355 results
Search Results
2. Labor market policies, informality and misallocation
- Author
-
Jha, Priyaranjan and Hasan, Rana
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Employment in the informal economy: implications of the COVID-19 pandemic
- Author
-
Webb, Aleksandra, McQuaid, Ronald, and Rand, Sigrid
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Does income shock affect informal employment? Evidence from Russia
- Author
-
Kim, Olivia Hye
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Examining a multi-dimensional undeclared work via the REBUS-PLS
- Author
-
Quintano, Claudio and Mazzocchi, Paolo
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Public provision of employment support services to youth jobseekers : Effects on informality and wages in transition economies
- Author
-
Petreski, Marjan
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Informal employment in the poor European periphery
- Author
-
Pfau-Effinger, Birgit
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Income generation, informality and poverty in urban Turkey
- Author
-
Eroğlu, Şebnem
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Labour market regulations and informal employment in China : To what extent are workers protected?
- Author
-
Cooke, FangLee
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. A case study on data from the China family panel studies: the impact of Internet use on informal employment.
- Author
-
Li, Mai-Shou and Si, Xiao-Fei
- Subjects
PANEL analysis ,INTERNET ,BACHELOR'S degree ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
This paper explores the impact of Internet use on informal employment, and the study found that Internet use can reduce the probability of labourers choosing informal employment. Such an impact is heterogeneous for different groups of labourers, especially significant for the group of labourers from rural regions aged between 21 to 30 years old with a bachelor's degree or above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Gender and the informal economy: Key challenges and policy response.
- Author
-
Naoko Otobe
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Across the globe, despite some progress made in advancing gender equality in the world of work to varying degrees, on average women remain more at a disadvantage in the labour market than men, in terms of both quantity and quality of employment. The paper reviews the concepts of informal sector and informal economy, gender dimensions of the world of work and informality of employment. The paper also documents challenges faced by selected vulnerable categories of workers, such as homeworkers, street vendors, waste pickers and informal women entrepreneurs. It further provides information on the ILO's rights-based approach to formalization of informal employment with a specific gender perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
12. UNDECLARED WORK IN UKRAINE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2020 STUDENT SURVEY.
- Author
-
Nezhyvenko, O.
- Subjects
STUDENT surveys ,EMPLOYMENT ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,ECONOMIC activity - Abstract
Copyright of Scientific Papers NaUKMA. Economics is the property of National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Faculty of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. An Analysis of the Russian Amber Market: Industrial Trends, Governance and Market Competitiveness.
- Author
-
Jun Chen, Mengze Zhang, Prasolov, Valeriy, and Bozhko, Lesya
- Subjects
CORPORATE governance ,AMBER ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,ECONOMIC activity ,INDUSTRIAL productivity - Abstract
The paper quantifies trends, patterns and controversies in the industrial amber market. To achieve the common goal, the amber market was assessed taking into account geographic data and companies' technology entrepreneurship opportunities in order to determine the competitiveness of the suppliers from economies with large amber reserves. The analytical study integrates a statistical approach and technical analysis of data, including correlation. The statistical approach describes the structure of an amber mining company through estimated profits. In a comprehensive way, the estimated indicators explain the amber industry's production and economic activities, with an emphasis on the Russian Federation. The findings suggested that the Russian Federation, with its Kaliningrad Amber Factory with a weak business infrastructure, is the global leader in the amber market. The economic interests of the company's corporate governance focus on exporting raw amber and rebooting the production system based on transparent and legitimate economic relations, and the development of own jewelry production facilities. The findings can be used by companies to plan effective growth strategies and prepare for future challenges in the amber industry, as well as by companies that plan to implement startup ideas in the amber deposit areas. In particular, the strategies may include investing in new technologies, cooperation with scientific institutions, development of processing facilities, compliance with international quality standards and product certification, as well as effective marketing strategies. These measures can help solve challenges and increase the position of companies in this area in the global market. Aimed at supporting the sustainable development of the amber industry, these strategies will help it achieve greater stability and success in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Sifting through the Data : Labor Markets in Haiti through a Turbulent Decade (2001-2012)
- Author
-
Scot, Thiago and Rodella, Aude-Sophie
- Subjects
GENDER GAP ,INFORMATION ,PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE ,LEVELS OF EDUCATION ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,UNPAID WORKERS ,JOB ,QUALITY OF EDUCATION ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,LABOR CODE ,DRIVERS ,EMPLOYMENT ,WAGE DIFFERENTIALS ,POLICY MAKERS ,POPULATION ,AVERAGE WAGES ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,GENDER INEQUITIES ,WOMEN ,WORKERS ,URBANIZATION ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,JOBS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,POLICY DECISIONS ,LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES ,SERVICE SECTOR ,MALE LABOR FORCE ,ORGANIZATIONS ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,AGE GROUP ,WORKER ,MARKETS ,LABOR RELATIONS ,PROFIT ,UNEMPLOYED ,FINANCE ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,PRICES ,WAGES ,EMPLOYMENT USES ,TRANSFERS ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,RURAL AREAS ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,RETIREMENT ,YOUNG MEN ,AGE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS ,PROGRESS ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,MALE COUNTERPARTS ,MORTALITY ,LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS ,WAGE STRUCTURE ,UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE ,SMALL BUSINESS ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,LABOR DEMAND ,SUPPLY ,PROBIT REGRESSION ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,MINIMUM WAGE ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,FIRM PERFORMANCE ,OLDER MEN ,FEMALE EMPLOYMENT ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR SURVEYS ,EMPLOYEE ,WAGE DISTRIBUTION ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE ,LABOUR ,EMPLOYMENT INCREASE ,CITIZENS ,EARTHQUAKE ,ACCOUNTING ,NATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,AVERAGE WAGE ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,YOUTH EMPLOYMENT ,VALUE ,CHILD LABOR ,LABOR RELATION ,POLICIES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,EMPLOYMENT RATE ,GENDER DIFFERENCES ,POLICY ,UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS ,AIDS ,URBAN DWELLERS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EFFECTS ,RETAIL TRADE ,SCHOOL QUALITY ,INSURANCE ,JOB OFFER ,EMPLOYEES ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,SERVICE SECTORS ,EQUITY ,MIGRATION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,POLICY RESEARCH ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,EMPLOYMENT RATES ,FEMALE LABOR ,EFFECTS OF GENDER ,INEQUITIES ,PAYING JOBS ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,WORKFORCE ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT ,STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE ,LABOR MARKET VARIABLES ,ECONOMICS ,WAGE INCREASES ,JOB CREATION ,PRIME AGE ,WAGE INCREASE ,LABOR FORCE ,AGGLOMERATION EFFECT ,DISCRIMINATION ,ACTIVE EMPLOYMENT ,WAGE GAP ,INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION ,URBAN AREAS ,WORKING-AGE POPULATION ,PUBLICATIONS ,LAW - Abstract
In Latin America, labor markets have been the main channel through which growth has reduced poverty, with higher labor income accounting for 49 percent of the reduction in poverty in 2008–13. Understanding labor markets is critical to designing policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty. With close to 70 percent of the population under age 30 years, labor markets are bound to be central to defining Haiti's future. Yet, labor analysis in Haiti has been constrained by the dearth of data and the focus on measuring the impact of the 2010 earthquake. This present paper contributes to filling this gap by providing an overview of Haiti's labor markets and the determinants of labor income over a decade, focusing on growing urban areas. The paper also contributes to the research on Haiti in general, as well as labor markets in fragile countries such as Haiti, in particular through an unprecedented effort to harmonize three household surveys conducted between 2001 and 2012. Building on this exercise, the study provides new insights into the development of labor markets in a particularly turbulent decade for Haiti, one that was marked by the political crisis of 2004 and the earthquake of 2010. In spite of the earthquake, the analysis shows that Haiti’s labor markets are characterized by continuity over the period. Somewhat surprisingly, the defining features remain overall unchanged in spite of the shock, pointing to heavy forces shaping economic and labor dynamics.
- Published
- 2016
15. Can a Small Social Pension Promote Labor Force Participation? : Evidence from the Colombia Mayor Program
- Author
-
Pfutze, Tobias and Rodriguez Castelan, Carlos
- Subjects
BANK POLICY ,INFORMATION ,SOCIAL PROTECTION MECHANISMS ,WARRANTS ,INVESTMENT ,MIGRANT ,RIGHTS ,DURABLE GOODS ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,PROBIT REGRESSIONS ,EMPLOYMENT ,PROTECTION MECHANISMS ,POPULATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,INCOME ,BENEFICIARIES ,INVESTMENTS ,OUTCOMES ,INSTRUMENT ,INVESTING ,WOMEN ,WORKERS ,STOCK ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,JOBS ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,ELDERLY POPULATION ,INCENTIVES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,PENSION ,OCCUPATIONS ,SHARES ,GOODS ,OCCUPATION ,LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES ,LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS ,SERVICE SECTOR ,STANDARDS ,CHECK ,ORGANIZATIONS ,LABOR SUPPLY ,PENSIONS ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,BENEFICIARY ,TOTAL LABOR FORCE ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,WORKER ,MARKETS ,ELDERLY PEOPLE ,DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS ,FINANCE ,LABOUR SUPPLY ,WAGES ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,PURCHASING POWER ,INCOME STREAM ,RETIREMENT ,PROGRESS ,PRODUCTION ,LABOR MARKET ,DAUNTING TASK ,ELDERLY ,INCOME REDISTRIBUTION ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MORTALITY ,LONG-TERM INVESTMENT ,LIQUIDITY ,DUMMY VARIABLE ,INSTRUMENTS ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,RISKS ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,MARKET ,SUPPLY ,DURABLE ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,MINIMUM WAGE ,FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ,PROGRAM DESIGN ,FIRM PERFORMANCE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WAGE DIFFERENTIAL ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,PREVIOUS SECTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,EMPLOYEE ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE ,LABOUR ,CREDIT CONSTRAINTS ,EXCLUSION RESTRICTION ,UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES ,EXCHANGE ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,OLD-AGE PENSIONS ,PREVIOUS RESULTS ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,WOMAN ,REMITTANCES ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,POLICY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,GOOD ,EFFECTS ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,EQUITY ,MIGRATION ,DUMMY VARIABLES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POLICY RESEARCH ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,FEMALE LABOR ,MANAGEMENT ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMICS ,PROGRAM BENEFICIARIES ,INTEREST ,MOTIVATION ,LABOR FORCE ,TRANSPORTATION ,CASH TRANSFER ,CASH TRANSFERS ,SHARE ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
One of the primary motivations behind the establishment of noncontributory pension programs is to allow beneficiaries to retire from the labor force. Yet, as with other unconditional cash transfer schemes, their aggregate effects may be more complex. Using panel data and instrumental variable techniques, this paper shows that the effect of one such program, Colombia Mayor, has been to raise the labor force participation of relatively younger male beneficiaries. This increase occurred precisely in the occupations with characteristics that are likely to require some up-front investment. The paper concludes that the transfer effectively loosened the liquidity constraints to remaining in these occupations. However, no such effect is found among women or older beneficiaries.
- Published
- 2015
16. On trade policy and workers' transition between the formal and informal sectors: An application to the MENA region in the time of COVID-19.
- Author
-
Karam, Fida and Zaki, Chahir
- Subjects
- *
INFORMAL sector , *COMMERCIAL policy , *TRADE regulation , *COVID-19 pandemic , *COVID-19 , *ECONOMIC research , *SERVICE industries - Abstract
This paper looks at the transition of workers in the MENA region between formal and informal jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and investigates whether trade policy could be adopted as a measure to enhance the transition of workers from the informal to the formal sector. We use the combined COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey constructed by the Economic Research Forum for 5 MENA countries and 11 sectors. This topic is timely and critical for the MENA region where informal employment is widespread, applied tariffs are still high, and female labor participation is low. Our results show that: first, fewer trade restrictions are associated with an increased probability for the worker to become formal and this effect is more pronounced post-pandemic. Second, fewer trade restrictions are linked to an increase in the probability of becoming formal for blue collars only, with an insignificant effect on white collars. Third, fewer trade restrictions are associated with an increase in the probability of men to become formal, with an insignificant effect on women. Finally, the effect of trade policy on job formality depends on the sectoral occupation of the individual with this effect being more pronounced in agriculture and manufacturing relatively to services sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. THE CONTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT TO FORMALIZATION THROUGH ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM CROSS-COUNTRY DATA.
- Author
-
SIRISANKANAN, AEGGARCHAT and KANANURAK, PAPAR
- Subjects
ECONOMIC expansion ,DECOMPOSITION method ,ECONOMIC development ,SELF-employment ,FINANCIAL markets ,EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
The aim of the paper is to formulate empirical specification models to examine whether financial development stimulates economic growth and encourages formalization. Cross-country data analysis of 140 sample countries during the period from 2000 to 2018 were utilized, together with new indexes of financial development. The income decomposition method and the two-step estimation approach, together with the multiple linear regression with interactions effect, were employed as empirical methods. It was found that financial development can lower informal self-employment through economic growth. Financial development also contributes to economic growth. Therefore, development of financial markets and financial institutions should be an alternative policy to control informal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Informal work in Poland – a regional approach.
- Author
-
Nikulin, Dagmara and Sobiechowska‐Ziegert, Aneta
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,ILLEGAL employment ,MODERNIZATION (Social science) ,STATISTICAL correlation ,POLISH economy - Abstract
Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The effect of fertility on female labor supply in a labor market with extensive informality.
- Author
-
Tumen, Semih and Turan, Belgi
- Subjects
LABOR market ,FERTILITY ,JOB hunting ,FAMILY size ,LABOR supply ,WORKING hours ,FATHERS ,WORKING mothers - Abstract
This paper presents new evidence on the causal link between fertility and female labor supply by focusing on how informal employment interacts with maternal labor supply. We employ an IV strategy based on an unused data source for twin births in Turkey|a large middle-income country with extensive labor informality. We find that, following the first birth, female labor supply declines significantly and mothers who drop out of labor force are mostly the informally employed ones. This is contrary to the perception that informal jobs might be easier to sustain during motherhood as they are more flexible. Following further increases in family size, formally employed mothers start dropping out of labor force and their hours of work also decline. Higher fertility also leads to lower wages and lower job search intensity among mothers. We document substantial differences between maternal versus paternal labor supply in response to changes in family size. Unlike mothers, fathers increase their labor supply, which mostly comes from elevated informal employment|possibly due to a decline in their reservation wages. As a result, wages decline, hours of work increase, and job search activity shifts from formal to informal search methods for fathers. These results suggest that higher fertility might be associated with increased vulnerabilities and high labor income risks in countries with pervasive labor informality. Our estimates are robust to using alternative IV specifications based on gender composition of siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. WHO BENEFITS MOST FROM INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT? EVIDENCE FROM CHINA.
- Author
-
Kangyin Lu, Si Chen, and Liwen Jia
- Subjects
WAGE differentials ,DIGITAL literacy ,CONTINGENT employment ,INCOME inequality ,EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYEE benefits - Abstract
Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
21. The health consequences of informal employment among female workers and their children: a systematic review.
- Author
-
Aronsson, Amanda Emma, Vidaurre-Teixidó, Pilar, Jensen, Magnus Rom, Solhaug, Solvor, and McNamara, Courtney
- Subjects
WOMEN'S employment ,CHILDBEARING age ,EMPLOYABILITY ,NUTRITIONAL status ,CHILD care workers - Abstract
Background: Informal employment is unprotected and unregistered and it is often characterized by precarious working arrangements. Although being a global phenomenon and the most common type of employment worldwide, scholarly attention to its health effects has only recently accelerated. While there is still some debate, informal employment is generally understood to be detrimental to workers' health. However, because women are more vulnerable to informality than men, attention is required to the health consequences of female workers specifically. We conducted a systematic review with the objective to examine the global evidence on the consequences of informal employment, compared to formal employment, on the health of female workers and their children. Methods: We searched peer-reviewed literature in Embase, Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus and Web of Science up until November 11, 2022. No restrictions were applied in terms of year, language or country. Individual-level quantitative studies that compared women of reproductive age in informal and formal employment, or their children (≤ 5 years), were eligible for inclusion. If studies reported outcomes per subgroup level, these were included. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist and a narrative synthesis of the results were conducted. Results: 13 articles were included in the review, looking at breastfeeding outcomes (n = 4), child nutritional status and low birthweight (n = 4), antenatal health (n = 3), and general health outcomes for women (n = 2). The overall evidence from the included studies was that compared to formal employment, there was an association between informal employment and worse health outcomes, especially on child nutritional status and antenatal health. The evidence for breastfeeding outcomes was mixed and showed that informal employment may be both protective and damaging to health. Conclusion: This review showed that informal employment is a potential risk factor for health among female workers and their children. Further research on the pathways between informal employment and health is needed to strengthen the understanding of the health consequences of informal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. EMPLOYMENT IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
- Author
-
Onwo, Amaka Ogochukwu and Ohazulike, Gladys Amaechi
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,ECONOMIC development ,SUSTAINABLE development ,FINANCIAL crises ,GROSS domestic product - Abstract
The problem of employment has become a central global concern in recent times. This makes the government and development partners to be fully engaged in finding a lasting solution to the problems. In the past, development planning efforts were concentrated on the development of modern industrial sector. Today, there is renewed interest in the informal economy worldwide. This is because a large share of the global workforce and economy is informal and because the informal sector is growing in many contexts and appearing in new places and guises. The informal sector serves as a buffer against unemployment in times of economic downturn, allowing an increasing share of the population to earn a livelihood from the sector rather than stay openly unemployed with no income. The sector has also played a key role in cushioning the adverse impact of economic crises. The paper therefore interrogated the nature of employment in the informal sector and is anchored on Modernisation theory. This paper is based on a desk and literature review of relevant articles and publications as well as on employment and the informal sector. The paper revealed that Nigerian Informal Sector is a major contributor to the Nigerian economy, accounting for a significant portion of employment and national Gross Domestic Product and also the informal sector currently accounts for over half of global employment and as much as 90% of employment in some of the developing countries like Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that efforts should be made by the government and its agencies to create more jobs. Secondly, policies should be introduced to address identified challenges in the informal sector towards improving productivity and incomes of informal sector workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. World Bank Research Digest, Vol. 9(4)
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,POOR POPULATION ,EDUCATION SYSTEMS ,EXTREME POVERTY ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,EMPLOYMENT ,ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ,POLICY MAKERS ,POOR ,POPULATION ,WORKING CONDITIONS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,RURAL POVERTY RATES ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,FOOD INSECURITY ,WORKERS ,URBANIZATION ,TEACHING POSITIONS ,POVERTY RATES ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,COMMUNICATION EFFORTS ,COLLEGE ,STANDARDS ,TEACHERS ,PENSIONS ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,TUITION ,WATER MANAGEMENT ,RURAL ROAD ,STUDENTS ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,DEMOCRACY ,MARKETS ,NUMBER OF WORKERS ,REAL WAGES ,SCHOOLS ,NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ,SANITATION ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TRANSFERS ,TEACHER ,POOR HEALTH ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,PROGRESS ,HIGHER EDUCATION ,NEWSLETTER ,PRODUCTION ,VULNERABILITY ,BASIC SANITATION ,LABOR MARKET ,WATER SUPPLIES ,CONSUMPTION ,TUITION FEES ,RISKS ,LABOR DEMAND ,WORKING CAPITAL ,LABOR MOBILITY ,VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,LITERATURE ,INEQUALITY ,CONTRACTING ,SOCIAL POLICY ,RESEARCH ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,URBAN POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL DECLINE ,ACCOUNTING ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INTERNAL MIGRATION ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,CAREER ,PAPERS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POLICIES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,POLICY ,REGIONS ,STUDENT ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EFFECTS ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT ,RESEARCHERS ,ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ,REGIONAL EFFECTS ,GRANTS ,TRAINING ,MIGRATION ,INSURANCE SCHEMES ,COMPETITIVE SALARIES ,TEACHING ,LEARNING ,NATURAL DISASTER ,POLICY RESEARCH ,EXPENDITURES ,REGION ,STUDENT LEARNING ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM ,UNSKILLED WORKERS ,SCHOOL YEARS ,MANAGEMENT ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,QUALITY EDUCATION ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,ECONOMICS ,RURAL ,WATER USE ,POVERTY LINE ,VOCATIONAL TRAINING ,CASH TRANSFERS ,POPULATION DENSITY ,VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY ,SCHOOL ,URBAN AREAS ,LABOR MARKET DYNAMICS ,FOOD SYSTEMS ,UNIVERSITY ,POVERTY RATE ,PUBLIC UNIVERSITY ,CENSUSES - Abstract
This issue includes the following headings: living on the edge in Mexico; what has the rise of China meant for labor markets in Latin America?; educating our future teachers; the growing and long-lasting effects of Brazil’s trade liberalization on workers; capturing food consumed away from home in welfare measures; a behavioral approach to water conservation; and using satellite images to estimate local poverty.
- Published
- 2015
24. The Impact of Syrians Refugees on the Turkish Labor Market
- Author
-
Del Carpio, Ximena V. and Wagner, Mathis
- Subjects
REGULAR EMPLOYMENT ,PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE ,SCHOOL CHILDREN ,BASIC SERVICES ,IMMIGRANTS ,WORLD CONFERENCE ,UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES ,JOB ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,EMPLOYMENT ,POPULATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,AVERAGE WAGES ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,MIGRANTS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,PRESENT EVIDENCE ,VALUES ,CIVIL WAR ,WOMEN ,WAGE IMPACT ,WORKERS ,REFUGEE CAMPS ,EDUCATION ,JOBS ,INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,POPULATIONS ,LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES ,SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS ,WAR ,SKILLED WORKERS ,LABOR SUPPLY ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,WORKER ,UNEMPLOYED ,FORCED MIGRATION ,PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS ,REGULAR JOBS ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,WAGE LOSSES ,RETIREMENT ,AGE GROUPS ,PROGRESS ,HIGHER EDUCATION ,SCHOOL COMPLETION ,LABOR MARKET ,REFUGEE POPULATION ,MORTALITY ,LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS ,REGULAR WORKERS ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,WARS ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,WAGE GAINS ,EARNING ,CULTURAL CHANGE ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,NATIVE WORKERS ,IMMIGRANT ,EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS ,FEMALE EMPLOYMENT ,WAGE EFFECTS ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ,PREVIOUS SECTION ,NUMBER OF REFUGEES ,ATTENDANCE RATES ,HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES ,HIGH SCHOOL ,EMPLOYEE ,HOST COUNTRIES ,LOCAL LABOR MARKETS ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,LABOUR ,ECONOMIC TRENDS ,LABOUR FORCE ,DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS ,AVERAGE WAGE ,INTERNAL MIGRATION ,DISPLACEMENT ,ECONOMIC CHANGES ,EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITY ,FOOD SECURITY ,POPULATION MOVEMENTS ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT RATE ,POLICY ,HOST COUNTRY ,JOB OFFERS ,EDUCATION REFORMS ,PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT ,HEALTH CARE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,SUBSTITUTION EFFECT ,EMPLOYEES ,RESPECT ,SECONDARY SCHOOL ,LOCAL LABOR MARKET ,FLOWS OF PEOPLE ,MIGRATION ,LABOR MARKET INDICATORS ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,DISPLACEMENT EFFECT ,EDUCATION REFORM ,INFLUX OF REFUGEES ,EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP ,POLICY RESEARCH ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITIES ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,EMPLOYMENT RATES ,MANAGEMENT ,LABOR MARKET IMPACT ,KNOWLEDGE ,EMPLOYMENT EFFECT ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,RIGHT TO WORK ,HEALTH CONSEQUENCES ,FORMAL LABOR MARKET ,AGE CATEGORIES ,EMPLOYMENT COMPOSITION ,JOB CREATION ,WAGE INCREASE ,REGULAR” EMPLOYMENT ,REFUGEE ,LABOR FORCE ,EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ,TEMPORARY PROTECTION ,IMMIGRATION ,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ,REFUGEES ,SCHOOL ,NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,WORKING-AGE POPULATION ,SCHOOLING - Abstract
Civil war in Syria has resulted in more than four million refugees fleeing the country, of which 1.8 million have found refuge in Turkey, making it the largest refugee-hosting country worldwide. This paper combines newly available data on the 2014 distribution of Syrian refugees across subregions of Turkey with the Turkish Labour Force Survey, to assess the impact on Turkish labor market conditions. Using a novel instrument, the analysis finds that the refugees, who overwhelmingly do not have work permits, result in the large-scale displacement of informal, low-educated, female Turkish workers, especially in agriculture. While there is net displacement, the inflow of refugees also creates higher-wage formal jobs, allowing for occupational upgrading of Turkish workers. Average Turkish wages have increased primarily as the composition of the employed has changed because of the inflow of refugees.
- Published
- 2015
25. Policies on the Informal Labor Market Regarding Protection of Workers and Entrepreneurs.
- Author
-
MARINESCU, Cristian and VALIMĂREANU (MIRCIOI), Ileana
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT policy ,BUSINESSPEOPLE ,LABOR market ,INFORMAL sector ,EMPLOYEES - Abstract
At this moment, the segmentation of the labor market into formal and informal is well known and also are known the main features specific to the formal/informal duality of the labor market, namely: on the one hand, security and rigidity in the case of formal labor market, and on the other hand the flexibility and lack of social protection in the case of the informal labor market. In the light of these features, which characterize the formal/informal duality of labor market, in this paper we aim to present the main policies applied on the informal labor market, both in terms of workers and of entrepreneurs. Thus, in this paper we will address the following categories of policies addressed to informal activities: employment policies regarding the transition from informal to formal; employment policies regarding the protection of informal workers/entrepreneurs; policies regarding increasing productivity in the informal sector and providing better jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Causes of Option for Informal Sector.
- Author
-
MARINESCU, Cristian and BRATILOVEANU, Alina
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,LABOR supply ,BUSINESSPEOPLE ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Informality is a feature, specific to any economy, regardless its nature and development degree, but it has a significant share in developing or poorly developed economies. In this paper we aim to present the causes determine individuals to opt for informality, whether we are talking about the workforce, or we are talking about entrepreneurs or small companies. Therefore, in this paper we will identify what kind of causes determine the labor force (the employees) to opt for informal employment or employment in the informal sector and also what causes determine the entrepreneurs and firms to opt for the informal sector of the economy. We will also try to establish whether the choice for the informal sector of the economy is a rational decision or is an irrational behavior of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Emerging Dynamics of Labour Market Inequality in India: Migration, Informality, Segmentation and Social Discrimination
- Author
-
Srivastava, Ravi
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Informal employment and irregular migration status: A double whammy for migrant workers in Thailand.
- Author
-
Ducanes, Geoffrey M, Engblom, Anna, and Ramos, Vincent Jerald R
- Subjects
UNDOCUMENTED immigrants ,MIGRANT labor ,EMPLOYMENT ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,COUNTRY of origin (Immigrants) ,WORK environment - Abstract
While a thick strand of literature demonstrates informally employed workers and irregular migrants being generally worse off in the labor market, little has been done to examine and compare these two sources of disadvantages. Using regression analyses on a survey of migrant workers in Thailand from Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao People's Democratic Republic, the paper measures the prevalence of informal employment and estimates the differential contributions of irregular migration status and informal employment on various employment conditions. The paper finds that informality has a relatively stronger association with worse employment conditions, and systematic differences persist across sectors of employment and countries of origin. Initiatives to improve working conditions for irregular migrant workers should thus focus on both formalizing their employment status and expanding access to legal and safe migration, including social protection programs, in destination countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Iran Labour Market under the Sanctions.
- Author
-
Moughari, Zahra Karimi
- Subjects
LABOR market ,LEGAL sanctions ,STAGNATION (Economics) ,PRICE inflation ,COMMERCIAL policy - Abstract
Iran's labour market suffers from long term economic challenges; yet harsh sanctions intensified and complicated its problems. At first glance, it seems that Iran labour market was resilient and performed well during severe sanctions (2012-2019) as the number of employed workforce has increased and unemployment rate decreased while the economy suffered from stagnation, declining investment and high inflation rate. This paper shows that sanction has changed the structure of Iran's labour market; as a great part of workers moved from high valued added activities to lower productivity jobs. Most workers, who lost their jobs in private industries, had to move to low value added services. As the result of sanctions, low paid and temporary informal employment expanded which in turn exacerbated the challenge of widespread poverty and its related social ills. In large state and semi-state manufacturing companies, the number of workers did not decrease, despite the production decline. So, during 2012-2019, employment could rise at the cost of decreasing productivity. For generating a dynamic labour market, at the first step the sanctions must be lifted; yet complementary measures such as sound fiscal, monetary and trade policies must be implemented; and the unnecessary rules and regulations that hinder productive investment and pave the way for rent seeking and corruption must be removed to encourage productive investment and creating sufficient number of sustainable new jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Labour protection and informal work: A cross-national analysis of European countries, 2004-2012.
- Author
-
FLÓREZ, Luz Adriana and PERALES, Francisco
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,UNEMPLOYMENT & economics ,INFORMAL sector ,HEALTH insurance & economics - Abstract
Informal work, defined as work performed without a formal contract, lowers productivity, reduces tax revenue and hampers economic growth. Reducing informal work is a policy objective in developed and developing countries alike. Yet, particularly since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008, most socio-economic policy reforms across Europe have reduced the generosity of unemployment benefit schemes and deregulated employment protection. The authors argue that, while such reforms may have contributed to reducing unemployment, they might also have increased the incidence of informal work. Using European Social Survey data for 2004-12, they find that labour protection is effective in reducing informal wage employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Underground Employment: Analyzing the Job Quality of New York City Subway Dancers.
- Author
-
Roncolato, Leanne and Koh, Cairynne
- Subjects
QUALITY of work life ,SUBWAYS ,SELF-employment ,EMPLOYMENT ,DANCERS ,POWER (Social sciences) - Abstract
This paper analyzes the New York City subway phenomenon known as "showtime." Using an individuals-in-relation framework and drawing on Marxist and feminist economic perspectives, it investigates the job quality of subway dancing as a type of informal self-employment. The data come from thirty-four in-depth interviews conducted in 2016. The paper contextualizes earnings, hours, and conditions of work by considering the social relations and power dynamics in which they are embedded. While dancers articulate advantages of this work, such as setting one's own schedule and having a creative outlet, they also articulate disadvantages, most notably the risk of being arrested. While the dancers see performing on the subway as productively contributing to New York City, the police categorize this activity as a crime. Through this analysis, the paper provides insights into the broader context of work relations and inequality in New York City. HIGHLIGHTS Empowering aspects of subway dancing include not having a boss and ability to express creativity. Challenges include negative passengers and risk of injury or arrest. Subway dancing highlights lack of quality formal employment for marginalized populations in New York City. Criminalizing subway dancing is an example of criminalization of black male bodies in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Do informal workers meet the consumption expenditure? A study from urban Odisha, India.
- Author
-
Barik, Suvendu
- Subjects
- *
CONSUMPTION (Economics) , *CIGARETTES , *MINIMUM wage , *INFORMAL sector , *WAGES , *LABOR mobility , *URBAN studies , *PRICE regulation , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
In developing countries like India, the majority of the workforce is informal. There is no specific study about the important factors that influence the consumption expenditure of informal workers working in urban areas. The purpose of this paper, thus, is to identify the determinants of the consumption expenditures of urban informal workers, and the same is explored with respect to migration and gender. In this regard, a primary survey was conducted at the household level of the informal sector workers following the method of multi‐stage stratified sampling. The method of analysis of variance and a binary logistic regression model is employed. The inferences of the study explained that the expenditure pattern of the informal worker depends on socio‐economic factors—age group, income level and essential commodities like milk, kerosene, oil and child education. The study also highlights the fact that the informal workers are dragged into the web of a vicious circle of poverty due to a higher level of consumption expenditure than income and demonstrates the effect of betel‐tendu leaf mini cigarette‐tobacco‐alcohol. Hence, it is desirable that the policymakers should frame a regulated subsidised pricing policy for essential commodities as well as increase the minimum wage rate in order to strengthen the basic consumption expenditure of the informal workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Is There an Informal Employment Penalty in Food Security? Evidence from Rural Vietnam.
- Author
-
Vu, Loan and Rammohan, Anu
- Subjects
FOOD security ,EMPLOYMENT ,STANDARD of living ,FOOD consumption ,REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
Copyright of European Journal of Development Research is the property of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Informality in the Indian Labour Market: An Analysis of Forms and Determinants
- Author
-
Abraham, Rosa
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Boosting Jobs and Living Standards in G20 Countries
- Author
-
International Labour Office, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank
- Subjects
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES ,GROWTH RATES ,EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME ,PRODUCT MARKET REFORM ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,LABOUR MARKETS ,LABOUR COSTS ,PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,EXTERNALITIES ,EMERGING MARKET ,EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN ,MINIMUM WAGES ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ,DISMISSAL ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,WORKERS ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,TRAINING PROVIDERS ,EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTIONS ,LABOUR DEMAND ,YOUTH TRAINING ,EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS ,IMPACT OF POLICIES ,SKILLED WORKERS ,PENSIONS ,INCOMES ,AGE GROUP ,WORKER ,UNEMPLOYED ,EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS ,LABOUR REGULATION ,ECONOMIC STRENGTH ,PURCHASING POWER ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,AFFECTED WORKERS ,ADULT WOMEN ,JOB SEARCH ,WAGE SET ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,COUNSELLING ,INTEREST RATES ,FINANCIAL MARKET LIBERALIZATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT SPELL ,LONGTERM UNEMPLOYMENT ,TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT ,YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT ,TEMPORARY JOB ,LABOUR MARKET REFORMS ,MINIMUM WAGE ,SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ,LABOUR OFFICE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,PRODUCT MARKET ,EMPLOYEE ,LABOUR ,ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET ,EMERGING-MARKET ,YOUNG WOMEN ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,DISPLACEMENT ,YOUTH EMPLOYMENT ,WAGE BARGAINING ,FINANCE MINISTERS ,LABOUR MARKET POLICIES ,REGULAR CONTRACTS ,LABOUR MARKET CONDITIONS ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,HEALTH PROBLEMS ,NATIONAL LEVELS ,INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS ,ECONOMIC REFORM ,SAFETY ,RESPECT ,PAYROLL TAX ,UNEMPLOYED WORKER ,STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,EMPLOYMENT RATES ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,CENTRAL BANKS ,EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES ,PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN ,VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,EARNINGS PROSPECTS ,DOWNSIDE RISKS ,WORK EXPERIENCE ,EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ,UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE ,EMPLOYMENT SERVICES ,URBAN MIGRATION ,WORKING-AGE POPULATION ,OLDER WORKERS ,ON-THE-JOB TRAINING ,EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,PRIMARY CONCERN ,INVENTORY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,INCOME INEQUALITIES ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,FIRING COSTS ,STABLE JOBS ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,DRIVERS ,JOB SEARCH ASSISTANCE ,LABOUR MARKET POLICY ,MARKET ECONOMIES ,YOUNG ADULTS ,CHILD REARING ,WORKING CONDITIONS ,ADVANCED COUNTRIES ,LOW EMPLOYMENT ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT ,WORLD POPULATION ,EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,RULE OF LAW ,JOBS ,LABOUR MARKET ,JOB-SEARCH ASSISTANCE ,ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICIES ,PERSISTENT UNEMPLOYMENT ,WAGE FLOORS ,ACTIVE LABOUR ,LIVING STANDARDS ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,POPULATION CENSUS ,UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT ,EMPLOYMENT GENERATION ,EMPLOYMENT SITUATION ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT ,RURAL AREAS ,JOB SECURITY ,PRODUCTIVITY GAINS ,PROGRESS ,SAFETY NET ,TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT ,POPULATION ESTIMATES ,JOB LOSSES ,SOCIAL COHESION ,REGULAR WORKERS ,SEVERANCE PAYMENTS ,TEMPORARY WORK ,LABOUR MOBILITY ,TERTIARY EDUCATION ,DIVIDEND ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS ,WAGE DETERMINATION ,FIRM PERFORMANCE ,SOCIAL POLICY ,LABOUR FORCE GROWTH ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,WAGE BARGAINING SYSTEM ,FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES ,OLD-AGE ,PRIVATE SECTORS ,LABOUR FORCE ,LIFE SKILLS ,LABOUR MARKET SITUATION ,TEMPORARY WORKERS ,PRECEDING SECTIONS ,GROWING LABOUR FORCE ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,FUTURE GROWTH ,JOBS CREATION ,SMALL ENTERPRISES ,OUTPUT ,FORMAL EDUCATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES ,RETAIL TRADE ,FIRM ENTRY ,REGULATORY BARRIERS ,PRODUCT MARKET REGULATION ,NATIONAL POLICY ,NON-WAGE COST ,EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,DISPLACEMENT EFFECT ,SOCIAL COSTS ,POLICY RESEARCH ,LIFELONG LEARNING ,JOB VACANCIES ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,MIGRATION FLOWS ,JOB CREATION ,DIRECT JOB CREATION ,FISCAL CONSOLIDATION ,HEALTH SERVICES ,LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY ,PUBLIC WORKS ,SKILLED WORKFORCE ,SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ,URBAN AREAS ,INCOME SUPPORT ,LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFITS - Abstract
Almost four years since the onset of the global financial and economic crisis, unemployment and underemployment remain stubbornly high in many G20 countries, and many workers remain trapped in low paid, often informal, jobs with little social protection. Job creation has been anemic in many countries, too slow to fully reabsorb the mass of unemployed and underemployed or, particularly in some emerging market economies, to keep pace with labour force growth and the pressures of rural-urban migration. This raises concerns about the long-term negative effects on human capital, growing inequality and lower future output growth. The political pressures are high, and the risk of a drift towards protectionist measures aimed at 'keeping jobs at home' cannot be ignored. While there is substantial variation in national contexts, G20 countries can help minimize these risks through collective and collaborative work aimed at identifying and implementing credible policy reforms that will boost job creation, employment and the quality of jobs. The report aims at providing a preliminary review of countries' experiences against the backdrop of an evolving economic outlook and could form the basis of a more in-depth analysis, should Ministers request it. Improving labour market outcomes involves several challenges relating to both the quantity and quality aspects of job creation. There is a need in all countries to harness growth to generate labour market opportunities that correspond to labour force growth.
- Published
- 2012
36. Systematic Review of Informal Urban Economies.
- Author
-
Thulare, Mpendulo Harold, Moyo, Inocent, and Xulu, Sifiso
- Abstract
Amid globalization and market liberalization, urban informality has continued to grow in leaps and bounds in many parts of the world. Against this backdrop, the purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of studies conducted on urban economic informality at various geopolitical contexts to provide an update on the current state of knowledge in the urban informal economy-related research. A total number of 290 studies were sourced from various academic sources; however, a total number of 166 research papers satisfied the requirements of this review paper. The findings of this paper show that research on the urban informal economy has grown from 2000 to 2021, which is a 22-year period in which this review paper was based. The main themes of urban economic informality research depict it as a multifaceted system that is constituted by inputs, processes and outputs that have linkages with the formal economy. Based on these findings, it is recommended that more research should focus on how to integrate research on urban economic informality into the broader agenda of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Growth, Employment, Skills and Female Labor Force
- Author
-
Taymaz, Erol
- Subjects
REGULAR EMPLOYMENT ,LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,LEVELS OF EDUCATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EMPLOYERS ,TRADE UNIONS ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT ,CASUAL WORKERS ,YOUNG PEOPLE ,FIRM SIZE ,LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT ,WAGE DIFFERENTIALS ,DEGREES ,ACTIVE LABOR MARKET ,AVERAGE WAGES ,WORKING CONDITIONS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,UNIONIZATION ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT ,WORKERS ,URBAN WOMEN ,URBANIZATION ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,JOBS ,EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES ,OCCUPATIONS ,HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION ,UNIVERSITY GRADUATES ,HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES ,LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES ,OCCUPATION ,SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL ,WAR ,SERVICE SECTOR ,VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS ,COLLEGE GRADUATE ,EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS ,EDUCATED PEOPLE ,SKILLED WORKERS ,SERVANTS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,WORKER ,CAREERS ,POPULATION CENSUS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,UNEMPLOYED ,LABOR MARKET OUTCOME ,UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT ,EMPLOYMENT GENERATION ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,SMALL MANUFACTURING ,SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATES ,RURAL AREAS ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ,RETIREMENT ,VOCATIONAL SCHOOL ,EMPLOYMENT PERFORMANCE ,HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS ,PRODUCT MARKET CONDITIONS ,YOUNG MEN ,EDUCATED MEN ,ADULT WOMEN ,IMPORTANT POLICY ,OLDER PEOPLE ,HIGHER EDUCATION ,LABOR MARKET ,ELDERLY ,WAGE DATA ,HIGH RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ILLITERATE WOMAN ,POPULATION DATA ,POLICY IMPLICATIONS ,EMPLOYABILITY ,MALE EMPLOYEES ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,COLLEGE EDUCATION ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATES ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,INDUSTRY WAGE ,VULNERABLE GROUPS ,CLERKS ,LITERATURE ,HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA ,WAGE DETERMINATION ,PRECEDING SECTION ,CRISES ,WAGE PREMIUM ,WAGE DIFFERENTIAL ,URBAN EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS ,OLDER MEN ,RURAL POPULATION ,SOCIAL POLICY ,FEMALE EMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,URBAN POPULATION ,PRODUCT MARKET ,EMPLOYEE ,MINORITY ,FEMALE LABOR FORCE ,EMPLOYMENT STATUS ,WAGE RATES ,YOUNG WOMEN ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POPULATION PROJECTIONS ,BIRTH RATES ,FINDING JOBS ,FEMALE CHILDREN ,EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ,EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITY ,PAPERS ,WOMAN ,GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION ,HIGH WAGES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,SECONDARY SCHOOLING ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS ,ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION ,EMPLOYMENT SECURITY ,HIGH SCHOOLS ,LABOR ECONOMICS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,RETAIL TRADE ,HIGH EMPLOYMENT ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ,PECUNIARY EXTERNALITIES ,SERVICE SECTORS ,UNDEREMPLOYMENT ,GENDER DIFFERENTIALS ,STATE PLANNING ,SECONDARY SCHOOL ,EMPLOYMENT GROWTH RATE ,BARGAINING ,OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN ,PROFESSIONALS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,EMPLOYMENT LEVELS ,PUBLIC POLICY ,SKILLED LABOR ,WAGE RATE ,EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP ,EXPENDITURES ,WOMENS EMPLOYMENT ,CHILD CARE ,SERVICE EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITIES ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,FEMALE LABOR ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,POPULATION GROWTH RATE ,HOUSEHOLD LEVEL ,PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN ,VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ,MARITAL STATUS ,IMPACT OF EDUCATION ,COLLEGE GRADUATES ,HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FIRM GROWTH ,TRANSPORTATION ,VOCATIONAL TRAINING ,HIGH WAGE ,NUMBER OF PEOPLE ,URBAN AREAS ,ILLITERACY ,EDUCATED WOMEN ,ACTIVE LABOR - Abstract
This report is organized as follows. After this introduction, the second section explains the main data sources used in the study. The third section discusses the relationship between sectoral output growth and employment generation, and presents basic estimates on growth elasticities. The fourth and fifth section presents detailed descriptive analyses on the pattern of employment growth. The sixth section summarizes the findings of an econometric analysis on labor market participation decisions, with a special emphasis on female labor, and the determinants of wages. The author estimate the multi-nominal logical model for labor market participation decisions of men and women living in urban regions for each year since 2000, and estimate the wage equation for 2006 by taking into account the labor market participation decision (the sample selection effect). The last section presents the main findings of the study.
- Published
- 2010
38. Temporary Employment, Informal Work and Subjective Well-Being Across Europe: Does Labor Legislation Matter?
- Author
-
Karabchuk, Tatiana and Soboleva, Natalia
- Subjects
LABOR laws ,TEMPORARY employment ,SOCIAL surveys ,JOB security ,TEMPORARY employees - Abstract
Taking the individual data from the European Social Survey of 2004 and 2010, the authors of this paper investigate how employment type (permanent, temporary or informal employment) affects subjective well-being in respect to employment protection legislation across European countries. Our study outcomes are in line with previous research disclosing the negative impact of being temporally or informally employed on subjective well-being. The additional contribution of this study is the rigorous analysis of how employment protection legislation (EPL) moderates this effect by applying the multilevel modeling approach for 27 countries. In countries with strict EPL temporary and informal workers are significantly less satisfied with their lives than permanent employees. In countries with liberal EPL no significant decreasing effect from temporary or informal employment on people's subjective well-being was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Methods of statistical estimation of circular migration and formal and informal employment in the Moscow agglomeration based on the integration of various data sources.
- Author
-
Kriuchkova, Polina, Sleznov, Filipp, Fomchenko, Denis, Laikam, Vladimir, and Zakharchenkov, Igor
- Subjects
DATA integration ,STATISTICS ,EMPLOYMENT statistics ,EMPLOYMENT ,STATISTICAL accuracy ,LABOR market ,CELL phones - Abstract
Assessing circular migration, formal and informal employment and its spatiotemporal characteristics is a complex methodological and practical task for official statistics. A combination of various data sources, including official statistics, administrative data, and data from mobile operators, may provide new opportunities for obtaining circular migration, formal and informal employment estimates for the purposes of various levels of government, including the level of city management. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the use of administrative data together with the mobile operators' data can promptly improve the accuracy and informativeness of statistical indicators of the labor market including formal and informal employment, circular migration, etc. The population and employment in Moscow and in the Moscow agglomeration are the subjects of this paper. Authors combine several data sources such as the federal administrative data from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and the Federal Tax Authority, data from the Moscow city online public services, data from the mobile phone operators, as well as official statistical information provided by Russian Statistic Authority. The cross-analysis of the data provides important information for the city governance: • estimations of the permanent and temporary population of Moscow and the Moscow agglomeration; • the scale and main directions of the circular migration to and from Moscow and the subsequent delimitation of the real borders of the Moscow agglomeration; • formal and informal employment in the city. The limits of the data used, as well as recommendations for the incorporating administrative and mobile operators' data into the system of official statistics and city management, are also discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Informal Employment and the Structure of Wages in India: A Review of Trends.
- Author
-
Abraham, Rosa
- Subjects
LABOR market ,WAGES ,EMPLOYMENT ,TEMPORARY employees ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The "alternative", "atypical" or "informal" workforce has grown in developed and developing countries alike. One of the more recent evolutions of informal employment has been of informal employment within formal enterprises. In the interest of flexibility and cost‐reduction, many formal firms increasingly resort to hiring workers on a temporary or informal basis. Alongside, and perhaps, as a result of the persistence and pervasiveness of informal employment, issues relating to inequality have come to the fore. This paper is motivated by these two intertwining aspects of Indian labor market—informality and wage inequality. Using nationally representative sample data, the paper examines trends in wage inequality among various forms of informal workers, overlaying these findings with broader trends in inequality. Using a regression based inequality decomposition, the paper compares the sources of wage inequality across different employment groups and the reasons for differences in wage inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Migration and Informal Employment: case of Russia as a second top world receiving country.
- Author
-
Karabchuk, Tatiana and Salnikova, Daria
- Subjects
MASS migrations ,EMPLOYMENT ,MIGRANT labor ,LABOR laws ,EMIGRATION & immigration - Abstract
The paper discusses migration and informal employment in the Russian Federation. It considers the characteristics of migration, the legal and regulatory situation of migrant workers with regards to informal employment. First, the paper reveals the current migration inflows into Russia with focus on the migrants' employability. This gives the ground for seeing informal employment from the supply side of migrant workers. Second, the paper reviews the migration legislation, employment laws as the push factors into informal employment. This part allows us to explain the informal work from the demand side (employers). Finally, the paper estimates the probability of working informally for the migrant workers. In the conclusion, we developed possible policy recommendations for decreasing irregular migration and informal employment for migrant workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
42. Skills Development in the Informal Sector of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Author
-
Adams, Arvil V.
- Subjects
DISADVANTAGED YOUTH ,LITERATE POPULATION ,TRAINING NEEDS ,TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENTS ,TRAINING SYSTEM ,CLASSROOM ,TRAINING PROGRAMS ,VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS ,QUALITY ASSURANCE ,EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS ,INSERVICE TRAINING ,NONFORMAL EDUCATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION ,TRAINING SERVICES ,PRODUCING GOODS ,TRAINING REFORM ,CURRICULA ,INFORMAL SECTOR ,JOBS ,TRAINING ACTIVITIES ,PUBLIC SECTOR INSTITUTIONS ,OCCUPATIONS ,PRIVATE ENTERPRISES ,COST OF TRAINING ,SKILL REQUIREMENTS ,SERVICE SECTOR ,TRAINING PROGRAM ,APPRENTICES ,INTERVENTIONS ,CONVENTIONAL TRAINING ,TRAINERS ,GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION ,SKILLED WORKERS ,HIGH DEADWEIGHT ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,TUITION ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,AGE GROUP ,PAYROLL TAXES ,WORKER ,BASIC EDUCATION ,EMPLOYMENT GENERATION ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,SCHOOLS ,TRAINING DELIVERY ,TRAINING INSTITUTIONS ,EDUCATION CURRICULUM ,TRAINING POLICY ,EMPLOYMENT USES ,RURAL AREAS ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,SAFETY NET ,SCHOOL CERTIFICATE ,LED ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,LITERACY ,CLASSROOMS ,TRAINING POLICIES ,PRIVATE TRAINING ,SMALL BUSINESS ,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ,DOMESTIC WORKERS ,EMPLOYABILITY ,TERTIARY EDUCATION ,TARGET POPULATIONS ,LEVEL OF EDUCATION ,NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS ,PRIVATE PROVIDERS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ,EDUCATIONAL PLANNING ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,WORKING CONDITION ,LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION ,SELF EMPLOYMENT ,TRAINING AUTHORITIES ,EMPLOYMENT SIZE ,EARLY EDUCATION ,LABOUR ,TRAINING METHODS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,APPRENTICESHIP ,SPECIAL NEEDS ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,PRIVATE TRAINING INSTITUTIONS ,WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,APPRENTICESHIPS ,PRIMARY SOURCE ,UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS ,INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS ,SELF EMPLOYED ,TRAINEES ,YOUTH ,HEALTH CARE ,LABOR OFFICE ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,APPROPRIATE TRAINING PROGRAMS ,SECONDARY SCHOOL ,CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION ,EMPLOYMENT PAPER ,TRAINING COSTS ,YOUNG WORKERS ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,PRODUCTION UNITS ,LITERACY PROGRAMS ,LEARNING ,CHURCHES ,ADULT EDUCATION ,PAID WORKERS ,NEW ENTRANTS ,TECHNICAL EDUCATION ,PRIVATE SCHOOLS ,PRACTICAL TRAINING ,VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ,WORKING POOR ,SKILLS ACQUISITION ,WAGE SECTOR ,LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ,CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT ,PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS ,JOB CREATION ,TRAINING FUNDS ,ENTERPRISE TRAINING ,ADULTS ,EDUCATION FOR ALL ,LITERACY TRAINING ,LABOR FORCE ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,GENERAL EDUCATION ,INSTRUCTORS ,SKILLS TRAINING ,SKILLED WORKFORCE ,VOCATIONAL TRAINING ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,APPROPRIATE TRAINING ,OLDER WORKERS ,SCHOOLING ,SMALL BUSINESS INCUBATORS ,TRAINING COURSES - Abstract
Since first recognized in the early 1970s, the informal sector of Sub?Saharan Africa has become a growing source of employment for large numbers of youths, but also older workers pursuing entrepreneurial goals and others adjusting to structural changes in the region's employment. Initially viewed as a safety net for those unable to find employment in the modern sector, the image of the informal sector has begun to change with time and the education of those entering it. More workers have begun to view it, not as a temporary stop while searching for employment in the formal wage economy, but as a preferred destination offering opportunities to those wanting to become entrepreneurs. The chapter examines recent research covering measurement of employment in the informal sector, impediments to investing in skills within the sector, and policies and programs to expand this investment. It extends earlier work on this topic done under auspices of the World Bank. The purpose is to examine what is currently known about these issues, identify gaps in knowledge, and offer a strategy for expanding skills development in the informal sector. Recent research, for example, like that mentioned above in Ghana showing the changing character of employment in the informal sector and the prospect of growing returns to skills casts a new light on employment in this sector and merits further inquiry into the robustness of these findings in other countries to deepen our understanding of how skills influence the welfare of those who create their own employment in the informal sector and how the investment in skills can be expanded.
- Published
- 2008
43. Measuring local employment multipliers and informal employment: a stochastic frontier approach.
- Author
-
Bashford-Fernández, Joanna María and Rodríguez-Álvarez, Ana
- Subjects
SKILLED labor ,INFORMAL sector ,STOCHASTIC analysis ,ECONOMETRICS ,INDUSTRIAL relations - Abstract
This paper offers policymakers a novel tool for calculating employment multipliers. A theoretical model incorporating a non-tradeable employment function is combined with a stochastic frontier methodology to estimate an accurate multiplier. The advantage of this model is that it allows a consideration of unobserved informal employment when estimating the multiplier. We find an employment multiplier effect of 1.2 jobs in the non-tradeable sector for one job in the tradeable sector. Also, the greater the number of skilled consumers, the higher the multiplier indices and the lower the level of informal employment. Moreover, specialised sectors requiring skilled workers also present less informal employment. We use provincial data for Spain over the period 1995–2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The COVID‐19 pandemic: Narratives of informal women workers in Indian Punjab.
- Author
-
Singh, Nadia and Kaur, Areet
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,MATERNAL health services ,INFORMAL sector ,AUTONOMY (Economics) ,WOMEN'S employment ,HOUSEKEEPING - Abstract
The COVID‐19 crisis has translated into an unprecedented humanitarian crisis for the poor and marginalized groups in society. The countrywide lockdowns, quarantine measures, and mobility restrictions across 200 countries of the world have resulted in a host of negative manifestations for women. There have been unprecedented losses in the informal economy, which is dominated by women. Some scholars also contend that the pandemic will translate into heightened burden of unpaid domestic work, loss of economic autonomy and disruption to maternal health services. Despite these factors a gendered perspective is absent in the policy response to this crisis. It is against this background that the present paper employed a feminist intersectionality lens to conduct participatory field based research on the lived experiences of women in informal employment in Indian Punjab during the COVID‐19 crisis. The research unearthed the specific pathways through which existing socio‐economic inequities rooted in caste, class and occupational entities magnify the vulnerabilities experienced by women during such a health crisis. The research offers a contextualized framework for understanding the gendered impacts of the crisis. It also highlights the urgency of taking account of gender specific constraints during the health crisis so as to institute robust, effective and equitable policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Taxing Labor Income in an Economy with High Employment Informality.
- Author
-
ANTÓN, ARTURO and RASTELETTI, ALEJANDRO
- Subjects
VOCATIONAL guidance ,INCOME tax ,EMPLOYMENT statistics ,PAYROLL tax ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper develops a static general equilibrium model of occupational choice with heterogeneity in both labor and entrepreneurial skills that generates high levels of employment informality. The model uses a detailed structure of personal income taxes (PITs) and subsidies to formal workers to capture the labor wedges present in many countries. These features enable the model to assess how changes in PITs and subsidies affect labor market outcomes and the government's fiscal accounts. The model is calibrated for Mexico, which, like many developing countries, has high levels of labor informality. The model's simulations shed light on the impact of a series of reforms to PITs and subsidy schemes aimed at increasing labor formality among low-income workers. The results suggest that adjusting the current structure of the formal employment subsidy combined with PIT exemptions for low-income workers could reduce informality while marginally improving the government's fiscal balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
46. MODERN PROBLEMS OF YOUTH IN THE LABOUR MARKET: GLOBAL TRENDS AND RUSSIAN SPECIFICS.
- Author
-
Shpilina, Tatyana, Vasiutina, Ekaterina, Mosalev, Anton, and Nanyunja, Robinah
- Subjects
UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,YOUTH employment ,UNEMPLOYED youth ,LABOR supply - Abstract
The problem of "youth unemployment" is a global trend in the world labor market. However, the reasons for this phenomenon in developed and developing countries vary considerably. In the first group of countries, youth unemployment is caused by a series of macroeconomic crises of recent years, in the second group - the inability to organize the optimal number of jobs sufficient for the ever-increasing flow of young cadres. Indeed, it is in the countries with a growing economy that today about 90% of all the world's young people live. Youth unemployment has become stagnant throughout the world. At the same time, many newlyentered young people automatically become "working poor" and become one of the most vulnerable categories of citizens. The paper presents both youth unemployment and the growth of the share of young "working poor" influences the internal aggregate demand, the inadequacy of financial resources in public funds of funds in connection with the transition of young employees to informal forms of hiring, decision-making in favor of emigration to more prosperous regions and employment in foreign companies. In the process of analyzing the problem, typical institutional traps, which are encountered in the world practice, are blocking the reduction of youth unemployment, as well as a positive experience of overcoming them. The paper discusses tools for working with young people that can be useful for adapting the younger generation to modern trends in the labor market and reducing the proportion of "working poor". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
47. What policies to combat labour informality? Evidence from Mexico.
- Author
-
Dougherty, Sean M. and Escobar, Octavio R.
- Subjects
EMPLOYMENT policy (Economic theory) ,INFORMAL sector ,SMALL business ,POVERTY ,FOREIGN investments - Abstract
Informality often concerns policymakers due to its negative implications on productivity and poverty. In recent years, the extent of informal employment has diverged across Mexican states. Varying informal employment dynamics within a comparable institutional environment offers scope to identify policies that can reduce informality. This paper uses cross-state panel and individual data to examine the determinants of informal employment, exploiting the diverging outcomes across states, industries and time. The results suggest that there is no 'silver bullet' to combat informality, yet a package of policies promoting labour skills, encouraging foreign investment, enhancing tax enforcement and deterring corruption can reduce informal employment. Intriguingly, reducing the cost to start a business is found to have a non-linear effect on informal employment, conditional on the prevalence of microenterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Evaluating the Prevalence and Distribution of Unregistered Employment in Kosovo: Lessons from a 2017 Survey.
- Author
-
Gashi, Ardiana and Williams, Colin C.
- Subjects
PROBIT analysis ,EMPLOYMENT ,PART-time employees ,LABOR contracts ,HOUSEHOLD surveys - Abstract
Despite the growing recognition that unregistered employment remains a common problem both in South-East Europe and well beyond, there has been little evidence available on its prevalence and distribution. This paper contributes to filling the gap, by utilising data from a 2017 large scale national representative survey of 8,533 households in Kosovo. This reveals that 34.6% of all employees are engaged in unregistered employment (i.e., they have no employment contract). A Probit regression analysis reveals significant associations between unregistered employment and individual, household, employer and job-related characteristics. Unregistered employment is significantly more prevalent among men, younger people, single, widowed or divorced, those with fewer years in education, living in rural areas and in larger households. It is also significantly more prevalent among those working in construction and services, part-time employees, with shorter employment durations, lower wages, and those in elementary occupations and craft and related trades. The wider theoretical and policy implications are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Political change and informality.
- Author
-
Elsayed, Ahmed and Wahba, Jackline
- Subjects
POLITICAL change ,HEALTH insurance ,SOCIAL justice ,SOCIAL security ,LABOR market - Abstract
This paper examines informality during the political and economic turmoil that accompanied the Arab Spring revolution in Egypt. The paper focuses on unprotected employment and the extent to which it changed by educational level immediately after the January Uprising of 2011. We find that over time and particularly after the revolution, informal employment has increased for both high‐ and low‐educated workers, albeit through different paths: high‐educated workers were more likely to be stuck in informality, while low‐educated formal workers were more likely to lose their contracts. The increase in informal employment in the wake of the Arab Spring is more pronounced for the high‐educated. The results suggest a high level of rigidity in the Egyptian labour market, even in the wake of the Arab Spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. GENDER INEQUALITY IN WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT IN INDIAN LABOUR MARKET.
- Author
-
LAMA, SITA and MAJUMDER, RAJARSHRI
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,WAGE differentials ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,LABOR supply - Abstract
The labour market suffers from several imperfections, most of which act against the women. They face entry barriers which act as a deterrent and discourage them to enter labour market. Using nationally representative sample data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 2011-12 through quinquennial surveys on "Employment and Unemployment", the paper tries to examine the prevalence of various forms of inequality and the condition of workers across formal and informal sectors, as well as across gender, location and work status. Oaxaca decomposition technique (Oaxaca 1973) is also used to examine the contribution of inequality factors to overall inequality. A substantial wage disparity is found across workers of different regions, sectors and gender. Women workers earn much lower wages than their male counterparts and the inequality among them is also much higher. The analysis also suggested a comparatively a high gender wage gap in various categories of activities. It is surprising to find that in India the wage disparity exists mainly because of large wage difference within the various categories of workers. Further, the examination of the sources of wage difference reveals that gender wage gap is mostly because of discrimination in wage distribution against women workers. The endowment is the greater contributing factor in case of wage gaps between regular and casual workers and also for rural and urban divides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.