the energy–environment system. There are opportunities for renewable energy technologies under the new climate change regime as they meet the two basic conditions to be eligible for assistance under UNFCCC mechanisms: they contribute to global sustainability through GHG mitigation; and, they conform to national priorities by leading to the development of local capacities and infrastructure. This increases the importance of electricity generation from renewables. Considerable experience and capabilities exist in the country on renewable electricity technologies. But a number of techno–economic, market-related, and institutional barriers impede technology development and penetration. Although at present the contribution of renewable electricity is small, the capabilities promise the flexibility for responding to emerging economic, socio–environmental and sustainable development needs. This paper discusses the renewable and carbon market linkages and assesses mitigation potential of power sector renewable energy technologies under global environmental intervention scenarios for GHG emissions reduction. An overall energy system framework is used for assessing the future role of renewable energy in the power sector under baseline and different mitigation scenarios over a time frame of 35 years, between 2000 to 2035. The methodology uses an integrated bottom-up modelling framework. Looking into past performance trends and likely future developments, analysis results are compared with officially set targets for renewable energy. The paper also assesses the CDM investment potential for power sector renewables. It outlines specific policy interventions for overcoming the barriers and enhancing deployment of renewables for the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this paper is to model a hybrid energy system for rural India. In this analysis a hybrid renewable system consists of solar-wind-hydrokinetic-bioenergy is proposed. Overall analysis including Optimization and sensitive analysis are evaluated by HOMER software. Optimized results are evaluated considering total net present cost, cost of energy, annual electric generation, renewable fraction and CO 2 emission. The analysis is done in order to increase efficiency of the system with comparatively less cost. From this exercise it is found that, combinations of more varieties of different renewable energy system are better to fulfill futuristic demand. Futuristic demand is calculated by logistic growth model. The value of COEs ($) and total generations (kWh/yr) are 0.3563 and 133045; 0.247 and 170948; 0.242 and 179018; 0.241 and 179303 for the year (2012–2021), (2022–2031), (2032–2041) and (2042–2051) respectively. However some other combinations may produce more power, although in such cases, in order to storage excess power COE will increase. As compared to the year (2012–2021) to (2042–2051) the optimized COE of electricity is minimized, keeping Annual cost nearly constant and amount of electric generation is increased without much effect on environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper seeks to examine the effects of electricity generation efficiency on the index of human capital in India over 1980–2021 through the novel multi threshold non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model. We find strong evidence that the effects of efficiency in the generation of electricity on human development have varied across thresholds/quantiles. We suggest that, for improving human development in India by suitable energy policies, both policy makers and the public sector managers will need to make directed efforts to use most robust and energy saving technologies in the electricity generation process. • The study addresses the relationship between efficiency in the electricity generation process and human development. • The MTNARDL method is used because conditional mean analysis failed to provide the inner dynamics of the relationship. • We find strong evidence that the said relationship varied across thresholds/quantiles in the short and long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the asymmetric effects of electricity prices on industrial electricity demand in India from 1981 to 2016 using the two-threshold nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The results show that customers react more strongly to a large price cut than a large price increase, whereas a small price change does not affect electricity consumption. A large price decrease, which raises the quantity demanded by a higher percentage, makes it more challenging to reach net-zero emissions as electricity generation relies mainly on fossil fuels. Since demand is inelastic for price increases, a large price hike minimally reduces electricity consumption. • Demand is more responsive to a large decline than a large rise in electricity prices. • A small price change does not significantly affect industrial electricity consumption. • There is evidence of asymmetric price effects on industrial electricity demand. • Industrial electricity consumption has grown as fast as industrial output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of renewable energy sources for electricity generation is necessary for sustainable development in India. Thus, the present study examines the effects of renewable and non-renewable electricity generation on economic growth in India during 1991–2019. In this regard, the robust time series econometric tools like autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models are applied to the formulated economic growth function in the presence of both renewable and non-renewable electricity generation as key determinants. Moreover, the outcome of ARDL and NARDL models confirms the long-run relationship between the sample variables. Further, the long-run result shows that economic growth is positively affected by renewable and non-renewable electricity generation, according to the ARDL model. At the same time, the finding from NARDL indicates that a negative change in non-renewable electricity generation leads to an increase in economic growth in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]