Search

BackgroundThe psychometric properties of an online test are not necessarily identical to its paper and pencil original. The aim of this study is to test whether the factor structure of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) is measurement invariant with respect to online vs. paper and pencil assessment.MethodThe factor structure of CAPE items assessed by paper and pencil (N = 796) was compared with the factor structure of CAPE items assessed by the Internet (N = 21,590) using formal tests for Measurement Invariance (MI). The effect size was calculated by estimating the Signed Item Difference in the Sample (SIDS) index and the Signed Test Difference in the Sample (STDS) for a hypothetical subject who scores 2 standard deviations above average on the latent dimensions.ResultsThe more restricted Metric Invariance model showed a significantly worse fit compared to the less restricted Configural Invariance model (χ(2)(23) = 152.75, pConclusionsOur findings did not support measurement invariance with respect to assessment method. Because of the small effect sizes, the measurement differences between the online assessed CAPE and its paper and pencil original can be neglected without major consequences for research purposes. However, a person with a high vulnerability for psychotic symptoms would score 4.80 points lower on the total scale if the CAPE is assessed online compared to paper and pencil assessment. Therefore, for clinical purposes, one should be cautious with online assessment of the CAPE.

The migration literature contends that, unlike other immigrants, refugees resettled in the US benefit from a federal program of integration. These claims do not consider the barriers that may complicate the implementation of resettlement policy. Based on 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork at a refugee resettlement agency in California, I argue that the organizational structure of the US Resettlement Program shapes how caseworkers provide resettlement services on a daily basis. The financial insecurity of Resettlement Agencies coupled with high stakes government oversight creates an organizational culture of vulnerability where caseworkers rely on discretion as they put resettlement policy into practice. Caseworkers develop coping mechanisms to get by as they simultaneously attend to the demands of their funders and their refugee clients. Given these structural constraints and limited resources, caseworkers instrumentalize paperwork as a discretionary tool. When files and documents are privileged over the quality and extent of resettlement services, caseworkers creatively utilize paperwork to separate policy from practice in order to protect themselves and appease their refugee clients. This policy of integration instead becomes a practice of paper integration, which problematizes prior theories and assumptions about US refugee resettlement. This practice of paper integration ultimately affects the services that arriving refugees receive and the degree to which they benefit from this ostensible program of integration.

This policy brief explains how Japan produces its annual defense white paper and how this publication and other defense reports promote transparency on Japan’s national defense. I outline the process of putting together the white paper and then suggest ways in which the process and the structure could be applied by other nations seeking to improve their defense transparency.

The Spatial Search specialist meeting in Santa Barbara (December 2014) brought together 35 academic and industry representatives from computational, geospatial, and cognitive sciences with interest in focused discussions on the development of an interdisciplinary research agenda to advance spatial search from scientific and engineering viewpoints. The position papers from participants represent the shared expertise that guided discussions and the formulation of research questions about processes of spatial search and about the conceptual ideas, infrasturctures, and tools needed to enhance the search experience in both physical and virtual spaces. The call for position papers is included.

Download this index for direct linked access to reports and position papers associated with NCGIA hosted and sponsored specialist research meetings and conferences between 1988 and 2008.

Download this index for direct links to 122 technical reports in the NCGIA Technical Papers series, published in the 1988-1997 period.

Cycles and Instability in a Rock-Paper-Scissors Population Game: a Continuous Time Experiment ∗ Timothy N. Cason † Daniel Friedman ‡ Ed Hopkins § Purdue University UC Santa Cruz University of Edinburgh July 19, 2012 Abstract We report laboratory experiments that use new, visually oriented software to ex- plore the dynamics of 3 × 3 games with intransitive best responses. Each moment, each player is matched against the entire population, here 8 human subjects. A “heat map” offers instantaneous feedback on current profit opportunities. In the continuous slow adjustment treatment, we see distinct cycles in the population mix. The cycle amplitude, frequency and direction are consistent with standard learning models. Cy- cles are more erratic and higher frequency in the instantaneous adjustment treatment. Control treatments (using simultaneous matching in discrete time) replicate previous results that exhibit weak or no cycles. Average play is approximated fairly well by Nash equilibrium, and an alternative point prediction, “TASP” (Time Average of the Shapley Polygon), captures some regularities that NE misses. JEL numbers: C72, C73, C92, D83 Keywords: experiments, learning, mixed equilibrium, continuous time. We are grateful to the National Science Foundation for support under grant SES-0925039, and to Sam Wolpert and especially James Pettit for programming support, and Olga Rud, Justin Krieg and Daniel Nedelescu for research assistance. We received useful comments from audiences at the 2012 Contests, Mech- anisms & Experiments Conference at the University of Exeter; Purdue University; and the 2012 Economic Science Association International Conference at NYU. In particular, we want to thank Dieter Balkenborg, Dan Kovenock, Dan Levin, Eyal Winter and Zhijian Wang for helpful suggestions. cason@purdue.edu, http://www.krannert.purdue.edu/faculty/cason/ dan@ucsc.edu, http://leeps.ucsc.edu E.Hopkins@ed.ac.uk, http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/hopkinse/

This 2-day specialist meeting in December 2013 was conceived and organized by The Center for Spatial Studies (spatial@ucsb) at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).The meeting combined “thinking big” (asking what will make campuses smarter in the future) with “acting small” (focusing on specific organizational and technological measures and their evaluation). Making our daily environments smart through technologies has been on research and political agendas for more than three decades, featuring a primary interest in the outdoor environments of cities. Smart city projects are now found throughout the world, focusing on environmental sustainability, e-governance, transportation, health, and other public goods by deploying innovative technologies for sensing, social networking, and knowledge integration. To some extent, campuses can be seen as “small cities,” raising similar concerns for their unique populations. Additionally, smart campuses have their own challenges and opportunities for support of creativity and interdisciplinary collaboration in science along with the involvement and education of technologically savvy students. Spatial thinking and computing are thought to be key enablers of smart campuses, but this case needs to be made more effectively with university administrators and domain scientists. The scope of these opportunities and challenges provided impetus for bringing together researchers and educators from multiple disciplines, campus planners, and representatives from industry, all of whom share interest in addressing issues of sustainability and knowledge infrastructures. The initial position papers from participants were distributed in advance of the meeting to help nurture discussions and collaborations.

A Five Part Report on Immigrant Youth and the Struggle to Access Health Care in California

This white paper is part of a larger project by the University of California Institute on Global Con-flict and Cooperation (IGCC) to measure the level of defense transparency in Northeast Asia. The paper covers Japan, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Republic of Korea (ROK), United States, and Russia in eight functional areas: 1) dis-closures in defense white papers; 2) information available on official defense websites; 3) reporting to the United Nations; 4) openness of defense budgets; 5) legislative oversight; 6) robustness of press independence; 7) reporting of international military activity; and 8) disclosure on cyber activi-ties

Informed consent is the cornerstone of human research subject protection. Many subjects sign consent documents without understanding the study purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights. Proof of comprehension is not required and rarely obtained. Understanding might improve by using an interactive system with multiple options for hearing, viewing and reading about the study and the consent form at the subject’s own pace with testing and immediate feedback. This prospective randomized study compared the IRB-approved paper ICF for an actual clinical research study with an interactive presentation of the same study and its associated consent form using an iPad device in two populations: clinical research professionals, and patients drawn from a variety of outpatient practice settings. Of the 90 participants, 69 completed the online test and survey questions the day after the session (maximum 36 hours post-session). Among research professionals (n = 14), there was a trend (p = .07) in the direction of iPad subjects testing better on the online test (mean correct = 77%) compared with paper subjects (mean correct = 57%). Among patients (n = 55), iPad subjects had significantly higher test scores than standard paper consent subjects (mean correct = 75% vs 58%, p < .001). For all subjects, the total time spent reviewing the paper consent was 13.2 minutes, significantly less than the average of 22.7 minutes total on the three components to be reviewed using the iPad (introductory video, consent form, interactive quiz). Overall satisfaction and overall enjoyment slightly favored the interactive iPad presentation. This study demonstrates that combining an introductory video, standard consent language, and an interactive quiz on a tablet-based system improves comprehension of research study procedures and risks.

More than 40 researchers participated in a 2-day meeting on future directions in spatial demography (Santa Barbara, Dec. 2011). Each participant prepared a position paper that addressed such questions as the following: • How are demographers measuring place and the interrelationships among places? • How can demographers harness emerging developments in the generation of geospatial data (e.g., volunteered geographic information and crowd-sourced data)? • How can new measures be validated for use in neighborhood and contextual research? • What visualization and spatial analytical methods make up the current tool kit of the spatial demographer? • What new methodological developments in spatial analysis are possible in the next five years and how might these be integrated into mainstream demographic research? • What are the training challenges to the enhancement of future research in spatial demography? • What research priorities will best advance the applicability of spatial demography to address issues in reproductive health.

The action required to stem the environmental and social implications of climate change depends crucially on how humankind shapes technology, economy, lifestyle and policy. With transport CO2 emissions accounting for about a quarter of the total, we examine the contribution of CO2 output by scientific travel. Thankfully for the reputation of the scientific community, CO2 emissions associated with the trips required to present a paper at a scientific conference account for just 0.003% of the yearly total. However, with CO2 emissions for a single conference trip amounting to 7% of an average individual’s total CO2 emissions, scientists should lead by example by demonstrating leadership in addressing the issue.

The idea for this specialist meeting (Santa Barbara, December 2008) originates in discussions over the potential of integrating design more fully into GIS, and over the development of curriculum in spatial thinking. The central question might be posed as "To what extent are the fundamental spatial concepts that lie behind GIS relevant in design?" or "To what extent can the fundamental spatial concepts of design be addressed with GIS?" or perhaps "Is it possible to devise a curriculum designed to develop spatial thinking in both GIS and design?" The position papers from participants address these questions.

This flier provides a brief description of a workshop hosted in Santa Barbara on volunteered geographic information (VGI). Discussions focused on citizen motivations to provide information in the public domain, methods to validate such information, and ideas about the potentials and limitations to VGI. More than 40 position papers on these challenges are presented.

This interdisciplinary meeting of 20 behavioral science and health researchers explored the connections among social risk theory, cultural constructions of health and risk, and spatial analysis of health. The purpose of the meeting was to establish common grounds for new interdisciplinary research proposals that bring together spatial analysis with work looking at perception of health risk. The agenda and position papers of papers of participants are presented in this document.

In advance of the meeting, 34 researchers prepared position statements on the following kinds of questions: • What is the current state of knowledge with respect to spatiotemporal constraints on social networks and informationflows, particularly from a meta-network perspective? • How can theories of social network interaction be extended to incorporate the constraining effects of space, time, theInternet, and mass media? • Can probability distributions be developed for networks or network metrics that are parameterized by spatial andtemporal separation? • What rich sources of data can be found to calibrate and parameterize these new models? • What new metrics and models can be developed for assessing critical nodes, groups, and trails in and throughnetworks that take spatio-temporal constraints, the Internet, and mass-media effects into account? • Can we develop novel methods for visualizing the operation of spatio-temporal constraints and their effects on the flow of ideas and information through meta-networks? • What methods of inference are appropriate for detection of spatio-temporal and network constraints in crowd-sourced data, and what are appropriate metrics of uncertainty?

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to explore questions regarding menthol cigarettes and cessation behavior, using the following as initial questions: 1) Compared to non-menthol smokers, do menthol smokers have a harder time quitting, report more or fewer quit attempts, and/or have higher or lower quit rates? 2) Compared to non-menthol smokers, are menthol smokers more or less likely to relapse or delay quitting, and/or to experience different odds of maintaining abstinence long-term? Tobacco companies largely considered reviews of the academic literature on these questions; therefore, documentary evidence was employed to refine research questions. More than 500 relevant documents were identified on 1) perceived sensory and taste rewards of menthol and potential relation to quitting; 2) motivation or desire to quit among menthol users; and 3) socio-demographic correlates of both menthol usage and cessation patterns. Menthol’s cooling and anesthetic effects mask the short-term negatives of smoking such as throat pain, burning, and cough. This may provide superficial physical relief as well as psychological assurance against concerns about health that would otherwise motivate smokers to quit. Menthol smokers, particularly women, also perceive the minty aroma of menthol cigarettes to be more socially acceptable than non-menthol cigarettes, a perception that lessens the impact of smoking denormalization on quitting motivation. Relative to the overall smoking market, menthol smokers tend to be younger, female, and non-white; this description also fits those smokers who have a harder time of quitting and staying quit. Document analysis suggests that menthol in cigarettes may encourage experimenters who find non-mentholated cigarettes too harsh, including young or inexperienced users, to progress to regular smoking rather than quitting, and may inhibit the desire to quit among established menthol smokers who have become accustomed to the taste and sensation of menthol cigarettes.

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to answer the following questions regarding menthol cigarette marketing and consumer perception: 1) Are/were menthol cigarettes marketed with health reassurance messages? 2) What other messages come from menthol cigarette advertising? 3) How do smokers view menthol cigarettes? 4) Were menthol cigarettes marketed to specific populations? More than 800 relevant documents were identified on 1) marketing menthol with health assurance messages; 2) user imagery-focused marketing; 3) consumer perceptions of menthol products; and 4) targeting specific populations. Analyses indicated menthol cigarettes were marketed as, and are perceived by consumers to be, healthier than non-menthol cigarettes. Menthol cigarettes are also marketed to specific social and demographic groups, including African Americans, young people, and women, and are perceived by consumers to signal social group belonging. From analyses of these documents, it is concluded that marketing emphasizing menthol may attract consumers who may not otherwise progress to regular smoking, including young, inexperienced users and those who find “regular” cigarettes undesirable.

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to answer the following questions regarding menthol cigarettes and the uptake of smoking by youth: 1) Does menthol make it easier for young or new/inexperienced smokers to start smoking cigarettes? 2) Do menthol smokers start smoking earlier than non-menthol smokers? Is there a higher use among youth who have been smoking for less than one year? 3) Did current smokers start smoking menthol cigarettes before switching to non-menthol cigarettes? 4) Does menthol accelerate progression toward established smoking? 5) Did the tobacco industry market menthols to the youth market and what images did they use? 6) To what extent do non-menthol smokers use menthol cigarettes? Researchers reviewed 2,634 documents and 102 were deemed relevant to one or more of the research questions. The internal business records of the tobacco industry make it clear that menthol flavoring is added to cigarettes in part because it is known to be an attractive feature to inexperienced, primarily youthful smokers who perceive menthol flavored cigarettes to be less harsh and easier to smoke and because of their availability from friends and family. Secondarily, the tobacco industry found that some youth smoke menthols because they perceive them to be less harmful than non-menthol cigarettes. Because of the acknowledged importance of capturing a large share of the youth market to long term profitability, all of the major cigarette companies have introduced menthol brands. A key product design issue concerned whether to increase brand menthol levels to appeal to the taste preferences of long-term menthol smokers or keep menthol levels lower to appeal to inexperienced smokers. Internal marketing studies showed that the companies carefully researched the menthol segment of the market with an eye towards recruiting younger smokers to their brands. The tobacco industry tracked menthol cigarette usage by age, gender and race to inform product development and marketing decisions. Studies were done to test how menthol impacted the ease of smoking, consumer perceptions of menthol flavoring, and brand loyalty. Based upon this review, menthol as a characterizing flavor has been a prominent design feature used by cigarette manufacturers to attract and retain youthful smokers.

One of Rorty's last publications is an afterword he contributed to an updated edition of the 1907 classic _Christianity and the Social Crisis_ written ny the Social Gospel giant, Walter Rauschenbusch, who was Rorty's maternal grandfather. In this reflection on my experience organizing the archive, I attempt to situate Rorty's atheism between the religious pragmatism of his students Cornel West and Jeffrey Stout, and the anti-liberal New Traditionalism of John Milbank and Stanley Hauerwas.

The two-and-a-half day workshop (Dec 2006, in Santa Barbara CA) focused on the role of digital gazetteers in georeferencing applications, with overviews of the state-of-the-art and current activities and discussions on opportunities and directions for collaboration and the advancement of a research and practice agenda. The workshop was convened by the National Center for Geographic Information & Analysis (NCGIA) at the University of California at Santa Barbara and the Redlands Institute. It was sponsored by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. This document contains the list of participants, submitted position papers, and the meeting agenda.

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funded a Peer Exchange meeting in Santa Barbara, CA (10-11 October 2005) for travel demand forecasters, experts in travel behavior and GPS data collection, and geographers to discuss potential approaches on using GPS vehicle traces for defining space-time paths and prisms to be used in activity modeling and microsimulation for transportation analysis. This document features the position papers prepared by participants prior to the meeting.

This specialist meeting (Dec. 2-4, 2004 in Santa Barbara, CA) focused on four sub-themes, each of which presents significant issues for interoperability and spatial webs: • Syntactic interoperability, and the adequacy of current metadata standards; • Semantic interoperability, and technologies for overcoming differences of meaning; • Accuracy, and the ability of data sets of different accuracy to interoperate; and • Spatial support, and technologies for re-sampling and interpolation. The report summarizes discussions among expert participants, and provides access to presentations and position papers.

This paper examines how the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has operated to expand the integration project and has done so by serving as a forum for transnational political action by domestic and supranational policy actors. In particular, I study this integrative dynamic through the evolution of environmental protection policy in the European Union (EU). The purpose of this analysis is to reveal how the Court’s construction of supranational norms operates to fuel the integration process, and often in opposition to national government preferences. The data presented in this analysis pertains to Article 234 (ex Article 177) of the European Community (EC) Treaty. By studying this process, I am able to reveal not only the role of the Court in creating European environmental laws, but the integral role that both national judges and private litigants (individuals and interest groups) play in deepening integration. This study focuses specifically on the environment policy sector, yet provides a general framework for examining the case law in subsequent policy areas, with the purpose of providing a more nuanced understanding of European integration. This paper contributes to a growing body that strives to create a more nuanced understanding of both European integration and the larger processes of international policy-making (for example, Sandholtz and Stone Sweet 1998; Stone Sweet and Sandholtz 1997). In particular, this study demonstrates how the ECJ operates to expand the integration project by serving as a forum for transnational political action by domestic and supranational policy actors. I study this integrative dynamic through the evolution of environmental protection in the European Union. My purpose is two-fold. First, I examine the evolution of the Court’s Article 234 case law in this policy sector, focusing on outcomes. In particular, I evaluate whether the policy preferences of national governments have significantly impacted the Court’s decisions. Second, I examine the extent to which the tensions embodied in EU environmental policy have facilitated a dynamic relationship between the Court, private litigants (including interest groups) and national courts, leading to the expansion of supranational policy competence. Specifically, I am interested in determining the extent to which the policy process operates outside the reach of national government control.

The European Union (EU) has recently re-launched its ambitions for a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which might even lead to a European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI). This paper explains the functioning of these mechanisms for outsiders and assesses the EU’s potential for success in these domains by placing them in their proper historical context, which extends back to the creation of "European Political Cooperation" in 1970. It argues that despite a number of obstacles there are still strong reasons to believe that the EU will be able to develop more effective cooperation in these areas, based on 1) the EU’s common foreign/security policy interests; 2) recent changes in the decision-making mechanisms of the CFSP/ESDI; 3) the common European resources that are now devoted to this area; and 4) the EU’s performance record in foreign/security policy cooperation, which is not limited to its problems in the Balkans. While generally optimistic, the paper concludes on a note of caution about these developments, noting the challenges involved in developing this new capacity while also managing other crucial problems of integration, such as the single European currency and enlargement to the East.

This white paper is based on outcomes from a workshop in Santa Barbara CA in September 1999. Questions relating to the spatial skills and abilities necessary for transition from childhood to the workplace were examined by 30 multidisciplinary experts. This white paper presents a summary of the two general foci of the meeting along with the general research topics that the group deemed critical along with specific research questions within each critical topic.

This policy paper is part of the “Arms Control and Security Improvement in the Middle East” workshop series, sponsored by the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC) of the University of California. The project is a Track II (unofficial) activity which indirectly supports the Middle East peace process. It is also part of an ongoing effort by the IGCC to study the causes and dynamics of international conflict and help devise options for managing and resolving it through international cooperation. The third meeting concentrated on regional security trends in military balances, weapons effects and doctrines, and the role of the military in improving regional security. Dr. Anthony Cordesman presented Middle East military balances and arms transfer trends for the last decade, based on his analysis of the military training, professionalism, and equipment holdings of various Middle East states. This paper summarizes his findings.

The objectives of this meeting were:(1) to demonstrate, showcase, and benchmark state-of-the-art tools and to facilitate interaction among specialized software developers; (2) to promote a dialogue among the wide range of developers about priorities and guidelines for software design, data and model standards, inter-operability, and open environments, including specific open source standards for spatial data analysis; and (3) to introduce CSISS' open source software development initiative, the "OpenSpace" project. A brief introduction is followed by position papers from meeting participants.

The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) held a workshop in Santa Barbara from January 25-27, 2001. The workshop brought together representatives of the disciplines interested in landscape change, drawn from both the investigative sciences, such as geography, and the design disciplines, such as landscape architecture. Its purposes were to promote the building of a collaborative research community; to develop a joint research agenda; and to facilitate the exchange of ideas. It addressed its major objectives in the context of four themes: information technologies, decision making, landscape perception and assessment, and environmental and social sciences. This document contains: the workshop proposal, position papers submitted by participants and the workshop agenda.

Gaining access to energy resources has long been a source of contention among established and rising powers. IGCC Policy Papers 35-37, Energy and Security in Northeast Asia, examine the significance of Northeast Asia's rising energy demands on regional and global energy and security politics. Policy Paper 37 introduces prominent proposals for multilateral Northeast Asian nuclear energy cooperation advanced by Kaneko Kumao, Suzuki Atsuyuki and Jor- Shan Choi (an analysis by Suzuki Tatsujiro about lessons from the European experience (EURATOM) appeared in IGCC Policy Paper 24, Energy and Security in Northeast Asia). Cooperation on nuclear energy would have a direct impact on political and security relations among Northeast Asian states. Nuclear power is an attractive alternative for all the Northeast Asian states, especially Japan and South Korea, which have no energy resources of their own and have to import all their fuels. Nuclear energy is much cleaner than that extracted from fossil fuels, and it is a symbol of technological modernity.

Energy and Security in Northeast Asia is a three-part series of papers showing that there are unrealized gains to be had from multilateral cooperation on energy issues. Such cooperation is the goal of the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation’s Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD), an informal track-two discussion exploring the potential for cooperation on security issues among China, Japan, Russia, the Republic of Korea, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and the United States. Many papers in this collection first were presented to a September 1996 NEACD workshop on Northeast Asian energy and security held in Seoul, Korea. That workshop offered participating government officials and private experts an opportunity to explore the ramifications of increasing energy demand on future relations among their countries. After the workshop, IGCC solicited additional papers to analyze the basic premises among our initial contributions.

The economic crises in Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia, and Japan have focused attention on the region's economic problems as well as its well-documented success. One potential problem is satiating these economies' increasing demand for energy. This problem has been made even more pressing by deep devaluations that substantially raised imported energy prices in local currency terms. IGCC Policy Papers 35-37, Energy and Security in Northeast Asia, seek to examine the international implications of the longer-term energy situation in Northeast Asia, including the decisions that government policymakers are likely to make to address their economies' pressing energy needs. Policy Paper 35, Fueling Security, debates the fundamental issue of whether rising energy demand generates new security dilemmas or whether efficient energy markets mitigate potential security risks arising from increased competition for energy resources. Kent Calder argues that energy rivalry might deepen tensions among the major powers in Northeast Asia, while Fereidun Fesharaki sees market competition where Calder sees rivalry. This paper examines the market assumptions behind these analyses, including the current status and projections for overall regional energy demand (Fesharaki, Sara Banaszak, and WU Kang) and fossil fuel use (WU).

This paper addresses the problem of undocumented immigration to the United States from Mexico, and current and proposed policies designed to control these undocumented flows. I summarize current U.S. policy toward undocumented Mexican immigration, which has been an expensive failure. I then take up three competing policy proposals: one pending in the U.S. Senate (S.1814 and S.1815) to expand the H-2A guest-worker program; one to construct a strict enforcement regime; and one based on linking U.S.–Mexican free trade to a free flow of labor. For each alternative, I predict likely outcomes and distributional consequences for seven types of actors (U.S. workers, U.S. consumers, U.S. employers, other U.S. citizens, undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and other Mexicans). I conclude that a binational approach to immigration control (a North American Common Market) is the most promising option, and I discuss its political feasibility.

Few now doubt that successfully managing environmental challenges will be central to public policy in the coming century. Unless the international community can cope with transnational problems such as global warming, destruction of species and tropical rain-forests, depletion of oceanic fish stocks, and increasing water scarcity in arid regions, both domestic and international conflicts may easily arise. The problems of international environmental political economy pose increasingly pressing issues for analysts, policy makers, and citizens. Such concerns helped to motivate the project, “The Political Economy of International Environmental Cooperation,” sponsored by the Institute on Global Cooperation and Conflict and generously funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation. The project supported University of California graduate students writing their Ph.D. dissertations on issues of international environmental cooperation. On concluding their dissertation research, the doctoral candidates presented policy papers at a workshop held in Santa Cruz, California. The student-organized workshop brought together these promising young scholars and policy analysts with various senior members of both the academic and international policy community. A key intellectual theme of the project was the (always difficult, always necessary) marriage of theory and policy. However varied the details of international environmental political economy may be, the core problem is always the same: how to induce self-interested, often myopic, decision makers to “do the right thing,” or to behave in ways that minimize environmental damage and/or optimize the utilization of natural resources in the presence of external constraints. Addressing such problems is difficult enough within a polity; forging the transnational cooperation needed to cope with environmental issues confronts still greater obstacles. The papers in this policy paper offer an Aristotelian line-up of earth, fire, air, and water issues. The problems of optimal depletion of forests (Bobenrieth), managing global emissions and related global warming problems (Rich), water negotiations in two different regional settings (Carlisle and Williams), and issues of oceanic fisheries (Potter) all receive close, detailed attention. The volume concludes with an evaluation of their work from the perspective of a World Bank professional on the policy-making process. The result shows how the interaction of theory and empirical material can generate results helpful to policy makers. We hope that such close work between theoretically grounded, empirically rich policy analysts and professional decision-makers will become increasingly frequent in the years ahead.

Participants in this specialist meeting (Santa Barbara, CA, September 1999) explored research questions at the nexus of Geography, Education, Psychology and Cognitive Science regarding "Integrating Research & Education in the Spatial Domain" and "Spatial Problem Solving in the K-12 and Undergraduate Arenas." Participant position papers on these themes are included in this report.

As immigration and integration become subject to heightened public debate and policy attention, Germany and the United States must rethink the policy process in order to promote policy consistency and awareness of its international repercussions. Recent German and U.S. debates and policy changes point to the need for agencies to monitor developments and suggest policy options, and administrative structures that permit some flexibility in administering immigration and integration policies. This paper (1) summarizes Germany's postwar migration history, (2) reviews the major proposals for changes in Germany's immigration and integration policies before the 1998 elections, (3) summarizes the SPD-Green proposal and its likely impacts, (4) highlights unfinished immigration and integration issues, and (5) compares Germany's immigration debates with similar U.S. debates.

For fifty years, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) system has fostered the development of liberal multilateralism. Originally a short, fifty-page set of rules that governed trade between just twenty-three Contracting Parties, and applying only provisionally because of the failure of several countries to ratify it, the GATT system has evolved into one of the world's most well-developed international organizations. The GATT’s organizational successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), boasts over 130 members that have ratified its founding charter and thousands of pages of substantive rules. Perhaps most significantly, the Uruguay Round negotiations bestowed upon the GATT/WTO system revised rules of government, which some have predicted will vastly improve the regime's institutional strength. With new dispute settlement rules, clarified rules of procedure for decision-making by the Members, and the formal establishment of a genuine secretariat, many claim that the world's preeminent trade institution is stronger than ever. Their hope is that this revitalized institution can govern itself effectively, advancing international political order and rules-based liberal multilateralism. This paper considers the possible effects of China’s accession to the WTO on the WTO’s institutional strength—how China’s accession could affect WTO governmental processes and the extent of political support for the organization from leading Western trading countries. During the past ten years, in which China has (of course) not been a GATT Contracting Party or a WTO Member, there has been substantial “systems friction†between China and some Western trading countries. The term “systems friction,†coined by Sylvia Ostry , is usually thought of as political tension between countries attributable to their economic interaction in the context of fundamental differences in the organization and operating principles of their respective political-economic structures. There may be different forms of systems friction, depending on whether the interacting political-economic structures can change, how willing countries are to change political-economic structures in order to accommodate other players, and whether the structures simply have not yet been subject to negotia-tion. The systems friction now associated with China-trade embodies elements of all three forms. This raises the question of whether WTO accession for China is likely to reduce and contain the systems friction, or weaken the WTO as an institution, or both.

One aftermath of the Madrid Peace Conference was establishment of a multilateral track (the “multilaterals”) by the United States designed to address issues of region-wide concern, such as arms control and regional security, economic development, water, the environment, and refugees. For the first time since Israel’s creation, Israel and Arab states gathered together specifically to address regional issues of mutual concern, marking a major turning point in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Despite problems, the multilaterals produced joint projects and unprecedented regional economic conferences, and the first regional Arab-Israeli institutions. Among the most significant of these institutions is the Bank for Economic Cooperation and Development in the Middle East and North Africa, or the MENABANK. The MENABANK was primarily created to serve the political objectives of the peace process, creating cooperative outlets for Arab-Israeli interaction that would establish a favorable regional climate for peacemaking. This paper uses the MENABANK case to explore the sources of new regional institutions and to illustrate larger lessons about the forces supporting and impeding regional multilateral cooperation. Conceptually, international relations scholarship has begun to recognize the need to focus on the question of regional orders which, outside the European context, have been greatly ignored. The question of building regional institutions as part of these orders is particularly important, especially because such institutions can help facilitate more stable relations if constructed properly. But institution building, like any political process, is a contentious exercise that deserves careful study, a point well illustrated by the MENABANK.

The role of agriculture in Northeast Asian cooperation has been important for many years. However, the end of the Cold War and the recent security concerns in Northeast Asia have made this issue more urgent. In addition, recent developments in international agricultural relations have changed the context in which nations of the region are now making agricultural and food-related policy. These broader issues provide the context for this paper. It has long been understood that food and agriculture are vital to the security of any nation or region. However, the nature of this relationship is sometimes misunderstood: it is easy to overlook the fact that a goal of food and agricultural security is consistent with a goal of economic progress and overall economic security. It is now more widely accepted that liberalized trade and privatization of agriculture are critically important for economic development and income growth, whereas restricted trade and food self-sufficiency objectives diminish economic growth and security. This theme underlies the argument of the present paper. The overall objective of the paper is to describe the current agricultural situation in North Korea, South Korea, China, and Japan with reference to the issues of food security and agricultural cooperation. The paper will succinctly describe trends in agricultural supply, demand, and trade for each of the four countries. In addition, where important for understanding supply and demand trends, there will be a brief explanation of the impact of recent developments in domestic agricultural policy. A discussion of future subregional cooperative possibilities concludes the paper.

This meeting (December 2001 in Santa Barbara), sponsored by CSISS and UCGIS explored the advent of location-based services and their implications and significance for the social sciences and for geographic information science. Specific issues considered included: the use of LBS to support primary data capture in the social sciences, requirements for new analytic tools to visualize and investigate such data, privacy and related issues associated with LBS data, and new forms of social behavior enabled by LBS.