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Gamma-ray computed tomography (CT) was employed to study the soil quality of clod samples used to investigate porosity ( ϕ ). Samples with volumes varying from 50 to 100 cm 3 were collected from the soil surface. 2D CT images were obtained with millimetric resolution. Porosity distribution analyses were carried out to infer the soil clod structure. Results obtained provided a new insight on the variability of internal clod structure due to the large amount of data analyzed, information that is not provided by traditional methods used in physics applied to soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The hierarchical organization of aggregates in soil is responsible for the presence of inter and intra-aggregate pores. This research aimed to investigate effects of soil surface liming, considering lime rates of 0, 10 and 15 t ha−1, on the intra-aggregate porous system of soil aggregates with equivalent diameters of 2–4 and 1–2 mm, from 0 to 10 (A) and 10 to 20 cm (B) soil layers. These aggregates were selected by the wet sieving method carried out for determination of the mean weight diameter. Synchrotron-based computed microtomography (μCT) of aggregates was analyzed in terms of porosity, connectivity, tortuosity, and fractal dimension. Additionally, X-ray fluorescence was used to evaluate the elemental composition of the soil aggregates. All liming effects were concentrated at layer A, where calcium percentage was elevated in aggregates from 1–2 mm class as compared to those from 2–4 mm class. Accordingly, the physical parameters studied were generally more affected in the case of smaller aggregates (1–2 mm). Liming decreased total porosity, increased tortuosity of pores, and decreased fractal dimension for 1–2 mm aggregates, which was in line with the fact that larger pores were replaced by smaller ones in 1–2 mm aggregates, as found via both quantitative and qualitative analyses. On the other hand, liming did not affect pore connectivity under any of the circumstances. Highlights • Surface liming improved soil aggregation by increasing the mean weight diameter. • Smaller soil aggregates present higher percentage of calcium due to liming. • Liming effects on soil physical properties were stronger for smaller aggregates. • In these small aggregates, liming decreased porosity and increased tortuosity. • Liming provided a more homogeneous intra-aggregate pore space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]