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Copyright of Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extensive use of fossil fuels contributes to global warming and the release of toxic metals into the environment, resulting in climate change in some regions. It has been estimated that cooling buildings accounts for about 20% of global electricity consumption and this figure continues to grow. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the feasibility of using an air conditioning unit for cooling a residential building, powered by solar energy in the conditions of Iraqi Kurdistan. Such an assessment is required for the sustainable development of the region. The study location is Erbil city in Iraq (latitude: 36.1911 °N, longitude: 44.00917 °E). The PVsyst software tool was used for modeling because it is characterized by great versatility in the field of modeling solar energy systems. The specified solar panel power (kW) was a constant parameter. Variable parameters were height of solar panels, albedo reflector, tracker system. In the current study, three simulations were performed in which the variable parameter was height and four simulations in which the variable parameter was the solar panel› angle. An average of 3.5 kWh was produced throughout the day, and an average of 3.3 kWh was produced during working hours. Only 0.2 kWh was produced outside of working hours, meaning that almost all of the electricity produced is available during working hours. This is useful in countries without high feed-in tariffs where only a small feed into the grid is needed. Also with the lowest calculated values (of all the options under study) the energy produced is 2264 kW/h/year or 2.264 MW/h/year (month - January, panel installation height - 0.5 m, inclination - 20°, azimuth - 0°), greenhouse gas emissions of at least 604.3 kg CO2 per year are eliminated. At the same time, an additional measure to increase the efficiency of using a solar panel to power an air conditioner is to place reflective material in which the reflection rate or reflection coefficient is different under the solar panels. However, as mentioned earlier, this is an expensive solution. In the future, it will be beneficial to develop smart control technologies to improve performance and evaluate the impact of a solar air conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following four years of relative stability at around $106 per barrel (bbl), oil prices have declined sharply since June 2014 and are expected to remain low for a considerable period of time. There are multiple factors which are being considered behind the plunge in the price of oil since June 2014. Most observers have conjectured that domestic oil boom in the United States and Iraq is the major cause for the falling oil prices. Some have suggested that a major shock to oil price expectations occurred after the November 2014 meeting of OPEC, when they did not cut production despite the steady increase in non-OPEC oil production. In this paper, first we analyzed the effect of various factors on the oil prices and then we studied impacts of the falling oil prices on non-hydro renewable energy. We compare the recent decline in oil prices with previous episodes up to 1996. We show that the demand and supply formula cannot be implemented to the current oil plunge. The study shows that so far the recent plunge in oil prices has produced no major impact on renewable energy sector. We found that renewable energies, such as solar and wind, are increasingly becoming cost competitive with fossil fuel energy. However the oil price crash could hurt the short-term outlook for certain specific clean energy technologies such as bio-fuel and electric vehicles that do compete with oil-based transportation. While long term low oil prices may threaten renewable energies, climate policies have the potential to act as a counterweight, encouraging long-term, low carbon, investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen production is essential to meeting the conference of the parties' (COP) decarbonization goals; however, this method of producing hydrogen is not as cost-effective as hydrogen production from fossil fuels. This study analyses an off-grid photovoltaic energy system designed to feed a proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer for hydrogen production to evaluate the optimal electrolyzer size. The system has been analyzed in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, using experimental meteorological data. The 12 kWp photovoltaic array is positioned at the optimal annual tilt angle for the selected site. The temperature effect on photovoltaic modules is taken into consideration. Several electrolyzers with capacities in the range of 2–14 kW were investigated to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The simulation process was conducted using MATLAB and considering the project life span from 2021 to 2035. The results indicate that various potentially cost-competitive alternatives exist for systems with market combinations resembling renewable hydrogen wholesale. It has been found that the annual energy generated by the analyzed photovoltaic system is 18,892 kWh at 4313 operating hours, and the obtained hydrogen production cost ranges from USD 5.39/kg to USD 3.23/kg. The optimal electrolyzer capacity matches a 12 kWp PV system equal to 8 kW, producing 37.5 kg/year/kWp of hydrogen for USD 3.23/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developing a novel sustainable land use model to design a bioenergy supply chain network to mitigate global environmental changes. • Addressing the Water-Energy-Food-Land Nexus in the developed supply chain network. • Elaborating a hybrid CODAS-BWM method to select the most suitable regions for sugarcane cultivation taking into consideration the ecological, climatic and social factors to provide a sustainable policy-making. • Developing a hybrid AUGMECON-CODAS solution method to solve the developed model. • Applying the developed methodology to a real case study. In this paper, efforts have been devoted in tune with the voices for rights of nature and the pursuit of replacing traditional fossil energy with renewable energy for a safer global environment. A two phase-approach to design a sustainable sugarcane-to-bioenergy supply chain network is developed. In the first phase, a hybrid Best-Worst (BWM) and Combinative Distance-Based Assessment (CODAS) method is utilized for finding the most suitable regions for sugarcane cultivation according to climatic, ecological and social criteria. In the second phase, a novel multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MOMILP) model is formulated considering the Water-Energy-Food-Land (WEFL) nexus. A hybrid solution method of augmented ɛ-constraint (AUGMECON) and CODAS method is finally developed to solve the model. This method is utilized for obtaining Pareto solutions of three-objective functions; profit, Co 2 -equivalent emissions (Co 2eq emissions), and water consumption. To evaluate the efficiency of the developed methodology, a real case study in Iraq is applied. The results show that the sugarcane can be cultivated on the available arable land area by 98.9%. The structure of the sugarcane-to-bioenergy supply chain network design Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the last decade, the demand on electrical power has been increased rapidly in the Northern Iraq. This was due to the rapid development of the cities of the region after 2003. The power supply in this region only depends on fossil fuel and natural gas which in turn causes an increase in CO2 emissions, global warming, and other environmental problems. The peak of the electricity consumption in the Northern Iraq is during the end of spring until October owing to the hot weather conditions in this period. The aim of this work is to examine the feasibility of an absorption cooling system in a hot and dry region. For this purpose, this study was carried out using the climate conditions of Duhok city located in the North of Iraq by using the TRNSYS17 programs. The system consisted of single-effect solar-powered lithium bromide–water chiller absorption with 35.17 kW cooling capacity, which comprises an evacuated tube solar collector with an aperture space of 95 m2, collectors slope 30° from the horizontal. The capacity storage hot water storage tank is 3 m3. The air conditioning provided system supplied floor space of 270 m2. The average coefficient of performance of absorption chiller was found as 0.63. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculate correlation analysis of decadal CO2 emission throughout three kind of fossil fuel solid, liquid, and gas. It is the principle anthropogenic greenhouse gas that affects the Earth radiative balance. Emission intensity is the average emission rate of a given pollutant from a given source relative to intensity of a specific activity. Burning of carbon based fuel since the industrial revelation has rapidly increased concentrations atmospheric carbon dioxide, as same of data source of this work. The results shown the CO2 emission from gaseous fuel consumption increased 10 times for first decadal 1045.10 kt than last decadal, whereas since 2004 not less than 10000 kt. The CO2 emission from liquid fuel consumption increased 10.4 times than last decadal that was 86759 kt, while the same emission from solid fuel consumption decreased four times that last two decadal was near to zero kt. The percentage CO2 emission of total fuel combustion for three sectors of life carried out: CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, different between first and last decadal was 10.584%, and for transport was 1.8%, while decreased from manufacturing industries and construction was 6.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic conditions of Iraq with regards to its petroleum supply from 1991 up to 2001. Despite its oil resources, the country was not able to export its oil for six consecutive years, between 1991 and 1996, due to United Nations (UN) imposed sanctions. For the next seven years, all of its oil sales were subjected to UN control and scrutiny under the Oil-For-Food (OFF) program. More importantly, it was not free in spending its income from oil, because oil revenues were deposited in a UN escrow bank account.