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In recent years, major efforts have been made to develop a more circular economy. The desire to reuse, remanufacture and recycle materials are important for the development towards a sustainable society. An extended lifespan of materials helps to reduce the amount of waste kept in landfills, as well as to reduce the extraction of natural resources. Pulp and paper and steel industries are two of the largest export industrial sectors in Sweden. It is well known that the pulp and paper industries also generates large amounts of organic and inorganic wastes, of which a significant part is kept in landfills. Year by year deposit of wastes in landfills is becoming more difficult to handle and expensive due to stronger regulations and requirements regarding the environment. During Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) and Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) stainless steelmaking operations, burnt lime (primary lime) is charged together with other slag forming materials in the furnace or converter to attain a specific basicity of the slag and to achieve purification from unwanted elements by chemical reactions in the steel. However, a number of CaO-containing wastes from pulp/paper mills can be used as slag formers in steelmaking processes to replace the currently used burnt natural lime, since the use of this primary lime does not conform with the closing the loop idea that is being prioritized in modern society. This thesis presents results from preliminary experiments for examining the replacement of primary lime with secondary lime from pulp and paper production waste as slag formers in EAF and AOD converters. The obtained results showed a possibility of using up to 30% CaO from secondary lime as a replacement for primary lime in the EAF. Furthermore, the amount of ferrosilicon alloys additions can be decreased by up to 3kg/ton of steel. For the AOD process the use of secondary lime doesn´t have any negative effects on the decarburization process and reduction process. Furthermore, it has similar desulphurization functions as the primary lime. However, the phosphorus content in the metal was slightly increased. Thus, the replacement ratio of secondary lime will be limited by the acceptable phosphorus level in the final steel due to higher phosphorus content in wastes from pulp and paper mills compared to that in primary lime. Moreover, it was revealed during this study that slags from AOD converters can be used as binding agents for briquetting of these secondary lime materials. These results shows that waste/by products from two major industries can be used to make metallurgical briquettes, uniting two major industrial sectors in a circular symbiosis towards a more sustainable future.

This work investigates how HV impulses affect the behavior of partial discharge (PD) activity and the low voltage dielectric response of oil-impregnated paper insulation. It also investigates how the change in the PD activity is related to the degradation level of oil-impregnated paper insulation. In order to accomplish these objectives, the ageing were done under three different electrical stress conditions, i.e. HV impulses following an early stage 50 Hz AC PD activity, a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress alone, and a combination of HV impulses and a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress. In order to predict the level of deterioration caused by each ageing stress condition, the dielectric spectroscopy (DS) measurements in a frequency range of 1.0 mHz to 1.0 kHz were performed before and after subjecting a test object to each of the ageing stress conditions. The investigations were mainly done on the test samples consisting of a cavity deliberately introduced between the layers of oil-impregnated paper. Additionally, the investigation about the effect of HV impulses alone on the DS results was done on aged oil-impregnated paper transformer bushing. The PD experimental results presented in this thesis indicate that HV impulses below the impulse breakdown stress following an early stage AC PD activity will neither cause a significant change in phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns nor damage oil-impregnated paper insulation to a level that can be noticed with visual observations. On the other hand, a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress can cause the change in PRPD patterns by decreasing the total PD charge and the number of PD pulses, but cannot quickly damage the oil-impregnated paper insulation as it would do when it is combined with HV impulses. In addition to that, the results show that the combination of both, HV impulses and a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress can cause a high drop in the PD parameters (total PD charge and number of PD pulses). The DS results show that HV impulses below the impulse breakdown stress following an early stage 50 Hz AC PD activity will not cause a significant increase in the real part of the complex capacitance and in the dissipation factor as they will do when they are combined with a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress. Further, the dielectric spectroscopy results obtained every three hours during the ageing of oil-impregnated paper insulation by a prolonged PD activity at an AC stress show that the dissipation factor will increase, but the PD parameters (total PD charge and the repetition rate) will decrease with time of PD application. For a case of the aged oil-impregnated paper transformer bushing, HV impulses of amplitudes up to 200 kV did not result in the change in the dissipation factor curve before removing insulating oil from the bushing. However, after removing about 2.5 liters of insulating oil from the bushing, HV impulses resulted in the change in the dissipation factor curve. The magnitudes of the dissipation factor curves appeared to be much higher in the middle frequencies region, i.e. the frequencies between 10 mHz and 100 Hz. After refilling the bushing with the same insulating oil, the loss peak shifted towards the higher frequencies. To understand how the ageing by-products initiated by PDs in the small cavity can modify the geometry of oil-impregnated paper insulation; the model of oil-impregnated paper insulation, comprising of a small cavity, was implemented in Finite Element Method (FEM) software (COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a). The comparison between the simulation and experimental results show that PD by-products will result in two zones, i.e. aged and unaged zones, and the aged zone will grow with time of PD application; thereby increasing the dissipation factor. On the other hand, in order to interpret the change in the dissipation factors for the dielectrics in aged oil-impregnated paper transformer bushing after had been exposed to HV impulses, a model of a part of the condenser body (oil-paper insulation) was also implemented in the FEM software (COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a). To model a condition of low insulating oil level in the bushing, a part of oil subdomains was replaced with the air dielectric properties. A comparison between the simulation and experimental dissipation factor curves indicate that HV impulses will produce the by-products (ions), which will increase the conductivity of air when the bushing has low insulating oil level. On refilling the bushing with the same insulating oil, the insulating oil will take these ions and the reactions between the aged insulating oil by-products (such as acids) and the ions, may produce more ions, thereby increasing further the conductivity of the insulating oil. QC 20140303

Modification of softwood kraft pulp by the addition of either polysulfide (PS) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4) has been shown to increase the pulp yield due to a higher retention of glucomannan. The pulps with higher yield gave a paper with higher tensile index than reference pulp, especially at lower degrees of refining. The higher yield pulps also showed a greater porosity of the fibre wall, indicating an increase in the swelling potential of the fibres. This can lead to increased fibre flexibility and increased joint strength between the fibres and to the higher handsheet tensile index. However, the swelling increase associated with the higher hemicellulose content could also make dewatering more challenging because of the higher water retention of the pulp. The results of this study show however that the positive influence of the increase in yield (fewer fibres and a more open sheet structure) dominates over the negative influence of the higher hemicellulose content on the dewatering properties, especially at lower refining energy levels. Studies simulating full-scale tissue machine dewatering conditions showed that pulps with a higher yield and a higher hemicellulose content had a higher tensile index at the same dryness. Moreover, the same dryness level was achieved in a shorter dwell-time. A given tensile index was also achieved with less refining energy. Increasing the yield and hemicellulose content by the addition of either an oxidizing or a reducing agent in the softwood kraft pulping process thus has a potential for giving high quality fibres for tissue paper production with less refining energy and lower drying energy costs. Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 2 inskickat.At the time of the defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 2 submitted.

The pulp- and paper industry (PPI) faces a great challenge in finding new ways to reduce its overall carbon emissions. Large quantities of water are used in the pulp- and paper making process. In this context, a more sustainable wastewater treatment with a lower carbon footprint is of relevance for the PPI. Applied to a pulp- and paper mill (PPM) in Norway, the ongoing demonstration project “EffiSludge for LIFE” lowers the wastewater treatments (WWT) energy consumption while turning residual waste (bio sludge) into energy by implementing a new wastewater treatment concept. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current carbon footprint from a hypothetical PPM WWT plant, the potential lowering of the carbon footprint when applying the EffiSludge concept and the benefits in a larger scale assuming EffiSludge would be applied at all of the PPMs WWT in the Nordic countries represented by Sweden, Norway and Finland. An estimation of a current and future carbon footprint from one example mill was provided through the construction of one baseline and two case scenarios. Results from a laboratory biomethane potential experiment together with the responses from a survey and contributions from one example mill provided relevant input to the scenarios. The major impact on carbon emissions in the scenarios came from reducing electricity needed to aerate the biological WWT step. The maximum current carbon footprint from the parts of the WWT process included in the baseline scenario was 9.6-13 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp and the estimated future carbon footprint when implementing the EffiSludge concept was estimated as 3.6-5.9 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp. A reduction of 6-8 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp could be expected by implementing the EffiSludge concept. If the EffiSludge concept was introduced in all of the WWTP connected with Nordic PPMs a reduction of the carbon footprint with 55-180 million kg CO2-eq could be expected each year. This would reduce the total carbon emissions from the European PPI with 0.2-0.5 % annually

As a steady renewable energy technology, biogas is a viable alternative to reduce our dependency to fossil fuels and to prevent severe climate change. Biogas potential can be improved through combining different types of substrate and inoculum, as well as through substrate pre-treatments. This study aims to observe and explore the potential of macroalgae Saccharina latissima as a promising new source in renewable energy technology. The biomethane potential of macroalgae in mixture with additional substrate of mixed waste paper will be studied as a mean to improve the biogas yield. It will also compare the biomethane results of the macroalgae and the mixed substrate (macroalgae plus waste paper) exposure to non-thermal and thermal pre-treatment. In the experiment, the ratio of 3 : 1 for gr VS inoculum : gr VS substrate is used in a quantitative BMP test up to 25 days of incubation. The substrate was pre-treated mechanically (blended) into slurry and thermally through pre-heating at high temperature (130°C, 45 minutes) before digested by the inoculum. In the end of incubation period at STP (0°C and 1 atm), the highest cumulative methane yield of 260.91 Nml CH4/gr VS substrate was achieved by sample in Var – I, while the control has cumulative methane yield of 50.52 Nml CH4/gr VS. Thermally pre-treated samples resulted in lower BMP yields than the ones which were not thermally pre-treated. Through the ANOVA t-test of the methane volume and biomethane potential (BMP) yields, it is concluded that the thermal pre-treatment and waste paper addition only give little effect to biomethane production from macroalgae.

This thesis describes the work of investigating and developing Arctic Paper Grycksbo’s work environment work, focusing on their use of the Paper industry’s information system on work environment (Pappersindustrins Informationssystem om Arbetsmiljö, PIA). The work took place between January and June 2018 as a final part of the Master Programme in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. The client of the project was Arctic Paper Grycksbo, one of three paper mills in the Arctic Paper Group. The work began with a literature study where areas such as production design, safety, work environment management, risk analysis, etc. was covered. Subsequently, a comprehensive survey of the PIA system was conducted in parallel with a survey of the company’s overall work environment management. This resulted in a clear picture of how the system is used, the role of the system in the work environment management and where there were shortcomings in the work being done today. An identified deficiency was that the quality of investigations of the reported events varied a lot depending on who performed the investigation, another identified deficiency was that there were a number of delayed events that appeared to be investigated and corrected but wasn’t marked as done in the system. To investigate how other companies use the system, a benchmarking was conducted where companies using any variant of the system got to answer how they use the system and what they like about the system. Based on the investigation of the system, Arctic Paper Grycksbo’s use of the system and the use of the benchmarked companies, six areas for improvement was identified, such as the uneven quality of investigation, the delayed events, their use of the risk management module and their analysing of the information in the system. When the areas of improvement were identified, the work was continued to develop how they could improve their use of PIA. First, six of the former benchmarked companies were contacted for more detailed interviews about how they use the system. Based on the deeper benchmarking, the theoretical framework and the areas where Arctic Paper Grycksbo can improve, new routines for Arctic Paper Grycksbo’s use of PIA was developed. As part of the routines, recommendations and instructions for statistics were also developed that they should begin to follow in the system. Arctic Paper Grycksbo is recommended to start following eight safety indicators, three leading and five lagging, and seven trends regarding the characteristics of accidents and incidents. The possibilities in the system are huge and there is a great potential to use it for most parts of the work environment work if you only set the time from the beginning and are aware that it requires some active work. Det här examensarbetet beskriver arbetet med att undersöka och utveckla Arctic Paper Grycksbos arbetsmiljöarbete med fokus på deras användning av Pappersindustrins Informationssystem om Arbetsmiljö (PIA). Arbetet pågick mellan januari och juni 2018 som en avslutande del på civilingenjörsprogrammet Teknisk Design på Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Uppdragsgivare var Arctic Paper Grycksbo, ett av tre pappersbruk i Arctic Paper koncernen. Arbetet inleddes med en litteraturstudie där områden som produktionsdesign, säkerhet, arbetsmiljöarbete, riskanalys, m.m. behandlades. Därefter genomfördes en omfattande undersökning av PIA-systemet parallellt med en undersökning av företagets övergripande arbetsmiljöarbete. Detta resulterade i en tydlig bild av hur systemet används, systemets roll i arbetsmiljöarbetet och var det fanns brister i arbetet som görs idag. En brist som identifierades var att kvaliteten på utredningarna av de rapporterade händelserna varierade mycket beroende på vem som utfört utredningen, en annan brist som identifierades var att det fanns ett flertal förfallna händelser som såg ut att vara utredda och åtgärdade men saknade klarmarkering i systemet. För att undersöka hur andra företag använder systemet gjordes en benchmarking där företag som använder någon variant av systemet fick svara på hur de använder systemet och vad de tycker om systemet. Baserat på undersökningen av systemet, Arctic Paper Grycksbos användning av systemet och de benchmarkade företagens användning av systemet identifierades sex områden där de kan förbättra och utveckla sin användning av systemet, så som den ojämna kvaliteten på utredningarna, de förfallna händelserna, deras användning av riskhanteringsmodulen och deras användning av informationn i systemet. När förbättringsmöjligheterna var identifierade fortsatte arbetet med att utveckla hur de kan förbättra sig. Först så kontaktades sex av de tidigare benchmarkade företagen för mer detaljerade intervjuer av hur de använder systemet. Utifrån den djupare benchmarkingen, den teoretiska referensramen och de områden där Arctic Paper Grycksbo kan förbättra sig, utvecklades nya rutiner för användningen av PIA. Som en del av rutinerna utvecklades även rekommendationer och instruktioner för statistik de bör börja följa i systemet. Arctic Paper Grycksbo rekommenderas börja följa åtta säkerhetsindikatorer, tre ledande och fem eftersläpande, och sju trender gällande olyckornas och tillbudens egenskaper. Möjligheterna i systemet är enorma och det finns stor potential att nyttja det till de flesta delar av arbetsmiljöarbetet om man bara lägger tiden på det från början och är medveten om att det kräver visst aktivt arbete.

Paper based supercapacitors are prepared by stacking a paper between two graphene electrodes and soaking these in an aqueous electrolyte. We demonstrate that supercapacitors can easily be manufactured by using proven paper technologies. Several different electrode materials were compared and two types of contacting material, silver and graphite foil were tested. The influence of the paper used as separator was also investigated. The supercapacitors with a graphene-gold nanoparticle composite as electrodes showed a specific capacitance of up to 100 F/g and an energy density of 1.27 Wh/kg. The energy density can further be increased by using other electrolytes. The silver contacts showed a pseudo capacitance, which the graphite contacts did not. The papers tested had a minor effect on the capacitance, but they have an influence on the weight and the volume of the supercapacitor.

The integration of sensors endows the packages with intelligence and interactivity. This paper is considered the most suitable substrate of smart packages because it is cost-effective, light, flexible, and recyclable. However, common concern exists regarding the reliability of paper-based system against bending and folding. In this paper, inkjet-printing of silver nanoparticles is used to form circuit pattern as well as interconnections for system integration on paper substrate. A humidity sensor made by functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes is fabricated on the same substrate. We evaluate the electrical performance of paper electronics and the reliability against bending and folding. The results reveal the capability and the limitation of paper electronics in terms of flexibility. The concept of a paper-based smart electronic system and the manufacture process are demonstrated by an interactive humidity sensor card prototype. QC 20131004

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper.

Multiple enterprise system instances in organizations with multiple business units are quite costly to maintain and causes the lack of common business processes. To consolidate these systems into one or fewer instances has the benefits of reduce costs, centralize IT and standardize business processes. But a consolidated model may not be the best choice for every company. To help companies with this decision making process, we studied relevant papers and provided several consideration factors that companies should concern before conducting a system consolidation program. By analyzing their situation according to these factors, companies will get a clearer view on whether they should consolidate their enterprise systems or not. In this thesis a case study is conducted with Holmen Paper. Our study with Holmen Paper focused on the maintenance area of theirs three paper mills. By analyzing these paper mills’ situations based on three of our consideration factors, we made the conclusion that Holmen Paper should consolidate their systems in the maintenance area when they are ready.

High mobility has been a standard in the modern world for decades. This has resulted in high energy consumption, diminishing fossil energy reserves and rising levels of greenhouse gases. By recovering the energy lost in deceleration of vehicles the total energy consumption can be decreased and exhaust emissions reduced. This can be done with a kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) that converts kinetic energy to electric energy during deceleration, which then can be used for acceleration. KERS requires an electrical storage device with high power density, due to the high power levels generated at heavy braking. Batteries does not generally meet these requirements, especially in the cost-effective point of view, but different types of capacitors can be used to obtain a cheap and effective system. To get such an energy storage device small, lightweight and inexpensive while the technology is sustainable requires avoidance of rare metals and hazardous materials. In this master thesis energy and power levels for KERS has been modelled, based on standardized measurements techniques and small paper-based supercapacitors have been built and tested in order to model size, weight and price for a full-scale energy storage device to a KERS-application. The models showed that energy consumption in urban traffic could be reduced with 18% and with an electrode material for the energy storage device with a capacitance of about 1500 F/m2 a reasonable size and weight is obtained. To reach these values of capacitance in paper-based supercapacitors further testing is required on area and layer dependence and for different electrodes.

With the development of information technology, Electronic Patient Record (EPR) is becoming more and more common in the healthcare area, comparing to traditional paper-based patient record. EPR can include a wide range of data and information. Because of the complexity of the clinical data, EPR needs to be presented in a better way using visualization for physicians to actually benefit from it. The goal of this master thesis is to find out what the requirements are for visualization of electronic patient records and how it should look like. Propose visualization paper-prototypes for patient record based on the identified requirements. The result of this thesis will help companies that are developing EPR systems to understand what is needed in visualization of electronic patient records. It will help research groups and companies in this area capture what the physicians require regarding visualization of patient records. This master thesis is conducted with an exploratory approach. A qualitative approach was chosen to help us understand what was needed for visualization of EPR from the perspectives of healthcare personnel. Data was be collected through interviews and brainstorming sessions among four physicians. Two prototypes of visualizing patient records are proposed based on the obtained requirements: Prototype I diagnosis-based time line and Prototype II human body structure. Evaluation was be performed for those two proposed prototypes together with an existing research prototype “Lifelines” From the findings of this master thesis, we can notice that different physicians have different requirements and preferences on visualization of electronic patient record. The most critical and desired feature is to be able to individualize the system as well as the addition of a search engine to search the record. A combination of the proposed Prototype I diagnosis-based time line and Prototype II human body structure was the most preferred among the physicians.

Industrial energy efficiency is stated as a major means of reducing the threat of increased global warming, caused by human use of fossil fuels. Energy service companies (ESCOs) have been expected to play an important role in promoting energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy, including industry. Energy related outsourcing in the complex energy intensive pulp and paper industry, with a continuous production process, represents one of the more challenging types of industrial outsourcing. This paper studies the role of ESCOs as a method to promote energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. A questionnaire was used, complemented by in-depth interviews with mill executives in order to gain more knowledge of the issue. The main conclusion from this paper is that the utilization of ESCOs in the pulp and paper industry is higher in activities with a lower level of energy integration in the production process, and on the contrary, the utilization of ESCOs is lower with a higher level of energy integration in the production process. Since the PPI is a mature industry with a globally well-known and well-spread technique, results from this paper, may plausibly be generalized for PPIs in other countries as well. ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. Patrik Thollander and Mikael Ottosson, Energy related outsourcing: - The case of ESCOs in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, 2011, IEEE International Technology Management Conference, 329-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITMC.2011.5995962

This paper describes a method for 3-D surface estimation based on reflection measurements in different orientationsof the light source and the paper. To facilitate the estimation, surface facets that probably support specular reflection weremarked and isolated, so as to enable the application of sample Lambertian reflectance model over those non-specular reflectionpoints. A computer controlled imaging device was used to capture images in a large number of orientations. The image capturewas performed using several different exposures in order to present larger dynamic irradiance range. Images together with theircounterpoints under antithetical illuminations were used to deal with the possible situation that light failed illumination arrivalson some points locate behind bulges.Iteration using difference approximation as well as enforcing integrability algorithm wereused to calculate the surface height based on Shaping from Shading algorithm.

The actual life of a transformer is determined by ageing of the cellulosic insulation such as transformer paper. The presence of moisture in the insulation system decreases the electrical strength of paper and accelerates the aging. It is an efficient way to monitor the moisture content in paper insulation by measuring the dielectric constant of the paper. The moisture dependent permittivity of impregnated transformer paper below 1 MHz has been widely investigated. High frequency (> 1 MHz) dielectric spectroscopy is under requirement since the loss peak information is missing. The impregnated paper is kept in desiccators with saturated salt solutions to get the samples with moisture content from 1 % to 5.5 %. Then they are placed in a coaxial line and the scattering parameters are obtained by modern Vector Network Analyzer. Full wave analysis is utilized to calculate the permittivity from the obtained S-parameters due to its high accuracy. The magnitude of the dielectric spectroscopy below 100 Hz is very dependent on the moisture content while there is a horizontal shift of curves towards higher frequencies depending on the water content over a wide frequency range. The loss peaks appear between 1 MHz and 1 GHz for the impregnated paper with moisture level less than 5.5 %. Due to the limited system accuracy, there is a blank frequency band from 1 MHz to 100 MHz.

University scientific research ability is an important indicator to express the strength of universities. In this paper, the evaluation of university scientific research ability is investigated based on the output of sci-tech papers. Four university alliances from North America, UK, Australia, and China, are selected as the case study of the university scientific research evaluation. Data coming from Thomson Reuters InCites are collected to support the evaluation. The work has contributed new framework to the issue of university scientific research ability evaluation. At first, we have established a hierarchical structure to show the factors that impact the evaluation of university scientific research ability. Then, a new MCDM method called D-AHP model is used to implement the evaluation and ranking of different university alliances, in which a data-driven approach is proposed to automatically generate the D numbers preference relations. Next, a sensitivity analysis has been given to show the impact of weights of factors and sub-factors on the evaluation result. At last, the results obtained by using different methods are compared and discussed to verify the effectiveness and reasonability of this study, and some suggestions are given to promote China’s scientific research ability.

Authorship on peer-reviewed journal articles and abstracts has become the main currency and reward unit in academia. Such a reward has become a crucial component for students and postdocs who are often under-compensated and thus value authorship as their primary reward mechanism. While numerous scientific and publishing organizations have attempted to write guidelines for defining who gets to be an author and what rank they should be listed in, there remains much ambiguity when it comes to how the various criteria are weighed by research faculty. Here we sought to quantify the relative importance of each of the 11 criteria we defined as being significant contributions for scientific authorship. We sent out an anonymous survey to approximately 564 faculty members at ten different research institutions across the United States. The faculty were from the biomedical engineering, biology, and bioengineering departments. The response rate was approximately 18% with a final sample size of 102 faculty members. We found that there was a consensus on some criteria as being crucial, such as time spent conducting experiments, but there was a lack of consensus regarding the role of obtaining funding. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of how faculty members in the biomedical sciences evaluated these 11 authorship criteria. We believe researchers will find this insightful and will narrow down the disparity between what they assume as being important and what faculty value. This understanding will also bring us closer to establishing a more standardized system for determining authorship and rank in the biosciences.

This thesis sets out to investigate the representation of smartphones by one of the biggest English daily newspapers of the world – the New York Times – and further sheds light on the potential influence the newspaper has on the norms of smartphone behavior. The research is conducted in two parts. For the first research question through a quantitative and the second research question a qualitative content analysis of New York Times articles about smartphones from the years 2007 and 2016. For the content analysis as well as the analysis of the results three different theoretical frameworks are applied: Stuart Hall’s (1997b) representation theory, McGuire’s (2001) media effect factors and social norms theory, mainly according to Cristina Bicchieri (2017). Since assumptions on the outcome of research question one exist on the grounds of previous research conducted in the field, two hypotheses were formed:H1 – In 2007 the coverage of smartphones will be mainly positive and focus on technological aspects.H2 – In 2016 the coverage will be more critical about the consequences of the pervasion and influence of the smartphone in society.The main findings of the thesis are, for research question one, a validation of the hypotheses through the quantitative content analysis and application of the representation theory through which a distinction in the representation of the smartphones denotation and connotation could be made. And for research question two, that the strongest potential of influence on norms of smartphone behavior lies in conveying and updating and thus sometimes changing of empirical and normative expectations together with further intertwined factors.

Hector Rail AB is a Swedish line haul provider for the European Rail Transport Market. On one of their lines, Hector Rail transports large cylinder-shaped paper rolls of different sizes from Holmsund to Skövde, and compressed recycled paper back to Holmsund, with Y25 bogie wagons. The wheels of these wagons experience surface initiated rolling contact fatigue, RCF, which is increasing the maintenance cost. In a collaboration with KTH Royal Institute of Technology a study of the risk of developing RCF cracks when comparing different track qualities, load cases, speeds, curves and wheel-rail friction coefficients as well as the consideration of wear is carried out. The difference in surface initiated RCF when applying the different input parameters is analysed. The location along the track where the wheels are likely to initiate RCF is calculated, as well as the location of RCF on the wheels. The model also provides the curve characteristics that are most likely to initiate RCF on the wheels. This tool can be used for optimising and further streamlining the operation for freight traffic on this (or any other) line with respect to wheel damages and planned maintenance. Hector Rail AB är en Svensk linje trafik leverantör for den Europeiska transportmarknaden på spår. På en av deras sträckor transporterar Hector Rail stora cylindriska pappersrullar i olika storlekar från Holmsund till Skövde, och sammanpressat återvunnet papper tillbaka till Holmsund, med Y25 bogie vagnar. Hjulen till dessa vagnar upplever kross på löpbanan, vilket ökar underhållskostnaderna. I ett sammarbete med KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan görs en studie för risken att utveckla krossprickor vid jämförelse mellan olika spårkvalitéer, lastfall, hastigheter, kurvor och hjul-räl friktion. Hänsyn tas också till effekten av nedbrytningen av hjulen. Skillnaden i kross i löpbanan vid ansättning av de olika indata parametrarna har analyserats. Positionen längs spåret där hjulen sannlolikt initierar kross har beräknats så väl som positionen av kross på hjulen. Modellen levererar även kurvfallen som högst troligen initierar kross på hjulen. Detta verktyg kan användas för att optimera och effektivisera verksamheten för godstrafik på detta (eller andra) spår med hänsyn till hjulskador och planerat underhåll.

The INNOWEST project has used peer learning under “Twinning Advanced” to exchange common challenges and experiences from new and existing innovation services. This has resulted in this Design Option Paper (DOP) which presents options, guidelines and implementation alternatives that three EEN - Enterprise Europe Network partners in three regions would recommend to other innovation support service agencies. In particular, the DOP address EEN partners in Europe, primarily in Sweden, Germany and the UK (Scotland)The first part of the DOP contains a background on and description of the challenge addressed by the DOP. This part outlines the need for a governmental intervention, state the rational for addressing the challenge and give contextual information for the solution or approach presented.The second part is followed by a description, evaluation and analysis of related measures that have been studied and an overall guide to the applicability of the document including e.g. target audience, contextual requirements (experiences or current schemes that helps, commitments politically, legally and economically to make the effort feasible etc). Call: H2020-INNOSUP-2014-5Type of Action: CSA-LSAcronym: INNOWESTCurrent Phase: Grant ManagementNumber: 680934Duration: 1 September 2015 - 30 April 8 2016This project was supported by the European Commission INNOWEST

The comfort of the public transport user is of vital importance to guarantee a pleasant service. The driver's style on coaches and buses is a significant factor that influences the comfort of the users. The driver of a vehicle is clearly implicated in the production of motion sickness since it is the driver who regulates the accelerations than cause passenger sickness (Mark Turner & Michael J. Griffin, 1999). Therefore it is necessary to explain the relationship between passenger comfort and driver behaviour. The driver’s driving style has been described by recording the accelerations (X-Y-Z directions) of a bus with an accelerometer. This data has been processed afterwards to obtain four indicators that describe the driving style of the driver. The four indicators are: 1) Longitudinal acceleration and braking levels, 2) Longitudinal jerks, 3) Lateral cornering acceleration levels, and 4) uneven speed, so-called "Pump driving". Comfort ratings from the passengers has been collected on board different buses from the Södertälje and Kallhäll areas where passengers were asked to grade their experience during their current journey. This information has been analysed together with the indicators. The final result is an algorithm that provides a comfort rating by analysing the acceleration of a bus.

Presently, we contemplate the merger of paper and electronics in different forms. There is a great desire to further explore this twinning of the information displaying features of printed papers and electronic inks. Here, we report a full-color paperboard display technology comprised of thermochromic and static inks combined with a patterned heater foil. Black and full-color thermochromic ink dots were screen-printed adjacent to, and on top of, static ink dots using a zero-angle mesh and template pattern orientation. As the heater is turned on and off, the display alter its content in between two predefined four-color pictures. Funding Agencies|VINNOVA||SCA||TetraPak||Stora Enso||M-Real||ITAB||Agfa-Gevaert||Onnesjo foundation (Holmen)||KAW||KVA

The waste production in Sweden and Europe is increasing each year. Swedish households throw away 2.7 million tonnes material annually and because of though waste legislations, most of this is recycled as material or energy. The Swedish goal to increase the amount of biologically treated food waste and also to increase the biogas production requires not only investments but research in this area. Increased biogas yield from anaerobically treated waste materials will be beneficial to reach the goals. About 45 % of the biological waste consists of lignocellulosic material. Lignocellulose is also the most abundant renewable material in the world which makes it very interesting for biogas production. Sweden is also a country were over 10 % of its total export value is generated from the forest industry. An industry which produces large amounts of waste streams. In this thesis work the author investigates how hydrolysis can increase the digestibility of industrial waste paper. The scope was to find an efficient pretreatment method of paper and determine which affecting factors levels are the most successful ones. A literature study was followed by a series of experiments in order to find the optimal parameters for pretreatment of an industrial waste paper with the goal to increase its digestibility for anaerobic biogas production. From the study three pretreatment methods for hydrolysis of paper were chosen and an experimental design was conducted. The methods were hot water, alkali and wet oxidation. The result of the treatment was evaluated by measuring the soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) in the supernatant of each treated samples and then analyse the results using a statistical software program. The highest levels of dissolved organic materials was found in samples treated at 250 °C for 30 minutes and with 2 % additive concentration of NaOH. The result was 42 g/l from a suspension of dry milled paper tubes of 50 g/l. By using the results in an analysis of variance it was possible to determine that sodium hydroxide was the most significant factor for hydrolysation of paper, followed by temperature and then addition of hydrogen peroxide. The results also revealed that there are no interaction effects between the examined factors in any of the tested methods.

A novel vertical architecture for all-printed organic electrochemical transistors, based on poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), realized on flexible substrates, is reported. The transistors are manufactured along both faces of plastic or paper substrates and via connections are realized using laser ablation or simple punch through using a pin. Successful modulation of the electric current that flows between the two sides of the substrate is achieved using electrolyte-gating and electrochemical modulation of the electronic charge transport of the bulk of the transistor channel. In addition to this, the transistors are exhibiting fast switching and high ON/OFF current ratios.

The industrial sector uses about one third of the energy end-use in the world. Since energy use in many cases highly affects both the local and global environment negatively, it is of common interest to increase energy efficiency within industries. Furthermore, seen from the industrial perspective, it is also important to reduce dependency on energy resources with unstable prices in order to obtain economic predictability. In this thesis, the energy-saving potential within the chemical pulp and paper sector is analyzed. One market pulp mill and one integrated pulp and paper mill were studied as cases. Energy system changes at the mills were analyzed through cost minimization. The thesis focuses on principal energy issues such as finding the most promising alternatives for use of industrial excess heat, possible investments in electricity generation and choice of fuel. In order to find synergies, the same system was optimized first from the perspective of different operators respectively, and then from a joint regional perspective. Also, the prerequisites for a regional heat market in the region were analyzed. This thesis reveals that the use of excess heat from pulp and paper mills for district heating does not generally conflict with process integration measures. This is partly because of the great availability of industrial excess heat and partly because the different purposes require different temperatures and thereby do not compete. Rather, the results show that they strengthen each other since steam and hot water of higher temperatures are made available for district heating when hot water of lower temperature is used for process integration. However, there are cases when the conditions are complicated by preexisting technical solutions within a system. In these cases, a combination of measures could be necessary. Furthermore, it is concluded that energy cooperation in terms of a heat market between municipalities and industries in the studied region gives opportunity for positive synergies. Switching from expensive fuels such as oil to less expensive biofuel in the region proved to be particularly beneficial. Expanding the capacity for combined heat and power generation is also beneficial for the region as well as increased use of industrial excess heat for district heating. The most financially beneficial scenarios also have the greatest potential for CO2 emission reduction; the emissions would be reduced by about 700 thousand tonnes CO2/year for the region in those scenarios. Den industriella energianvändningen utgör en tredjedel av världens totala energianvändning. Eftersom energianvändning i många fall har negativ miljöpåverkan både lokalt och globalt är det av allmänt intresse att öka industriernas energieffektivitet. Sett ur industriernas perspektiv är det dessutom viktigt att minska beroendet av bränslen med osäkra priser för att uppnå ekonomisk förutsägbarhet. I den här avhandlingen analyseras energibesparingspotentialen inom massa- och pappersindustrin. Ett fristående kemiskt massabruk och ett integrerat kemiskt massa- och pappersbruk har studerats. Förändringar i energisystemen på bruken analyserades genom kostnadsminimeringar. Avhandlingen fokuserar på principiella energifrågor, som att utvärdera olika sätt att använda industriellt spillvärme, investeringar i elgenerering och val av bränsle. För att hitta synergier optimerades samma system ur olika aktörers perspektiv och sedan ur ett regionalt perspektiv. Även förutsättningarna för en regional värmemarknad analyserades. Avhandlingen visar att användandet av överskottsvärme från massa- och pappersindustrin till fjärrvärme generellt sett inte står i konflikt med processintegreringsåtgärder inom bruken. Detta beror delvis på att stora mängder överskottsvärme finns tillgängliga och delvis på att det är olika temperaturnivåer som behövs till de olika syftena som därför inte konkurrerar. Resultaten visar snarare att de två åtgärderna stärker varandra eftersom processintegrering gör att större mängder varmvatten av högre temperatur blir tillgängliga för fjärrvärme. Det finns dock fall då förutsättningarna kompliceras av redan befintliga tekniska lösningar inom ett system. I dessa fall kan det vara nödvändigt med en kombination av åtgärder. Vidare dras slutsatsen att energisamarbete mellan kommuner och industrier i form av en värmemarknad ger möjlighet till positiva synergier i den studerade regionen. Särskilt lönsamt visade det sig vara att byta från dyra bränslen såsom olja till billigare bränslen som biobränslen. Att utöka kraftvärmekapaciteten inom värmemarknaden är också lönsamt liksom utökat användande av industriell spillvärme till fjärrvärme. De fall som var mest ekonomiskt lönsamma har även störst möjlighet till minskning av CO2-utsläpp; utsläppen från regionen skulle kunna minskas med cirka 700 000 ton CO2/år i dessa fall.

A reply to discussion of the paper written by Hamlin M. Jennings, Jeffrey J. Thomas, Julia S. Gevrenov, Georgios Constantinides, and Franz-Josef Ulm on 'a multi-technique investigation of the nanoporosity of cement paste' done by Beaudoin and Alizadeh is presented. The authors are correct in noting that the water sorption length change isotherms published by Feldman and Sereda in 1964 predate the work of Roper. However, Feldman and Sereda reported data for the first rewetting and second drying, whereas Roper was the first to report equilibrium length and weight change data during first drying. In the paper, specimens were equilibrated for a few weeks at each reported RH level during which both weight and length were monitored, and while true equilibrium was probably not reached the final rates of change were very low. The experimental data suggest that a stable mechanical packing of particles cannot be achieved with a porosity greater than δ50%.

Rolling element bearing failures in paper mill machines are considered in relation to their critical role in the machine function. The paper discusses these failures according to what becomes damaged and how, and relates them to the vibration spectra and their development over the lives of the bearings. Interpretations of some variations in the vibration signature, i.e. relating vibration amplitude changes and frequency shifts to the deterioration processes involved, are proposed and discussed. The literature was found mainly to confirm this analysis. A new approach to envelope alarming is presented and shown theoretically (logically) to offer later renewal with fewer failures, and therefore lower cost and higher productivity. Deficiencies in data coverage and quality, and the feedback of case study results, are discussed. A model to improve maintenance experience is proposed and discussed. Using vibration to monitor component conditions, the accurate prediction of remaining life requires (a) enough vibration measurements, (b) numerate records of operating conditions, (c) better discrimination between frequencies in the spectrum and (d) correlation of (b) and (c). This is because life prediction depends on the amplitudes of (and) the frequencies generated by the component damage. Much money could be saved because some of the present policies utilize as little as half of the useful life of a bearing.

Cellulose is an important raw material in the manufacture of paper. Cellulose is formed by thefelting, fringing, swelling by absorbing water of the fibers and the combination of these fibersas a result of certain processes. Paper is also obtained by processing plant fibers. It is alsopossible to reuse the waste paper, which are completed in utilization, in paper production byrecovering the cellulose in its structure. Recycling is the process of transforming these wastepapers, which can be reused, into a second raw material by subjecting them to physical orchemical processes. In addition to being sustainable, significant savings are achieved in theamount of raw materials used in paper recycling. In addition, this saving is economicallybeneficial to production due to the high cost of raw materials.In this study, natural dye plants and natural dyeing methods were used to produce paper fromrecycled cellulose with the aim of increasing sustainability. In order to prevent the negativitiesoriginating from the increase in carbon emissions that synthetic dyes cause, it is aimed toincrease the use of natural dyeing methods in paper production. Since natural dye plants areproduced from plant itself or its waste, they do not cause environmental pollution and provideadvantages for recycling.In this study, cellulose fibers were colored with natural dyeing method using walnut shell.Thus, between the fibers, samples colored with walnut shells and samples that were notcolored were examined under two different conditions. Samples were prepared in twodifferent ponds, 5 L and 8 L, with a fixed ratio of solids. Paper sheets were formed with thesieve using the dipping method in the prepared concentration and at the same time, thetechnical properties of the samples were examined by reducing the fibers at a certain rate.Samples were measured in terms of weight, color measurement, light fastness, contact angle,surface smoothness, air permeability and compared with the data obtained.Keywords: Waste paper, Recycling, Natural dyeing, Sustainability Kağıdı imalatında önemli bir yere sahip hammadde selülozdur. Selüloz, liflerin keçeleşmesi, saçaklanması, su emerek şişmesi ve belirli işlemlerden geçmesi sonucunda bu liflerin birleşmesiyle oluşmaktadır. Bitkisel liflerin işlenmesiyle de kağıt elde edilmektedir. Kullanımı tamamlanmış atık durumunda olan kağıtların, yapısındaki selülozun geri kazanılmasıyla tekrardan kağıt üretiminde kullanılabilmesi de mümkündür. Yeniden değerlendirilme imkanı olan bu atık kağıtların fiziksel veya kimyasal işlemlere tabi tutularak ikinci bir hammaddeye dönüştürülmesine geri dönüşüm denmektedir. Sürdürülebilir olmasının yanında kağıt geri dönüşümünde kullanılan hammadde miktarında önemli oranda tasarruf sağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca yapılan bu tasarruf hammaddenin pahalı olmasından dolayı ekonomik açıdan üretime fayda sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada sürdürülebilirliği arttırmak amacıyla geri dönüştürülen selülozlardan kağıt üretimi yaparken doğal boya bitkileri ve doğal boyama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Sentetik boyaların karbon salınımını arttırmasından kaynaklı olumsuzlukları engellemek için doğal boyama yöntemi tercih edilerek kağıt üretiminde kullanımını arttırmak amaçlanmaktadır. Doğal boya bitkileri kendilerinden veya atıklarından üretildiği için çevre kirliliği oluşturmamakta ve geri dönüşüm için avantaj sağlamaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmada selüloz lifleri ceviz kabuğu kullanılarak doğal boyama yöntemi ile renklendirilmiştir. Böylece lifler arasında ceviz kabuğu ile renklendirilen numuneler ve renklendirilmeyen numuneler olarak iki farklı koşulda incelenmiştir. Numuneler iki farklı havuz içerisinde 5 L ve 8 L olarak ve belirlenen sabit oranlarda katı madde oranıyla hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan konsantrasyon içerisine daldırma yöntemi kullanılan elek ile kağıt sahifeleri oluşturulmuş ve aynı zamanda numuneler belirli oranda lifleri azaltılarak teknik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Numuneler; gramaj, renk ölçümü, ışık haslığı, kontak açısı, yüzey düzgünlüğü, hava geçirgenliği bakımından ölçülüp çıkan veriler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Atık kağıt, Geri dönüşüm, Doğal boyama, Sürdürülebilirlik

It is known that the decarbonization of our economy is crucial for our quest to mitigate climate change and build a sustainable society. Governments are reviewing strategies to eliminate, or at least minimize, the release of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. These efforts are not limited to national energy networks, but also extended to industry and other carbon-intensive sectors. In general, the Pulp & Paper industry is regarded as bio-based and relatively sustainable since most of its raw materials are recycled or come from biogenic sources. However, this is an energy-intensive industry, and even though bioenergy covers most of the energy needs at pulp plants, recycled paper mills do not count on the same resources and rely heavily on fossil fuels to power their operations. This study was performed to assess and compare different decarbonization pathways available for a recycled paper mill. For this, operational data was gathered to characterize the thermal and electric demands and assess locally available resources. Simultaneously, scientific literature was consulted to assemble a technology portfolio, from which the most suitable technologies were selected. Carbon capture and storage, electrification, and hydrogen were chosen to be tested, under different scenarios, using an energy modelling software. Finally, the combinations were evaluated and compared. It was found that under ideal conditions it is possible to achieve an emissions reduction of almost 100% via electrification and hydrogen-based options. However, this would represent a significant increase in the operating cost of the energy system and would depend on the development of the necessary infrastructure. The most promising alternative for this site was a combination of electrification and green electricity purchase agreements. However, further work is needed to improve the efficiency of the energy use and generation, to achieve a carbon-neutral operation without incurring elevated costs. Det är känt att avkarboniseringen av vår ekonomi är avgörande för vår strävan att mildra klimatförändringarna och bygga ett hållbart samhälle. Regeringar ser över strategier för att eliminera, eller åtminstone minimera, utsläpp av koldioxid i atmosfären. Dessa ansträngningar är inte begränsade till nationella energinät, utan sträcker sig även till industrin och andra kolintensiva sektorer. Massa- och pappersindustrin är biobaserad och relativt hållbar eftersom de flesta av dess råvaror återvinns eller kommer från biogena källor. Detta är dock en energiintensiv industri, och även om bioenergin täcker det mesta av energibehovet vid massafabrikerna, räknar inte återvunnet pappersbruk med samma resurser som är starkt beroende av fossila bränslen för att driva sin verksamhet. Denna studie utfördes för att bedöma och jämföra olika avkolningsvägar tillgängliga för ett återvunnet pappersbruk. För detta samlades operativa data in för att karakterisera de termiska och elektriska kraven och bedöma lokalt tillgängliga resurser. Samtidigt konsulterades vetenskaplig litteratur för att sammanställa en teknologiportfölj, från vilken de mest lämpliga teknologierna valdes ut. Kolavskiljning och lagring, elektrifiering och väte valdes ut för att testas, under olika scenarier, med hjälp av en mjukvara för energimodellering. Slutligen utvärderades och jämfördes kombinationerna. Man, fann att det under ideala förhållanden är möjligt att uppnå en utsläppsminskning på nästan 100 % via elektrifiering och vätebaserade alternativ. Detta skulle dock innebära en betydande ökning av driftskostnaden för energisystemet och skulle bero på utvecklingen av den nödvändiga infrastrukturen. Det mest lovande alternativet för denna plats var en kombination av elektrifiering och köp av grön el. Det krävs dock ytterligare arbete för att effektivisera energianvändningen och energiproduktionen, för att uppnå en koldioxidneutral drift utan förhöjda kostnader.

International audience; Mosquito control is implemented when arboviruses are detected in patients or in field-collected mosquitoes. However, mass screening of mosquitoes is usually laborious and expensive, requiring specialized expertise and equipment. Detection of virus in mosquito saliva using honey-impregnated filter papers seems to be a promising method as it is non-destructive and allows monitoring the viral excretion dynamics over time from the same mosquito. Here we test the use of filter papers to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva in laboratory conditions, before proposing this method in large-scale mosquito surveillance programs. We found that 0.9 cm 2 cards impregnated with a 50% honey solution could replace the forced salivation technique as they offered a viral RNA detection until 7 days after oral infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes with CHIKV.