11 results
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2. Power, politics, and protest.
- Author
-
McFarlane, Anthony
- Abstract
Of all the influences on the development of New Granada's political life during the eighteenth century, Bourbon policies are the most obvious. We have seen how, throughout the century, ministers of Bourbon monarchs sought to enhance royal authority and improve Spain's command of the region's resources, with varying degrees of intensity and success. The first conjuncture of Bourbon reform in New Granada, in 1717–23, was ineffectual, if not entirely futile. It did, however, clear the ground for a second conjuncture of administrative and commercial reorganization in 1739–40, from which New Granada emerged with a new framework for government, under the command of the viceroys, and a new framework for its overseas trade, carried by individual register-ships. Then, after a long phase of piecemeal, incremental reform, the government of Charles III inaugurated Bourbon New Granada's third and most radical reformist conjuncture in 1778, when Gálvez's new colonial program was applied to the region in the visita general of 1778–83. New Granada's political system was therefore affected by three major moments of reform during the eighteenth century. In the first, the crown reasserted royal authority, but failed to sustain its reorganization of New Granada's system of government. In the second, Madrid established a permanent viceregal government, which strengthened the networks of royal command in New Granada by installing a strong authority at the heart of the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. New Granada and the Spanish mercantile system, 1700–1778.
- Author
-
McFarlane, Anthony
- Abstract
So far, we have examined the structures of settlement, society, and economy in eighteenth-century New Granada and have seen something of the economic links that bound the colony to Spain. However, by focusing on the character of New Granada's social and economic structures, the foregoing chapters have tended to emphasize elements of continuity and evolution within the colony, without paying much attention to the external factors that affected its development. And yet, of course, the eighteenth century saw important changes in relations between Spain and her colonies, as the Bourbon kings who inherited the Hapsburg throne sought to reverse the seemingly inexorable process of decline that Spain had suffered during the seventeenth century. Not only did the new dynasty establish a more centralized and absolutist authority within the metropolis, but, by political, military, and economic reform, it also sought to bring about what has been called the “second conquest of America.” This was not a process that began immediately or proceeded smoothly. The first reforms were hesitant in tone and uneven in application, and the great age of reform did not arrive until the reign of Charles III. New Granada, however, felt the repercussions of change at the metropolitan center early in the century, when its trade and administration were touched by Madrid's earliest efforts to reassert control over the resources of its empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Africa on the Eve of Partition.
- Abstract
North of the equator It has become a truism of historical writing to conceive of Africa in the course of the nineteenth century as becoming increasingly a part of, and a product of, the expansion of Europe, which, beginning in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, had integrated ever larger areas of the world into a single economic system. In attempting an overview of the state of the continent on the eve of partition – roughly over the decade of the 1870s – a large number of questions arise from a consideration of this truism. To what extent was Africa already an adjunct of an economic system dominated by Europe? What was the relationship between Africa and this European system – was it one of an equal or an unequal exchange of commodities? To what extent was Africa dependent economically, if not yet politically? What social and ideological changes were beginning to follow from this dependency? Was Africa a fruit ripe for plucking in the 1870s, was there a certain inevitability about the forthcoming imperialist carve-up, or was partition an extraneous historical occurrence forced upon a continent which had within it other options for coping with the future? There are no answers to these questions that are at the same time simple and sensible. Certainly the answers to all such queries will differ, according to the region of Africa which is under scrutiny. Even within particular regions, the situation of individual states, societies or groups of people, their relations with each other and with the outside world (especially with the European capitalist economies) varied greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Socioeconomic and Fiscal Impact of Large-Scale Gold Mining in Mali
- Author
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Sanoh, Aly and Coulibaly, Massaoly
- Subjects
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ,INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BUDGET ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ,WATER ,health care economics and organizations ,FISCAL SPACE ,INVESTMENTS ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,MUNICIPALITIES ,SUB-NATIONAL ,FISCAL BURDEN ,GOVERNMENTS ,RETURNS ,POVERTY ,SHARES ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,METALS ,TAX COLLECTION ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,CITY ,REVENUE COLLECTION ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DISTRICT ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,SUBSIDIES ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,LEAD ,EXPORTERS ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,TRANSFERS ,STATUTORY LAWS ,DISTRICTS ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,REVENUE LEVELS ,NATIONAL BUDGET ,SERVICES ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,CORPORATE INCOME TAX ,MARKET ,DURABLE ,PAPER ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA ,LOCAL CAPACITIES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,COEFFICIENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,CENTRAL BANK ,OIL BOOM ,ELECTRICITY ,TEXTBOOKS ,LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FUNDS ,IRRIGATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,ROADS ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGETS ,TAXATION ,INCOME TAX ,SECURITY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,LOCAL MARKETS ,STATE BUDGET ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,COMMUNITY ,FISCAL IMPACT ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,GOOD ,EQUIPMENT ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,REVENUE ,TURNOVER ,TAX BURDEN ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,TREASURY ,LAND ,SPENDING ,CURRENT EXPENDITURES ,FUELS ,SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION ,MATERIALS ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,TAX REVENUES ,EXPENDITURES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC ,MANAGEMENT ,LABOR ,PROFIT MARGINS ,EQUITY RETURNS ,HOUSING ,BUDGETING ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LOCAL ECONOMY ,STREET CLEANING ,REVENUES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC WORKS ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ,LOCAL TAXES ,SHARE ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,POVERTY RATE ,MINING ,EXPENDITURE ,TAX SYSTEM - Abstract
This paper analyzes the socioeconomic, fiscal, and governance impact of gold mining in Mali. The analysis finds that, at the national level, mining plays an important role by contributing to export earnings and overall government fiscal revenue. In 2013, the mining sector represented 7 percent of gross domestic product, contributed 1.5 percent to growth in total gross domestic product, and accounted for 65 percent of total export earnings and 25 percent of total government budget revenues. At the local level, despite higher population growth, there is some evidence that outcomes (poverty and infrastructure services) are marginally better in mining communes compared with non-mining communes. Local governments receive fiscal windfalls that are spent significantly on education capital expenditures and current expenditures (salaries and non-salaries). Non-salary current expenditures are 10 times higher in mining areas. Analysis of the political economy of public service provision at the local level suggests that technical or absorptive capacities may be the bottleneck to increasing the local benefit of mining instead of corruption or accountability.
- Published
- 2015
6. The relation between cigarette price and hand-rolling tobacco consumption in the UK: an ecological study
- Author
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Lucas Rothwell, John Britton, and Ilze Bogdanovica
- Subjects
Inflation ,Male ,Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public Policy ,cigarette prices ,Environmental health ,Tobacco in Alabama ,Tobacco ,Prevalence ,Medicine ,Humans ,hand rolling tobacco prices ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,Tobacco harm reduction ,Consumption (economics) ,business.industry ,Public health ,Research ,Tobacco control ,Smoking ,Commerce ,Ecological study ,General Medicine ,Tobacco Products ,Taxes ,United Kingdom ,Price index ,cigarette prices, hand rolling tobacco prices, smoking prevalence ,Female ,business ,smoking prevalence - Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Cigarette price increases reduce smoking prevalence but as a tobacco control policy are undermined by the availability of lower cost alternatives such as hand-rolling tobacco. The aim of this descriptive study is to explore time trends in the price of manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco, and in the numbers of people who smoke these products, over recent years in the UK. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: UK. OUTCOME MEASURES: Trends in the most popular price category (MPPC) data for cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco from 1983 to 2012 adjusted for inflation using the Retail Price Index, and trends in smoking prevalence and the proportion of smokers using hand-rolling tobacco from 1974 to 2010. RESULTS: After adjustment for inflation, there was an increase in prices of manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco between 1983 and 2012. Between 1974 and 2010, the prevalence of smoking fell from 45% to 20%, and the estimated total number of smokers from 25.3 to 12.4 million. However the number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco increased from 1.4 to 3.2 million, and MPPC cigarette price was strongly correlated with number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Although the ecological study design precludes conclusions on causality, the association between increases in manufactured cigarette price and the number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco suggests that the lower cost of smoking hand-rolling tobacco encourages downtrading when cigarette prices rise. The magnitude of this association indicates that the lower cost of hand-rolling tobacco seriously undermines the use of price as a tobacco control measure.
- Published
- 2015
7. Colonel George Mercer's Papers
- Author
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Tyler, J. E.
- Published
- 1952
8. Medicinal Liquor in the United States
- Author
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Griffenhagen, George
- Published
- 1987
9. DEPARTMENT OF PROFESSIONAL TECHNIQUE: The United States Board of Tax Appeals: Its Jurisdiction and Practice
- Author
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Miller, Clarence A.
- Published
- 1925
10. Documents: James Parker versus New York Province
- Author
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McAnear, Beverly and Parker, James
- Published
- 1941
11. Correspondence
- Published
- 1853
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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