28 results
Search Results
2. Bridging sensory and language theories of dyslexia: Toward a multifactorial model
- Author
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Jason D. Yeatman and Gabrielle O'Brien
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Paper ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,deficit ,Sensory system ,Biological theories of dyslexia ,050105 experimental psychology ,Visual processing ,Dyslexia ,Cognition ,psychophysics ,Phonetics ,Reading (process) ,Perception ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Psychophysics ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,10. No inequality ,Child ,media_common ,Language ,learning ,05 social sciences ,phonological ,Statistical model ,medicine.disease ,Reading ,Papers ,Visual Perception ,visual ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Competing theories of dyslexia posit that reading difficulties arise from impaired visual, auditory, phonological, or statistical learning mechanisms. Importantly, many theories posit that dyslexia reflects a cascade of impairments emanating from a single “core deficit”. Here we report two studies evaluating core deficit and multifactorial models. In Study 1, we use publicly available data from the Healthy Brain Network to test the accuracy of phonological processing measures for predicting dyslexia diagnosis and find that over 30% of cases are misclassified (sensitivity = 66.7%; specificity = 68.2%). In Study 2, we collect a battery of psychophysical measures of visual motion processing and standardized measures of phonological processing in 106 school‐aged children to investigate whether dyslexia is best conceptualized under a core‐deficit model, or as a disorder with heterogenous origins. Specifically, by capitalizing on the drift diffusion model to analyze performance on a visual motion discrimination experiment, we show that deficits in visual motion processing, perceptual decision‐making, and phonological processing manifest largely independently. Based on statistical models of how variance in reading skill is parceled across measures of visual processing, phonological processing, and decision‐making, our results challenge the notion that a unifying deficit characterizes dyslexia. Instead, these findings indicate a model where reading skill is explained by several distinct, additive predictors, or risk factors, of reading (dis)ability., Using predictors from a visual motion processing experiment and linguistic measures, we show that a single‐mechanism model of reading disability cannot account for the range of linguistic and sensory processing outcomes observed in children. We propose an additive risk factor model where different aspects of sensory, cognitive and language function each contribute independently to reading development.
- Published
- 2020
3. The right hemispheric dominance for face perception in preschool children depends on the visual discrimination level
- Author
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Bruno Rossion, Christine Schiltz, Aliette Lochy, University of Luxembourg [Luxembourg], Université du Luxembourg (Uni.lu), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy (CRAN), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Paper ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,preschool children ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Population ,Audiology ,Electroencephalography ,050105 experimental psychology ,Lateralization of brain function ,Functional Laterality ,[SCCO]Cognitive science ,Discrimination, Psychological ,Face perception ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,FPVS–EEG ,10. No inequality ,education ,Child ,Cerebrum ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Cerebral Cortex ,education.field_of_study ,right hemisphere ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,05 social sciences ,Brain ,Human brain ,discrimination level ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,faces ,Scalp ,Visual discrimination ,Child, Preschool ,Papers ,FPVS-EEG ,Visual Perception ,[SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC] ,Written language ,Female ,Psychology ,Facial Recognition ,Photic Stimulation ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
The developmental origin of human adults’ right hemispheric dominance in response to face stimuli remains unclear, in particular because young infants’ right hemispheric advantage in face‐selective response is no longer present in preschool children, before written language acquisition. Here we used fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) with scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to test 52 preschool children (5.5 years old) at two different levels of face discrimination: discrimination of faces against objects, measuring face‐selectivity, or discrimination between individual faces. While the contrast between faces and nonface objects elicits strictly bilateral occipital responses in children, strengthening previous observations, discrimination of individual faces in the same children reveals a strong right hemispheric lateralization over the occipitotemporal cortex. Picture‐plane inversion of the face stimuli significantly decreases the individual discrimination response, although to a much smaller extent than in older children and adults tested with the same paradigm. However, there is only a nonsignificant trend for a decrease in right hemispheric lateralization with inversion. There is no relationship between the right hemispheric lateralization in individual face discrimination and preschool levels of readings abilities. The observed difference in the right hemispheric lateralization obtained in the same population of children with two different paradigms measuring neural responses to faces indicates that the level of visual discrimination is a key factor to consider when making inferences about the development of hemispheric lateralization of face perception in the human brain., Using a fast periodic visual presentation paradigm combined with EEG we show that the right hemisphere involvement in face processing depends on discrimination level in preschool children. While face individuation (identity) relies on the right hemisphere, bilateral occipital networks were activated by generic face categorization (faces vs objects). Since right lateralization is present in pre‐readers these results challenge the hypothesis that learning to reading entails the right‐lateralization for faces observed in adulthood.
- Published
- 2020
4. Influence of paper whiteness and luminescent background on visibility of security features on papers and documents.
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Azharonok, V., Korochkin, L., and Knyukshto, V.
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LUMINESCENCE , *FLUORESCENCE spectroscopy , *BRIGHTNESS perception , *VISUAL perception , *SPECTRUM analysis - Abstract
ISO brightness, fluorescence spectra, and the fluorescence integrated intensity of papers from domestic and foreign manufacturers were studied. The contrast index of the tested paper samples, which is defined as the ratio of the ISO brightness to the paper integrated fluorescence intensity in the spectral range from 380 to 700 nm, was estimated. An alternative method for controlling the paper background fluorescence level was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
- Full Text
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5. Visualisation of the distribution of ink components in printed coated paper using focused ion beam techniques
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Heard, P.J., Preston, J.S., Parsons, D.J., Cox, J., and Allen, G.C.
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MENTAL imagery , *VISUAL perception , *MAIL-order business , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Rotogravure printing is the preferred method when large print runs are required, such as for catalogues. Penetration of ink into the paper is not desirable as this increases the amount of ink needed to obtain a certain print density. Thus the differences in ink demand between different papers have a significant impact on the economics of the process. In order to control the ink penetration, paper is often coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay. The extent of penetration depends on the structure of this coating and the characteristics of the ink used.High spatial resolution gallium ion SIMS has been used to study ink penetration by embedding the paper in resin and imaging in cross-section, as well as depth profiling the ink film on the paper. For inks that react with the embedding resin however, the former technique fails. More recently, focused ion beam (FIB) cross-sections were used to visualise the penetration of ink into the paper. The more conductive nature of the ink used here compared with the coating gave high contrast between them, allowing easy assessment of the penetration. Results obtained from this method on paper with two different coatings were consistent with print gloss, print density and size of the printed dots. Ink is seen to have penetrated further into a paper coating with a ‘blocky’ morphology than one with a ‘platey’ morphology. This is consistent with the smaller dot area, lower print gloss and lower print density achieved on the blocky paper coating. TEM sections were obtained using the FIB with ex situ lift-out, providing a more direct view of the ink-paper interface. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2004
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6. Paper characterisation by texture using visualisation-based training.
- Author
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Turtinen, M., Pietikäinen, M., Silvén, O., Maenpää, T., and Niskanen, M.
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PAPER , *MATERIALS texture , *VISUAL perception , *PROPERTIES of matter , *LIGHT , *IMAGE processing - Abstract
In this paper, a non-supervised technique for on-line paper characterisation is presented. The method uses self-organising maps (SOM) and texture analysis for clustering different kinds of paper according to their properties. A light-through technique is used to get pictures of paper. Then, effective texture features are extracted from greyscale images and the dimensionality of the feature data is reduced with SOM allowing visual analysis of measurements. The method makes it possible to implicitly extract important information about paper formation. The approach provides excellent results. A classification error below 1% was achieved for four quality classes when local binary pattern (LBP) texture features were used. The improvement to the previously used texture features in paper inspection is huge: the classification error was reduced by over 40 times. In addition to the excellent classification accuracy, the method also offers a self-intuitive user interface and a synthetic view of the inspected data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2003
- Full Text
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7. Language experience influences audiovisual speech integration in unimodal and bimodal bilingual infants
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Elena Kushnerenko, Harriet Bowden-Howl, Mairéad MacSweeney, Laura Goldberg, Evelyne Mercure, Kimberley Coulson, and Mark H. Johnson
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Paper ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Visual perception ,Eye Movements ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Multilingualism ,Audiology ,Sign language ,050105 experimental psychology ,psyc ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Attention ,10. No inequality ,Sensory cue ,Neuroscience of multilingualism ,Mouth ,05 social sciences ,Novelty ,Infant ,Manner of articulation ,Face ,Papers ,Speech Perception ,Visual Perception ,Female ,Cues ,Psychology ,Language Experience Approach ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Infants as young as 2 months can integrate audio and visual aspects of speech articulation. A shift of attention from the eyes towards the mouth of talking faces occurs around 6 months of age in monolingual infants. However, it is unknown whether this pattern of attention during audiovisual speech processing is influenced by speech and language experience in infancy. The present study investigated this question by analysing audiovisual speech processing in three groups of 4‐ to 8‐month‐old infants who differed in their language experience: monolinguals, unimodal bilinguals (infants exposed to two or more spoken languages) and bimodal bilinguals (hearing infants with Deaf mothers). Eye‐tracking was used to study patterns of face scanning while infants were viewing faces articulating syllables with congruent, incongruent and silent auditory tracks. Monolinguals and unimodal bilinguals increased their attention to the mouth of talking faces between 4 and 8 months, while bimodal bilinguals did not show any age difference in their scanning patterns. Moreover, older (6.6 to 8 months), but not younger, monolinguals (4 to 6.5 months) showed increased visual attention to the mouth of faces articulating audiovisually incongruent rather than congruent faces, indicating surprise or novelty. In contrast, no audiovisual congruency effect was found in unimodal or bimodal bilinguals. Results suggest that speech and language experience influences audiovisual integration in infancy. Specifically, reduced or more variable experience of audiovisual speech from the primary caregiver may lead to less sensitivity to the integration of audio and visual cues of speech articulation.
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- 2018
8. Risky visuomotor choices during rapid reaching in childhood
- Author
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Dekker, Tessa M. and Nardini, Marko
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Paper ,Adult ,Male ,Analysis of Variance ,Adolescent ,Movement ,Decision Making ,Age Factors ,Choice Behavior ,Young Adult ,Risk-Taking ,Papers ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,Learning ,Female ,Child ,Psychomotor Performance ,Probability - Abstract
Many everyday actions are implicit gambles because imprecisions in our visuomotor systems place probabilities on our success or failure. Choosing optimal action strategies involves weighting the costs and gains of potential outcomes by their corresponding probabilities, and requires stable representations of one's own imprecisions. How this ability is acquired during development in childhood when visuomotor skills change drastically is unknown. In a rewarded rapid reaching task, 6‐ to 11‐year‐old children followed ‘risk‐seeking’ strategies leading to overly high point‐loss. Adults' performance, in contrast, was close to optimal. Children's errors were not explained by distorted estimates of value or probability, but may reflect different action selection criteria or immature integration of value and probability information while planning movements. These findings provide a starting point for understanding children's risk‐taking in everyday visuomotor situations when suboptimal choices can be dangerous. Moreover, children's risky visuomotor decisions mirror those reported for non‐motor gambles, raising the possibility that common processes underlie development across decision‐making domains.
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- 2015
9. Visual neglect after right posterior cerebral artery infarction
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Elizabeth Coulthard, Paresh Malhotra, Chris M. Bird, Andrew Parton, Matthew F. S. Rushworth, and Masud Husain
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Paper ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,genetic structures ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Splenium ,Posterior cerebral artery ,Audiology ,Corpus callosum ,Severity of Illness Index ,Neglect ,Perceptual Disorders ,Angular gyrus ,medicine.artery ,medicine ,Humans ,Aged ,media_common ,Posterior Cerebral Artery ,Parietal lobe ,Cerebral Infarction ,Middle Aged ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,nervous system ,Visual Perception ,Parahippocampal Gyrus ,Female ,Surgery ,Occipital Lobe ,Neurology (clinical) ,Occipital lobe ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,Parahippocampal gyrus - Abstract
This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund and is available from the specified link - Copyright © 2006 BMJ Publishing Group. Objectives: To investigate the characteristics and neuroanatomical correlates of visual neglect after right-sided posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarction.Methods: 15 patients with acute PCA strokes were screened for the presence of neglect on a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests. Extra tests of visual perception were also carried out on six patients. To establish which areas were critically associated with neglect, the lesions of patients with and without neglect were compared.Results: Neglect of varying severity was documented in 8 patients. In addition, higher-order visual perception was impaired in 5 of the 6 patients. Neglect was critically associated with damage to an area of white matter in the occipital lobe corresponding to a white matter tract connecting the parahippocampal gyrus with the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe. Lesions of the thalamus or splenium of the corpus callosum did not appear necessary or sufficient to cause neglect, but may mediate its severity in these patients.Conclusions: PCA stroke can result in visual neglect. Interruption of the white matter fibres connecting the parahippocampal gyrus to the angular gyrus may be important in determining whether a patient will manifest neglect.
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- 2006
10. Do children with developmental dyslexia have an implicit learning deficit?
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Deny Menghini, A. Finzi, Luigi Marotta, Stefano Vicari, Laura Petrosini, and S Baldi
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Serial reaction time ,Paper ,Male ,genetic structures ,education ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Severity of Illness Index ,Procedural memory ,Dyslexia ,Communication disorder ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Language disorder ,Child ,Learning Disabilities ,Wechsler Scales ,medicine.disease ,Implicit learning ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Space Perception ,Learning disability ,Visual Perception ,Surgery ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Sequence learning ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,psychological phenomena and processes ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of specific types of tasks on the efficiency of implicit procedural learning in the presence of developmental dyslexia (DD). Methods: Sixteen children with DD (mean (SD) age 11.6 (1.4) years) and 16 matched normal reader controls (mean age 11.4 (1.9) years) were administered two tests (the Serial Reaction Time test and the Mirror Drawing test) in which implicit knowledge was gradually acquired across multiple trials. Although both tests analyse implicit learning abilities, they tap different competencies. The Serial Reaction Time test requires the development of sequential learning and little (if any) procedural learning, whereas the Mirror Drawing test involves fast and repetitive processing of visuospatial stimuli but no acquisition of sequences. Results: The children with DD were impaired on both implicit learning tasks, suggesting that the learning deficit observed in dyslexia does not depend on the material to be learned (with or without motor sequence of response action) but on the implicit nature of the learning that characterises the tasks. Conclusion: Individuals with DD have impaired implicit procedural learning.
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- 2005
11. White matter hyperintensities as a predictor of neuropsychological deficits post-stroke
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Raija Ylikoski, Timo Erkinjuntti, Markku Kaste, Hanna Jokinen, Riitta Mäntylä, Tarja Pohjasvaara, Marja Hietanen, and Hely Kalska
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Male ,Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Short-term memory ,Audiology ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Developmental psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,Cognitive decline ,Stroke ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Memory Disorders ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Neuropsychology ,Brain ,Cognition ,Neuropsychological test ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Executive functions ,Prognosis ,Hyperintensity ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Editorial Commentary ,Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Space Perception ,Visual Perception ,Regression Analysis ,Surgery ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychology ,Cognition Disorders - Abstract
Objectives: Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are a recognised risk factor for post-stroke dementia. Their specific relations to cognitive impairment are still not well known. The purpose of this study was to explore how the severity and location of WMHs predict neuropsychological test performance in the context of other brain lesions in elderly stroke patients. Methods: In the Helsinki Stroke Aging Memory Study, 323 patients, aged from 55 to 85 years, completed a detailed neuropsychological test battery and MRI 3 months after an ischaemic stroke. The demographic and MRI predictors of cognition were studied with sequential linear regression analyses. Results: After age, education and total infarct volume were controlled for, the overall degree of WMHs predicted poor performance in tests of mental speed, executive functions, memory, and visuospatial functions, but not in those of short term memory storage or verbal conceptualisation. However, the contribution of separate white matter regions was relatively low. Only the lesions along the bodies of lateral ventricles were independently associated with speed and executive measures. Additionally, general cortical atrophy clearly predicted a wide range of cognitive deficits while infarct volume had less relevance. Further analyses revealed that executive functions act as a strong mediator between the relationship of WMHs to memory and visuospatial functions. Conclusions: The degree of WMHs is independently related to post-stroke cognitive decline. The most affected cognitive domains seem to be executive functions and speed of mental processing, which may lead to secondary deficits of memory and visuospatial functions.
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- 2005
12. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation induces deficits in decoding emotional facial expressions in Parkinson's disease
- Author
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Dujardin, K, Blairy, S, Defebvre, L, Krystkowiak, P, Hess, U, Blond, S, and Destee, A
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Paper ,Male ,Electric Stimulation Therapy ,Parkinson Disease ,Middle Aged ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Severity of Illness Index ,Basal Ganglia ,Functional Laterality ,nervous system diseases ,Electrodes, Implanted ,Facial Expression ,Perceptual Disorders ,Affect ,nervous system ,Subthalamic Nucleus ,Aphasia ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,Female ,Cognition Disorders - Abstract
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation is recognised as a treatment for parkinsonian patients with severe levodopa related motor complications. Although adverse effects are infrequent, some behavioural disturbances have been reported.To investigate the consequences of STN stimulation on emotional information processing in Parkinson's disease by assessing the performance of an emotional facial expression (EFE) decoding task in a group of patients before and after surgery.12 non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease were studied. They were assessed one month before surgery and three months after. Their ability to decode EFEs was assessed using a standardised quantitative task. Overall cognitive function, executive function, visuospatial perception, depression, and anxiety were also measured. Twelve healthy controls were matched for age, sex, and duration of education.Before surgery, the patients showed no impairment in EFE decoding compared with the controls. Their overall cognitive status was preserved but they had a moderate dysexecutive syndrome. Three months after surgery, they had significant impairment of EFE decoding. This was not related to their overall cognitive status or to depression/anxiety scores. Visuospatial perception was not impaired. There was no change in the extent of the dysexecutive syndrome except for a reduction in phonemic word fluency.Bilateral STN stimulation disturbs negative emotional information processing in Parkinson's disease. The impairment appears specific and unrelated to certain secondary variables. This behavioural complication of STN may have implications for the patient's social life.
- Published
- 2004
13. Visuospatial abilities in cerebellar disorders
- Author
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Marco Molinari, Petrosini, L., Misciagna, S., and Leggio, M. G.
- Subjects
Adult ,Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Paper ,Rotation ,Middle Aged ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Severity of Illness Index ,benton line orientation test ,cerebellum ,differential aptitude test ,mental rotation ,minnesota paper form board test ,Perceptual Disorders ,nervous system ,Cerebellar Diseases ,Space Perception ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,Female ,Cognition Disorders ,Aged - Abstract
Cerebellar involvement in spatial data management has been suggested on experimental and clinical grounds.To attempt a specific analysis of visuospatial abilities in a group of subjects with focal or atrophic cerebellar damage.Visuospatial performance was tested using the spatial subtests of the WAIS, the Benton line orientation test, and two tests of mental rotation of objects-the Minnesota paper form board test (MIN) and the differential aptitude test (DAT).In the Benton line orientation test, a test of sensory analysis and elementary perception, no deficits were present in subjects with cerebellar damage. In MIN, which analyses the capacity to process bidimensional complex figures mentally, and in the DAT, which is based on mental folding and manipulation of tridimensional stimuli, subjects with cerebellar damage were impaired.The results indicate that lesions of the cerebellar circuits affect visuospatial ability. The ability to rotate objects mentally is a possible functional substrate of the observed deficits. A comparison between visuospatial performance of subjects with focal right and left cerebellar lesions shows side differences in the characteristics of the visuospatial syndrome. Thus cerebellar influences on spatial cognition appear to act on multiple cognitive modules.
- Published
- 2004
14. Claus Hoie writes of spontaneity in watercolor.
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Hoie, Claus
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PAINTING ,WATERCOLOR painting ,VISUAL perception ,CHARCOAL ,PAPER ,WATERCOLORISTS - Abstract
The article discusses the procedure on painting in watercolor with spontaniety. Basic considerations include the establishment of a design and color pattern through mental visualization or sketches. Other measures are cited including the introduction of charcoal or pencil lines into the medium such as a cold-pressed paper on a drawing board.
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- 1955
15. EXTENDED VISION: RICHARD SERRA TALKS ABOUT DRAWING
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DAVIS, R. ERIC and SERRA, RICHARD
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- 2000
16. Stories of O
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Wood, Catherine
- Published
- 2004
17. Charles Rosenthal (1898–1933)
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Kabakov, Ilya
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- 2003
18. the space in between: tacita dean's russian ending
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Dietrich, Dorothea
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- 2002
19. Seeing Objects in Motion
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Burr, D. C., Ross, J., and Morrone, M. C.
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- 1986
20. The Effect of Typography upon the Perceptual Span in Reading
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Paterson, Donald G. and Tinker, Miles A.
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- 1947
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21. Primary and Secondary Qualities
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Slomann, Aage
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- 1964
22. On Having the Same Visual Experiences
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Hanson, Norwood Russell
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- 1960
23. Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits
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Russell, L. J.
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- 1949
24. William Charles Wells and the Races of Man
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- 1973
25. Seeing and Naming
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Hall, Richard J.
- Published
- 1977
26. The Effect of Typographical Variations upon Eye Movement in Reading
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Tinker, Miles A. and Paterson, Donald G.
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- 1955
27. Perceptual Skills: A Concern of the Classroom Teacher?
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Rosner, Jerome
- Published
- 1971
28. Visual Fatigue and Reading
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DEMILIA, LORRAINE A.
- Published
- 1968
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