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The paper presents a low-order prediction scheme for the noise change in multistream jets when the nozzle geometry is altered from a known baseline. The essence of the model is to predict the changes in acoustics due to the redistribution of the mean flow as computed by a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver. A RANS-based acoustic analogy framework is developed that addresses the noise in the polar direction of peak emission and uses the Reynolds stress as a time-averaged representation of the action of the coherent turbulent structures. The framework preserves the simplicity of the Lighthill acoustic analogy, using the free-space Green’s function, while accounting for azimuthal effects via special forms for the space–time correlation combined with source–observer relations based on the Reynolds stress distribution in the jet plume. Results are presented for three-stream jets with offset secondary and tertiary flows that reduce noise in specific azimuthal directions. The model reproduces well the experimental noise reduction trends. Principal mechanisms of noise reduction are elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate experimentally the causes of jet plume instability and enhanced mixing observed in the exhaust of shock-containing convergent-divergent nozzles. Key features of the internal flow are the separation shock, separation shear layers, and pattern of alternating expansion and compression waves downstream of the shock. We focus on two possible reasons for this instability—the motion of the separation shock and the wave pattern downstream of the shock. The nozzle flow was generated in a planar facility with variable area ratio and pressure ratio, and the motion of the shock was tracked using time-resolved wall pressure measurements. The isolated effect of the wave pattern was investigated in a separate facility wherein a sonic shear layer, simulating the nozzle separation shear layer, was disturbed with compression and expansion waves emanating from a wavy wall. In both instances, the instability of the shear layer was characterized by time-resolved measurements of the total pressure. In the nozzle flow, the amplitude of shock motion increases with shock strength. Correlation of shock motion with shear layer total pressure is virtually absent for weak shocks but becomes significant for strong shocks. However, impingement of stationary waves on the shear layer had no impact on its growth rate. We conclude that the enhanced shear layer instability is strongly coupled to shock motion, and that the wave pattern by itself is not a cause of enhanced mixing. The occurrence of asymmetric separation at large shock strengths is a further contributor to the enhancement of instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which examined the mean flow development in dual-stream compressible jets. Description of the planar shear layer model used; Potential core lengths and sonic lengths; Mass flow rates.

Presents a study which characterized the acoustics of axisymmetric high-speed jets at a variety of Mach numbers and velocities and at pressure-matched, overexpanded, and underexpanded conditions. Components of supersonic jet noise; Noise measurements; Correlations of jet noise with engine operating parameters.

Presents a study which demonstrated directional suppression of noise from a high-speed jet using an asymmetric parallel secondary stream. Methodology; Results and discussion; Conclusions.

Presents information on a study that investigated the noise measurements for perfectly expanded coaxial jets composed of a supersonic primary stream at conditions designed to prevent formation of Mach waves. Description of the flow apparatus; Global features of the jet; Noise characteristics.

Abstract: Jet noise is analysed using data-processing tools adapted to two particular structural traits of the far field: the strong polar dependence and the temporal intermittency. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition is used to probe the polar structure of the sound field, wavelet transform being used to interrogate the temporal signature. The far field is decomposed, using each of these approaches independently, into a component attributed to ‘coherent structures’, denoted CS, and a residuum, R. The criteria for the decomposition being different, spatial on one hand and temporal on the other, comparison of the resulting CS components is of considerable interest; both decompositions lead, for instance, to CS components that compare favourably with a wavepacket source Ansatz. Using the two techniques, an analysis methodology is established and applied to data from a Mach 0.9, isothermal jet; a series of metrics are thereby proposed by which to evaluate the data. The methodology and associated metrics are then used to explore the effect of varying Mach number on isothermal and heated jets. The following main results are obtained. Both the unfiltered low-angle sound spectrum and that of the CS component of the isothermal jets are found to scale best with Helmholtz number, indicating that the associated sound source is noncompact. In the heated jet, on the other hand, a Strouhal number scaling is observed, again for both the unfiltered low-angle spectrum and the CS spectrum, suggesting that the associated sources are in this case more compact. Where the intermittency of the farfield signature is concerned it is found that increasing the Mach number of isothermal jets has no discernible impact, whereas in the case of the heated jet this increase is accompanied by a decrease in the intermittency, indicating some kind of associated stabilisation of wavepacket source dynamics. Finally, the unfiltered data is used to perform source imaging, using a wavepacket Ansatz. This allows a more comprehensive eduction of the wavepacket parameters. The trends observed are consistent with known changes in the mean field and with linear stability theory. Finally, the directivity of the wavepackets obtained using the source imaging is compared with those educed from the data using the POD and wavelet filters. Good agreement between all three constitutes a strong evidence supporting the contention that such wavepackets underpin the said, polar and temporal, features of the farfield. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a computational study, validated by mean-flow experiments, of a dual-stream nozzle simulating the exit conditions of a supersonic turbofan engine with noise-suppressing fan flow deflectors. The study is conducted for eight nozzle configurations and two operating conditions: a cold condition at which mean velocity surveys were conducted and against which the computational code was validated and a hot condition that corresponds to the takeoff engine cycle and at which acoustic data were collected. The code predictions successfully replicate the mean velocity fields and the inflectional layers of the experimental flows. The code is then extended to the conditions of the actual engine cycle. The computations reveal a similar velocity profile for the hot and cold conditions when the axial distance is normalized by the potential core length. For both conditions, the vane deflectors reduce the turbulent kinetic energy k on the underside of the jet. An overall noise source strength is modeled as the axial integral of k7/2. A significant correlation is found between the reduction in the noise source strength and the reduction in the peak level of the overall sound pressure level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]