40,899 results
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52. Tooth Bleaching: A bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most-cited papers.
- Author
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Rocha AO, Anjos LMD, Vitali FC, Santos PS, Bolan M, Santana CM, and Cardoso M
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Bibliometrics, Brazil, Tooth Bleaching
- Abstract
This study analyzes the characteristics of the top 100 most-cited papers related to tooth bleaching. A literature search was performed on the Web of Science up to March 2022. The number of citations was cross-matched with the citation count on Scopus and Google Scholar. The following data were collected: number and density of citations; authorship; year and journal of publication; study design and thematic; keywords; institution and country of origin. Spearman's correlation and Poisson regression were used to determine associations between the number of citations and study characteristics. The VOSviewer software was used to generate collaborative network maps for the authors and keywords. The number of citations ranged from 66 to 450. Papers were published between 1981 and 2020. The most frequent study design and topic were laboratory-based studies and 'interaction of the bleaching agent with dental tissues', respectively. Cochran M, Loguercio AD, Matis B, Reis A, and Suliman M were the authors with the highest number of papers. The countries with the most papers were the United States of America (USA) (28%) and Brazil (20%). Indiana University and State University of Ponta Grossa were the institutions with the most papers (6% each). There was a very strong correlation among the number of citations of the three databases. The 100 most-cited papers related to tooth bleaching were mainly published by the USA and Brazil, with laboratory-based studies addressing topics related to the effects of bleaching agents on tooth structure being the most prevalent.
- Published
- 2023
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53. A PAPER TIGER? PROSECUTORIAL REGULATORS IN CHINA'S CIVIL ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATIONS.
- Author
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Chunyan Ding and Huina Xiao
- Subjects
CITIZEN suits (Civil procedure) ,LAW reform ,LEAD tree ,EMPLOYEE reviews ,ENVIRONMENTAL regulations ,GOVERNORS (Machinery) - Abstract
In July 2015, China's national legislature brought in prosecutor-led civil environmental public interest litigation ("EPIL") for thirteen selected provincial areas of the country. After a two-year legal experiment, this prosecutor-led civil EPIL system was then established nationwide in July 2017. Yet, can it be said that prosecutorial regulators in China are in fact a paper tiger? Drawing upon content analysis of the 655 prosecutor-led civil EPILs and in-depth interviews with twelve frontline prosecutors and judges, this article examines the dynamics of regulatory practice and the motivation of the Chinese prosecutorial organs to engage in environmental regulation through litigation. Based upon the above two legislative landmarks in the law reform of this area, the regulatory practice of prosecutorial organs can be viewed as having occurred in three stages, with each stage featuring a distinct regulatory model: ad hoc regulation through local innovation before July 2015, forced regulation during the legal experiment from July 2015 to July 2017, and perfunctory regulation after the nationwide establishment of the prosecutor-led civil EPIL system in July 2017. The data shows that the Chinese prosecutorial organs have engaged in a larger number of such lawsuits since the second stage, but they have shown a strong preference for cases with less complicated facts, weak and small defendants, and minor environmental violations. Three factors that influence regulatory motivation are employed to analyse the change in regulatory models: the ambiguity of the law, the top-down political pressure for regulation, and the cost of regulation. This study highlights the very limited effectiveness of vertical political pressure in boosting prosecutorial regulation and the strong impacts of the cost of regulation and the ambiguity of the law. In particular, the high cost of regulation that takes weak regulatory capacity, lack of regulatory autonomy, and the winning rate-oriented performance appraisal system into account have significantly weakened the motivation of prosecutorial organs to pursue civil EPIL. The findings of this study echo the conditions present in the successful prosecutorial regulations in Brazil and contribute to the scholarship about prosecutorial regulations in the field of environmental protection in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
54. Screening method for the characterization of anabolic steroids seized in Brazil using paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools.
- Author
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Miguita AGC, Augusti R, Nascentes CC, and Sena MM
- Subjects
- Brazil, Mass Spectrometry methods, Principal Component Analysis, Testosterone Congeners chemistry, Anabolic Agents, Chemometrics
- Abstract
This paper reports the use of paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) combined with chemometric models to analyze seized samples of anabolic steroids. Because many forensic laboratories typically demand high-throughput analysis for this type of sample, we developed a quicker and simpler alternative analytical method for routine analysis with minimal sample preparation. Oily samples (n = 39) resulting from seizures carried out by Brazilian Federal and State Police units were selected for this study. These samples were analyzed by PS-MS in the positive ion mode and full scan (50-1000 m/z), providing spectra containing patterns of the respective active ingredients present in each product. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was built, which discriminated samples mainly according to their active ingredients and allowed to detect and characterize some cases of product counterfeiting. The variable selection method ordered predictors selection was employed jointly with PCA to improve sample cluster separation and to provide model simplification. The final PCA model was built with three principal components and using only 28 spectral variables. This model accounted for 69.82% of the variance and discriminated samples according to their specific active ingredients., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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55. Diagnosis and management of food allergy-associated gastroesophageal reflux disease in young children-EAACI position paper.
- Author
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Meyer R, Vandenplas Y, Lozinsky AC, Vieira MC, Canani RB, Dupont C, Uysal P, Cavkaytar O, Knibb R, Fleischer DM, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, and Venter C
- Subjects
- Infant, Child, Humans, Child, Preschool, Turkey, Brazil, Europe, Gastroesophageal Reflux diagnosis, Gastroesophageal Reflux therapy, Gastroesophageal Reflux etiology, Food Hypersensitivity diagnosis, Food Hypersensitivity therapy, Food Hypersensitivity complications
- Abstract
Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) and food allergy (FA) are common conditions, especially during the first 12 months of life. When GOR leads to troublesome symptoms, that affect the daily functioning of the infant and family, it is referred to as GOR disease (GORD). The role of food allergens as a cause of GORD remains controversial. This European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) position paper aims to review the evidence for FA-associated GORD in young children and translate this into clinical practice that guides healthcare professionals through the diagnosis of suspected FA-associated GORD and medical and dietary management. The task force (TF) on non-IgE mediated allergy consists of EAACI experts in paediatric gastroenterology, allergy, dietetics and psychology from Europe, United Kingdom, United States, Turkey and Brazil. Six clinical questions were formulated, amended and approved by the TF to guide this publication. A systematic literature search using PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE databases (until June 2021) using predefined inclusion criteria based on the 6 questions was used. The TF also gained access to the database from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology working group, who published guidelines on GORD and ensured that all publications used within that position paper were included. For each of the 6 questions, practice points were formulated, followed by a modified Delphi method consisting of anonymous web-based voting that was repeated with modified practice points where required, until at least 80% consensus for each practice point was achieved. This TF position paper shares the process, the discussion and consensus on all practice points on FA-associated GORD., (© 2022 European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2022
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56. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Physalis peruviana cultivated with recycled paper as mulch.
- Author
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de Freitas, Elis Marina, da Silva, Gustavo Henrique, Guimarães, Gabriel Fernandes Costa, Vital, Thayne Nárgyle Botelho, Vieira, Joslanny Higino, da Silveira, Fernando Augusto, Gomes, Carlos Nick, and da Cunha, Fernando França
- Subjects
- *
RECYCLED paper , *CAPE gooseberry , *NORMALIZED difference vegetation index , *PLANT phenology , *MULCHING , *EVAPOTRANSPIRATION - Abstract
• Aspects related to water consumption of P. peruviana were evaluated under different managements. • P. peruviana vegetative growth is favored by high temperatures. • Mulching reduced Kc values of P. peruviana in all phenological stages. • The Kc of P. peruviana can be estimated by means of NDVI. • Recycled paper mulch reduced soil evaporation and water consumption by the P. peruviana crop by 30.6%. The application of soil mulching has been widely used to increase crop production; however, few research studies have comprehensively evaluated the use of recycled paper as soil mulch and its effects in relation to water savings and crop coefficients. The objective was to evaluate the effects of mulching with recycled paper on evaporation and evapotranspiration of Physalis peruviana and to determine the crop coefficients in its development stages. The study was carried out in two cultivation cycles at the Lysimetric Station of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The experiments were set up in a randomized block design with four replicates, where four lysimeter treatments were applied: P. peruviana cultivation without recycled paper mulch (C); P. peruviana cultivation with recycled paper mulch (CP); lysimeter with only recycled paper mulch (P); and lysimeter cultivated with Bahiagrass (G). Irrigation and drainage volumes in each lysimeter were measured daily to calculate crop evapotranspiration (ETc), reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and, therefore, the crop coefficients (Kc). In addition, crop phenology, fruit characteristics, gas exchange, yield and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were also evaluated. For the first cultivation cycle, over 218 days, the values of water consumption in the lysimeters C, CP, P and G were 405, 291, 88 and 444 mm, respectively. For the second cycle, over 206 days, the values of water consumption were 416, 279, 94 and 331 mm, respectively. Recycled paper significantly reduced water consumption, especially in the initial and late-season stages, also reducing Kc values. The Kc values for P. peruviana were 0.25, 0.55, 1.05 and 0.46 in cultivation with mulch and 0.45, 0.85, 1.35 and 0.48 in cultivation without mulch for the initial, development, mid-season and late-season stages, respectively. NDVI can be used to estimate the Kc values of P. peruviana. Recycled paper mulch reduced water consumption by 30.6% and increased gas exchange and yield of P. peruviana in cycles 1 and 2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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57. Characterization of Fibers from Culms and Leaves of Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) for Handmade Paper Production.
- Author
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Garcez, Loureine Raposo Oliveira, Gatti, Therese Hofmann, Gonzalez, Joaquim Carlos, Franco, Augusto Cesar, and Ferreira, Cristiane Silva
- Subjects
- *
GIANT reed , *FIBERS , *COMPOSITION of leaves , *LEAF fibers , *SOCIAL skills - Abstract
The production of handmade paper is a sustainable process that has a relevant social and economic function, especially in developing countries. In the search for alternative, renewable and low-cost sources for cellulose and handmade paper production, we evaluated the morphological characteristics and chemical composition of fibers of leaves and culms from Arundo donax, a fast-growing invasive grass that was introduced in several countries, including Brazil. The fibers of A. donax are long (leaf = 1.73 mm; culm = 1.26 mm), with thick cell walls (leaf = 4.97 μm; culm = 5.36 μm), which provide folding endurance and result in a rougher and more voluminous paper. Additionally, the high values of cell wall fraction (leaf = 78%; culm = 82%) indicate great fiber stiffness. The relatively high values of cellulose (leaf = 38.9%; culm = 39.4%) and low values of lignin (leaf = 12.1%; culm = 13.0%) in the fibers make its use in paper production advantageous, as it reduces costs with chemical products in pulping. Fibers from A. donax are a viable alternative material to produce cellulose and handmade paper or can be mixed with other raw materials to produce different types of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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58. High Levels of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S in Brazilian Thermal Paper Receipts and Estimation of Daily Exposure.
- Author
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Rocha BA, Azevedo LF, Gallimberti M, Campiglia AD, and Barbosa F Jr
- Subjects
- Brazil, Skin Absorption, Benzhydryl Compounds analysis, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Occupational Exposure, Paper, Phenols analysis, Sulfones analysis
- Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine and metabolic disruptor commonly employed as a color developer in thermal papers. Consequently, BPA derived from thermal papers has been considered an important source of exposure for humans, since this chemical may migrate from paper to skin upon contact. Further, due to recent restrictions on BPA use in some countries, it has been replaced by a new analogue, bisphenol S (BPS). The aim of the present study was to determine levels of BPA and BPS in 190 different thermal receipts, randomly collected from different locations in São Paulo State, Brazil, including receipts from supermarkets, general and fast-food restaurants, gas stations, bus and airplane tickets, and credit card and bank accounts. BPA and/or BPS were detected in 98% of samples at concentrations ranging from below the quantification limit to 4.3% (mg/100 mg paper). The obtained values were higher than amounts previously reported in other countries. The estimated daily intake through dermal absorption from handling of thermal receipt papers was estimated on the basis of concentrations and frequencies of handling of papers by humans in both the general population and occupationally exposed individuals. Fifth percentile, median, and 95th percentile daily intakes by the general population were 0.44, 1.42, and 2 μg/d, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for occupationally exposed population are 21.8, 71 and 101 μg/d. The potential adverse consequences of elevated occupational exposure are currently being examined.
- Published
- 2015
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59. Determination of thallium in water samples via solid sampling HR-CS GF AAS after preconcentration on chromatographic paper.
- Author
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Oliveira, Luana A., Santos, Jorge L.O., and Teixeira, Leonardo S.G.
- Subjects
- *
WATER sampling , *FURNACE atomic absorption spectroscopy , *THALLIUM , *FILTER paper , *CESIUM compounds , *CESIUM - Abstract
A method for determining thallium in water samples via solid sampling high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS HR-CS GF AAS) after preconcentration using chromatographic filter paper as a solid support was proposed. The effects of pH, stirring time, and sample volume in the analyte preconcentration step were studied. The presence of potential interferences in the sample and the type of masking agent were also examined. In the proposed procedure, the sample was placed in contact with the solid phase in a polypropylene tube, and after stirring for 3 min, thallium determination was performed via HR-CS GF AAS directly on chromatographic filter paper. A preconcentration factor of 55, a precision of 9.4% (n = 10; 10 μg L−1), a limit of detection of 0.018 μg L−1, and a limit of quantification of 0.059 μg L−1 were achieved. Analyte addition and recovery tests were performed, and the results ranged from 91% to 110%. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing a water reference material. The procedure was used to determine thallium in water samples collected in Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil. The results were compared with those obtained using inductively coupled plasma‒mass spectrometry (ICP‒MS). Thallium concentrations in the analyzed samples ranged from <0.059 to 0.80 μg L−1. [Display omitted] • A method for Tl determination in water samples using SS HR-CS GF AAS is presented. • Thallium preconcentration using chromatographic filter paper as a solid phase was performed. • Thallium determination was carried out via HR-CS GF AAS directly on chromatographic paper. • This method was used to analyze river water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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60. A bottom-up methodology for long term electricity consumption forecasting of an industrial sector - Application to pulp and paper sector in Brazil.
- Author
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Silva, Felipe L.C., Souza, Reinaldo C., Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando L., Lourenco, Plutarcho M., and Calili, Rodrigo F.
- Subjects
- *
INDUSTRIAL energy consumption , *PAPER industry , *ECONOMIC forecasting , *DATA analysis - Abstract
Long term annual electricity consumption forecasting is very important for country's energy planning. These forecasts are influenced by several factors (political, technological, social, environmental and economic), and brings with itself a high uncertainty degree in its results and difficulties in the evaluation of such factors over them. A methodology that eases to take into account these factors aiming improve the results and help understanding the electricity consumption annual trajectory till the forecast horizon is, therefore, very much useful and desired. So, we propose a modelling structure using the bottom-up approach to cope with these matters and to evaluate the trajectory of long term annual electricity consumption of a sector of the Brazilian industry up to 2050 considering energy efficiency (EE) scenarios. It is important to emphasize that Brazil is a developing country, and to build a bottom-up approach was a challenge, mainly due to the fact that this model is data intensive. In particular, this modelling was applied in the pulp and paper sector. The main goal was to consider technological diffusion scenarios in EE measures, and show the energy savings achieved. The results point an energy savings in the order of 25% when an actual scenario is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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61. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Top 100 Most-Cited Papers Concerning Dental Fluorosis.
- Author
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Goebel MC, Rocha AO, Santos PS, Bolan M, Martins-Júnior PA, Santana CM, and Cardoso M
- Subjects
- Humans, Bibliometrics, Research Design, Brazil, Fluorosis, Dental epidemiology
- Abstract
A high number of citations can indicate the potential of any specific paper to influence other research and generate changes in clinical practice. Analyzing the most-cited papers in a certain scientific field may assist researchers to identify the influential papers as well their main characteristics. The present study aimed to analyze the 100 most-cited papers concerning dental fluorosis (DF) through a bibliometric review. A search was performed in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS-CC) database in November 2021. The papers were displayed in descending order according to the number of citations in WoS-CC. Two independent researchers performed the selection. Scopus and Google Scholar were used to compare the number of citations with WoS-CC. The following data were extracted from the papers: title, authors, number and density of citations, institution, country, continent, year of publication, journal title, keywords, study design, and theme. Collaborative networks were generated using the VOSviewer software. The top 100 most-cited papers were published between 1974 and 2014 and were cited 6,717 times (ranging from 35 to 417). Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology (24%), Journal of Dental Research (21%), Journal of Public Health Dentistry (17%), and Caries Research (13%) published the most papers. Observational studies (60%) and literature reviews (19%) were the most common study designs. The main topics were epidemiology (44%) and fluoride intake (32%). The countries with the highest number of papers were the USA (44%), Canada (10%), and Brazil (9%). The University of Iowa (USA) had the most papers (12%). Levy SM was the author with the highest number of papers (12%). The 100 most-cited papers on DF were mainly observational studies focused on epidemiology and originated in North America. There were few interventional studies and systematic reviews among the most-cited papers concerning this topic., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)
- Published
- 2023
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62. Monitoring Leishmania infantum Infections in Female Lutzomyia longipalpis by Using DNA Extraction on Cation Exchange Paper and PCR Pool Testing.
- Author
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Coutinho, Tiago Leonetti, Marson, Fernando Augusto Lima, Rangel, Osias, Giorgio, Selma, Silva, Kamila Cristina, and Levy, Carlos Emilio
- Subjects
- *
LEISHMANIA infantum , *LEISHMANIA mexicana , *LUTZOMYIA , *DIAGNOSTIC use of polymerase chain reaction , *VISCERAL leishmaniasis , *POLYMERASE chain reaction - Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis remains a serious public health issue, and Brazil was among the seven countries with the highest prevalence of this disease worldwide. The measures to control this disease are not easily developed, and the improvement of its diagnosis, surveillance, and control is still needed. This study aimed to carry out the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis of Leishmania infantum in vector samples in some municipalities of the State of São Paulo, which included two municipalities with human disease transmission and two with dog transmission only. Vectors were collected in traps with luminous bait. Next, they were killed at −4 °C and kept in 70% alcohol. Groups of ten female insects (pools) were mashed on cation exchange paper (fine cellulose phosphate with 18 µEq/cm² ionic exchange capacity) for DNA extraction. The PCR was carried out to identify the natural infection of the Leishmania genus in female Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. Longipalpis). Out of the 3,880 Lu. longipalpis phlebotomines, 1060 were female and 2820 were male (3:1). The method used to extract the DNA in pools of ten phlebotomines and the PCR resulted in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, and faster analyses when compared to the individual analysis method. The procedure described can be used on a large scale in the leishmaniasis epidemiological surveillance, enabling a higher number of analyses and the optimization of human resources because the traditional diagnostic method is carried out via desiccation of the insect digestive system and microscopic examination, which is time-demanding and there is the need of manual skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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63. Subsidies and Levies as Policy Instruments to Encourage Employer-Provided Training. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 80
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Muller, Normann, and Behringer, Friederike
- Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the available information concerning selected policy instruments intended to promote employer-provided training, including the stated rationale and objectives, the target groups and operational design as well as a at a summary of the evaluative evidence regarding their operation. The analysis focuses on policy instruments providing financial assistance or incentives, specifically, subsidies (including tax incentives and grants) and levy schemes that devote a least some share of their resources to continuing training. Training leave regulations are considered only to the extent that they can be treated as a form of subsidy or a levy scheme, depending on the main financing mechanism involved. Instruments that focus solely on improving the quality of training or enhancing transparency in the training market are not addressed. In addition to offering a description of different instruments, the paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses (or risks and opportunities, respectively) of different types of instrument or particular elements of instrument design. It also specifies principles of successful instrument design that have been put forth in the literature and concludes with some remarks regarding the choice of policies. Training funds in combination with levy schemes in OECD and non-OECD countries are appended. Individual sections contain endnotes. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)
- Published
- 2012
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64. Catalogue of Ditomyiidae and Diadocidiidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) types housed in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
- Author
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Lopes Falaschi, Rafaela, Ceres Toczek, Fernanda, and Einicker Lamas, Carlos José
- Subjects
DIPTERA ,ZOOLOGICAL nomenclature ,TAXONOMY ,TYPE specimens (Natural history) - Abstract
The Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), São Paulo, Brazil houses the largest and most representative Brazilian collection of Diptera. In the present study, following a recommendation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, it is presented a catalogue of the type specimens of Diadocidiidae and Ditomyiidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha) held in the collection of the MZUSP. Label data and the condition of preservation of 27 type specimens (nine holotypes, two paralectotypes, and 16 paratypes) of 14 Neotropical species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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65. Forecast of Long-term Electricity Consumption of the Industrial Sub-sector of Pulp and Paper in Brazil Using a Bottom-up Approach.
- Author
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Silva, Felipe L.C. da, Souza, Reinaldo C., Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando L., Lourenço, Plutarcho M., and Fagundes, Wesley de C.
- Subjects
ELECTRIC power consumption ,PAPER industry ,ELECTRIC power production ,INDUSTRIAL applications - Abstract
The subsector of pulp and paper presented in 2013 an electric power consumption of 9.3% of electricity consumption in the industrial sector in Brazil. It experienced a significant growth of production in the last 20 years, exceeding 160%, and their consumption of electricity increased by 130%, reaching the level of 19,594GWh. Due to its characteristics, with a known structure and production processes, and its importance in the country's industrial sector, this subsector was selected for study in this paper, to evaluate the behavior of its long-term annual electricity demand, at the horizon of 20 years ahead, in energy efficiency scenarios through bottom-up approach. This approach is data intensive and requires data with good quality; it consists of a hierarchical structure that enables to check how specific actions can affect the results at each level and its effect on higher levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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66. Accessibility and Affordability of Tertiary Education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru within a Global Context. Policy Research Working Paper 4517
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. Latin America and the Caribbean Region., Murakami, Yuki, and Blom, Andreas
- Abstract
This paper examines the financing of tertiary education in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, comparing the affordability and accessibility of tertiary education with that in high-income countries. To measure affordability, the authors estimate education costs, living costs, grants, and loans. Further, they compute the participation rate, attainment rate, and socio-economic equity index in education and the gender equity index as indicators of accessibility. This is the first study attempting to estimate affordability of tertiary education in Latin America within a global context. The analysis combines information from household surveys, expenditure surveys, and administrative and institutional databases. The findings show that families in Latin America have to pay 60 percent of per-capita income for tertiary education per student per year compared with 19 percent in high-income countries. Living costs are significant, at 29 percent of gross domestic product per capita in Latin America (19 percent in high-income countries). Student assistance through grants and loans plays a marginal role in improving affordability. Moreover, the paper confirms previous findings of low access to tertiary education in the region. One policy implication of the findings is that Latin American governments could take steps to make tertiary education more affordable through student assistance. (Contains 25 tables, 16 figures, and 25 notes.) [This paper is a product of the the World Bank's Education Sector Unit in the Human Development Sector at the Latin America and Caribbean Region.]
- Published
- 2008
67. Politics and Preschool: The Political Economy of Investment in Pre-Primary Education. Policy Research Working Paper 5647
- Author
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World Bank, Human Development Network and Kosec, Katrina
- Abstract
What drives governments with similar revenues to publicly provide very different amounts of goods for which private substitutes are available? Key examples are education and health care. This paper compares spending by Brazilian municipalities on pre-primary education--a good that is also provided privately--with spending on public infrastructure like parks and roads, which lacks private substitutes. Panel data from 1995-2008 reveal how the distribution of income affects public investment. Revenue is endogenous to investment outcomes, and the analysis addresses this problem by exploiting a 1998, nationwide education finance reform and several revisions to the policy. The author constructs a variable that captures exogenous variation in revenue generated by nonlinearities of the law to instrument for observed revenue. Municipalities with higher median income and more inequality are less likely to allocate revenue to education or to expand pre-primary enrollment. They are more likely to allocate revenue to public infrastructure. There is suggestive evidence that this occurs for two reasons, hypothesized in two separate literatures. In rich and unequal municipalities, fewer total people support public education spending (the collective choice channel), and also, any given poor person wanting public education has less influence over policymakers there (the political power channel). Appendices include: (1) Appendix Tables; (2) Institutional Detail: Pre-Primary Education in Brazil, FUNDEF, and FUNDEB; (3) Mathematical Appendix; and (4) Construction of Simulated Instrumental Variables. (Contains 15 tables, 5 figures and 45 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2011
68. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists profile in infused papers seized in Brazilian prisons.
- Author
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Rodrigues TB, Souza MP, de Melo Barbosa L, de Carvalho Ponce J, Júnior LFN, Yonamine M, and Costa JL
- Subjects
- Humans, Prisons, Brazil epidemiology, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Prisoners
- Abstract
Purpose: Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a class of varied compounds that mimic the effects of natural cannabinoids found in cannabis. Because they have a wide range of diverse structures, they vary widely in their potency. The abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in prisons was reported in many European countries and in the USA. In the present study, we have described the identification of SCRAs in 56 infused paper sheet samples, seized mainly in Brazilian prisons between 2016 and 2020., Methods: The materials were seized by local or federal law enforcement and analyzed by São Paulo State Police or Brazilian Federal Police using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry., Results: Most of these samples (87.5%) were seized in 2019-2020; seven different SCRAs were identified in samples, and the most frequently identified substances were MDMB-4en-PINACA (23.6%) and 5F-MDMB-PICA (36.4%), the newest SCRAs emerging recently., Conclusions: As observed in Europe and the USA, Brazil also shows the prevalence of indazole-3-carboxamides and indole-3-carboxamides among SCRAs seizures in the prison system. This phenomenon is spreading all over the world at this moment. These data on the prevalence could help to alert judicial authorities to shutting down the introduction of NPS, including SCRAs, into prisons to ensure safety and security for avoiding health risks of prisoners and staff, leading to positive effects in this population. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of SCRAs smuggling into prisons in Latin America., (© 2021. Japanese Association of Forensic Toxicology.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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69. 'American by Paper': Assimilation and Documentation in a Biliterate, Bi-Ethnic Immigrant Community
- Author
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Vieira, Kate Elizabeth
- Abstract
Calls from policymakers to assimilate immigrants through English literacy have grown urgent. Yet the 2007 U.S. Census has reported that one in five U.S. residents speaks a language other than English at home. What's more, new immigrants often settle in long-standing immigrant communities in which these non-English languages are the lingua franca. These demographic trends call for a reconceptualization of the problematic relationship of literacy to immigrant assimilation. To whom, precisely, are immigrants assimilating, especially in multi-ethnic communities? And how exactly does literacy, especially biliteracy, shape this process? Through an ethnographic investigation of how two different immigrant groups form biliterate partnerships in the quest for legal immigration papers, this essay examines how literacy and assimilation function in light of the changing writing demands of contemporary immigrant life. (Contains 8 notes.)
- Published
- 2010
70. Education and Its Poverty-Reducing Effects: The Case of Paraiba, Brazil. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3321
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Verner, Dorte
- Abstract
The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. Breaking the inter-generational transmission of poverty requires far-reaching actions in the education sector. Widespread poverty affects both students' performance and their availability to attend school. Low-quality education leads to low income, which in turn perpetuates poverty. Furthermore, low levels of education affect growth though low labor productivity. Although Paraiba, Brazil suffers from a history of educational neglect, the state has recently made significant gains in primary enrollment; 93 percent of the children aged 7-14 are enrolled in school. However, 30 percent of the population aged 15 and older are illiterate and, unfortunately, it is not only the older generations that cannot read and write: 15 percent of children aged 10 to 15 are illiterate. However, substantial achievements in education have not helped the extremely poor segment of population as much as expected. Probit analyses reveal that education attainment is the single most important poverty-reducing factor. All levels of education from primary to tertiary are significant and negatively associated with the probability of being poor. Appended tables contain Poverty Indices and Inequality Measures based on PNAD 1981-99. (Contains 23 tables, 8 figures, 2 boxes, and 12 footnotes.) [This paper was produced by World Bank Publications.]
- Published
- 2004
71. Drivers of the Adoption of Eco-Innovations in the Pulp, Paper, and Paper Products Industry in Brazil.
- Author
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Maçaneiro, MarleteBeatriz, da Cunha, SieglindeKindl, and Balbinot, Zandra
- Subjects
- *
INNOVATIONS in business , *PAPER products industry , *BUSINESS literature , *EMPIRICAL research , *BUSINESS development - Abstract
This study analyzes the production of knowledge in the field of eco-innovation, checking its state of the art in order to discuss topics of future research. Specifically, it assesses the pulp, paper, and paper products industry in Brazil in order to examine the drivers of the adoption of eco-innovation strategies. The study is essentially a review of the literature, with a methodology based on exploratory research, and using the documental and bibliographical qualitative method. The empirical research was based on a quantitative approach using the strategy of a cross-sectional survey by means of a self-administered online questionnaire. It was verified that the studies related to eco-innovation are still preliminary and that the subject lacks specific research with empirical data from survey and in-depth case studies. The following topics were checked for studies on innovation in environmental issues on conceptual and theoretical discussion; models and indicators for evaluating the eco-innovation; types; and political arguments for their development, with the proposition of research lines within this context. The results of the empirical research allow us to conclude that factors such as environmental regulation, the use of environmental incentives and innovation, reputation effects, top management support, technological expertise, and environmental formalization in the context of domestic enterprises are crucial to the adoption of eco-innovation. Further, the higher the extent to which companies embrace an environmental and innovative culture, the greater the internalization of eco-innovative practices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
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72. Tradition for Development: Indigenous Structures and Folk Media in Non-Formal Education. Report and Papers from the International Seminar on The Use of Indigenous Social Structures and Traditional Media in Non-Formal Education and Development (Berlin, West Germany. November 5-12, 1980).
- Author
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German Foundation for International Development, Bonn (West Germany)., International Council for Adult Education, Toronto (Ontario)., Kidd, Ross, and Colletta, Nat
- Abstract
Case studies and seminar reports are provided that were presented at an international seminar to examine field experiences in using a culture-based approach to nonformal education. Part I, containing an introductory paper and nine case studies, focuses on indigenous institutions and processes in health, family planning, agriculture, basic education, and conscientization. The introductory paper discusses indigenous sociocultural forms as a basis for nonformal education and development. Seven countries are represented in the case studies: Indonesia, Bolivia, Java (Indonesia), Upper Volta, Botswana, India, and Bali (Indonesia). Section II focuses on the performing arts in both mass campaigns and community nonformal education programs. An introductory paper overviews folk media, popular theater, and conflicting strategies for social change in the third world. The seven case studies consider the specific strategies used in Brazil, Sierra Leone, China, India, Mexico, Jamaica, and Africa. Section III contains the seminar reports developed from discussions of the four regional working groups: Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. A summary of plenary discussions is also provided. (YLB)
- Published
- 1980
73. Education, Earnings, and Inequality in Brazil, 1982-98: Implications for Education Policy. Policy Research Working Paper.
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World Bank, Washington, DC., Blom, Andreas, Holm-Nielsen, Lauritz, and Verner, Dorte
- Abstract
This paper investigates how the remuneration of education has evolved during 1982-98, the period of reform. This strand of literature documents an increased convexity of the earnings function; that is, the returns of one additional year of schooling rises with the years of completed schooling. The educational attainment of Brazil's labor force has gradually increased over the past two decades, and, at the same time, the government has pursued a series of economic structural adjustment policies. The study reported how these simultaneous advances have altered the relationship between labor market earnings and education. The paper finds that the returns to education in the labor market fundamentally changed between 1982 and 1998, while the returns to tertiary education increased sharply. The returns to primary education dropped by 26% and the returns to lower secondary education dropped by 35%. The marginal reduction in wage inequality that occurred in this period was linked primarily to a reduction in the returns to schooling, only secondarily to a more equitable distribution of schooling. The supply of highly skilled labor is inadequate to meet demand, and a need is suggested for policy action aimed at increasing access to and completion of tertiary education. (Contains 43 notes, 11 figures, 4 tables, and 39 references. Appended are descriptive statistics; variable list and coding; regressions results; graphs; and strategies and recommendations.) (BT)
- Published
- 2001
74. Evaluating the potential of effluents and wood feedstocks from pulp and paper mills in Brazil, Canada, and New Zealand to affect fish reproduction: chemical profiling and in vitro assessments.
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Milestone CB, Orrego R, Scott PD, Waye A, Kohli J, O'Connor BI, Smith B, Engelhardt H, Servos MR, Maclatchy DL, Smith DS, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT, Kovacs T, Heid Furley T, Slade AH, Holdway DA, and Hewitt LM
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brazil, Canada, Chromatography, Gas, Glutamate Decarboxylase metabolism, Goldfish, Monoamine Oxidase metabolism, New Zealand, Receptors, Androgen metabolism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Endocrine Disruptors toxicity, Estrogens agonists, Paper, Receptors, Androgen drug effects, Reproduction drug effects, Waste Products adverse effects, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
- Abstract
This study investigates factors affecting reproduction in fish exposed to pulp and paper mill effluents by comparing effluents from countries with varying levels of documented effects. To explore the hypothesis of wood as a common source of endocrine disrupting compounds, feedstocks from each country were analyzed. Analyses included in vitro assays for androgenic activity (binding to goldfish testis androgen receptors), estrogenic activity (yeast estrogen screen), and neurotransmitter enzyme inhibition (monoamine oxidase and glutamic acid decarboxylase). Chemical analyses included conventional extractives, known androgens, and gas chromatograph index (GCI) profiles. All effluents and wood contained androgenic activity, particularly in nonpolar fractions, although known androgens were undetected. Effluents with low suspended solids, having undergone conventional biotreatment had lower androgenic activities. Estrogenic activity was only associated with Brazilian effluents and undetected in wood. All effluents and wood inhibited neurotransmitter enzymes, predominantly in polar fractions. Kraft elemental chlorine free mills were associated with the greatest neurotransmitter inhibition. Effluent and wood GCI profiles were correlated with androgenic activity and neurotransmitter enzyme inhibition. Differences in feedstock bioactivities were not reflected in effluents, implying mill factors mitigate bioactive wood components. No differences in bioactivities could be discerned on the basis of country of origin, thus we predict effluents in regions lacking monitoring would affect fish reproduction and therefore recommend implementing such programs.
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- 2012
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75. Education Attainment in Brazil: The Experience of FUNDEF. OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 424
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, de Mello, Luiz, and Hoppe, Mombert
- Abstract
For many years, Brazil lagged behind other middle-income countries in terms of school enrolment rates. But since 1998 policies have aimed at bridging this gap, in particular, with the implementation of FUNDEF, a fund for financing sub-national spending on primary and lower-secondary education. Using state- and municipality-level data during 1991-2002, this paper shows that FUNDEF played a key role in the increase in enrolment rates over the period, particularly in small municipalities, which rely more heavily on transfers from higher levels of government as a source of revenue. These findings underscore the importance of FUNDEF in eliminating supply constraints to the improvement of education attainment. Enrolment rates are now nearly universal for primary and lower-secondary education. Emphasis should therefore be placed on policies to improve the quality of services and to remove supply constraints to the expansion of enrolment in upper-secondary and tertiary education. (Contains 6 tables and 6 figures.)
- Published
- 2005
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76. Assessment and Innovation in Education. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 24
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and Looney, Janet W.
- Abstract
Do some forms of student (and school) assessment hinder the introduction of innovative educational practices and the development of innovation skills in education systems? This report focuses on the impact of high-stake summative assessment on innovation and argues that it is possible to reconcile high-stakes assessments and examinations through innovative approaches to testing. While necessary, assessment based on high-stake examinations often acts as an incentive to teach or study "to the test". It may thus limit risk-taking by teachers, students and parents, for instance. The problem may be amplified if a system of accountability and incentives uses the results of these examinations and tests to assess teachers and schools. What should be done to ensure that the systems used to assess education systems do not stifle the risk-taking inherent to innovation--and that they foster innovation skills in students? This study proposes three main ways of combining assessment and innovation: 1) developing a wide range of performance measurements for both students and schools; 2) rethinking the alignment of standards and assessment; 3) measuring the impact of assessments on teaching and learning. One way of influencing teaching and learning might be to modify high-stake testing. Systems will adapt to this, and both teaching and learning will focus on acquiring the right skills. Rather than testing the content of learning, standards could relate to cognitive skills such as problem-solving, communicating and reasoning--with test/examination developers adapting those skills to subjects such as mathematics, science or literary analysis. Similarly, more use might be made of innovative assessment methods based on information and communication technologies, inasmuch as these may feature simulation or interactivity, for instance, at a reasonable cost. Focusing the assessment on cognitive processes rather than content would leave more scope for teachers to put in place innovative teaching/learning strategies. This does, however, assume a high standard of professionalism in teachers and an adequate system of continuing training and knowledge management. As a single type of assessment cannot fully capture student learning, one effective strategy might also be to multiply the number of measurements and thus relieve the pressure on students and teachers to perform well in a single, high-visibility, high-stake test. At the same time, this larger number of measurements could provide the necessary input for systems based on accountability, diagnosis and assessment of the effectiveness of innovative practice. Finally, assessing the technical standard of tests and examinations is an integral part of their development, but it is less common to address the impact they have on teaching/learning or the validity of how their results are used. Since assessment is an integral part of the education process, it is just as important to assess tests and examinations as it is other educational practices in order to achieve improvements and innovation in educational assessment, but also in educational practice. (Contains 12 notes.)
- Published
- 2009
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77. Strategy, Structure and Style in Brazilian Universities. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper.
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Hardy, Cynthia and Zammuto, Ray
- Abstract
Configuration, strategy, and leadership style in five Brazilian universities are examined. Though research tends to focus on the university as a professional bureaucracy, it is demonstrated that other configurations are also applicable. The link between configuration and strategy making is traced, with insights into how strategies are formed in universities provided. Ways in which leaders set strategic direction are examined. Topics of discussion are: (1) decision making and structure in higher education (bureaucracy, collegiality, political model, organized anarchy, mixed models, and models of governance in higher education); (2) the business literature; (3) configuration: a framework for analysis; (4) strategy making in the university; (5) Brazil's universities; (6) university configurations (organized anarchy, the political arena, the adhocracy, the missionary organization, and the machine bureaucracy); (7) strategy making (disconnected academic strategy, emergent strategy, umbrellas and ideology, and planned and unrealized strategy); and (8) leadership style and strategy. Administrators may focus on elements other than academic strategy. Academic strategy corresponds to university outputs (research and teaching) and inputs (staff and students). Physical strategy is related to the various support components on which the university relies to get its work done (physical facilities, fund raising, and support staff). They are usually centralized functions and are more amenable to central intervention. A third area concerns the governance of the university which can facilitate the work of the university or perhaps impede it. Contains 86 references. (SM)
- Published
- 1989
78. The effect of operational parameters on electrocoagulation-flotation process followed by photocatalysis applied to the decontamination of water effluents from cellulose and paper factories.
- Author
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Boroski M, Rodrigues AC, Garcia JC, Gerola AP, Nozaki J, and Hioka N
- Subjects
- Animals, Artemia, Biodegradation, Environmental, Brazil, Catalysis, Electrochemistry, Indicators and Reagents, Industrial Waste legislation & jurisprudence, Photochemistry, Titanium chemistry, Ultraviolet Rays, Waste Disposal, Fluid legislation & jurisprudence, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Cellulose, Industrial Waste analysis, Paper, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods
- Abstract
Cellulose and paper pulp factories utilize a large amount of water generating several undesirable contaminants. The present work is a preliminary investigation that associates the electrocoagulation-flotation (EC) method followed by photocatalysis to treat such wastewater. For EC, the experiment with aluminium and iron electrodes showed similar efficiency. Iron electrodes (anode and cathode) were chosen. By applying 30min of EC/Fe(0), 153A m(-2) and pH 6.0, the COD values, UV-vis absorbance and turbidity underwent an intense decrease. For the subsequent UV photocatalysis (mercury lamps) TiO(2) was employed and the favourable operational conditions found were 0.25g L(-1) of the catalyst and solution pH 3.0. The addition of hydrogen peroxide (50mmol L(-1)) highly increased the photo-process performance. By employing the UV/TiO(2)/H(2)O(2) system, the COD reduction was 88% compared to pre-treated effluents and complete sample photobleaching was verified. The salt concentration on EC (iron electrodes) showed that the electrolysis duration can be reduced from 30 to 10min by the addition of 5.0g L(-1) of NaCl. The biodegradability index (BOD/COD) increased from 0.15 (pre-treated) to 0.48 (after EC) and to 0.89 (after EC/photocatalysis irradiated for 6h), showing that the employed sequence is very helpful to improve the water quality. This result was confirmed by biotoxicity tests performed with microcrustaceous Artemia salina.
- Published
- 2008
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79. Endodontic therapy in primary teeth: a bibliometric analysis of the 100 most-cited papers.
- Author
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Vitali FC, Pires KM, Cardoso IV, Oliveira EV, Bolan M, Martins Júnior PA, and Cardoso M
- Subjects
- Brazil, Pulpotomy, Tooth, Deciduous, Bibliometrics, Research Design
- Abstract
The purpose of this review was to identify and analyze the main characteristics of the 100 most-cited papers in the field of endodontic therapy in primary teeth. A search for the most-cited articles was conducted in the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science 'Core-Collection' (WoS-CC) database up to December 2020. Papers were ranked in descending order, by number of citations, and each paper was matched with the citation count on Scopus and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers selected the most-cited papers and analyzed it according to the number and density of citations, year and journal of publication, authors, countries and contributing institutions, study design, topic of the paper, and keywords. Spearman's correlation and Poisson regression were used to determine associations between the number of citations and study characteristics. The citation count varied from 15 to 135 (WoS-CC), 8 to 141 (Scopus), and 14 to 317 (Google Scholar). Of the 306 contributing authors, most paper contributions were from Sakai VT, Oliveira TM, and Machado MAAM (5 each). Most of the papers originated from the USA (n=21) and Brazil (n=18). Randomized trials were the most common study design (n=32), and "pulpotomy" was the most frequently used keyword (n=35). Poisson regression showed that the number of citations decreased by 1.5% each year, and increased by 9.7% for each unit of impact factor. This bibliometric analysis highlighted papers, authors, and institutions that have contributed to endodontic therapy in primary teeth. Common terms of interest in this research area was also identified, representing the first bibliometric analysis on this subject.
- Published
- 2022
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80. Fossil cutin of Karinopteris (Middle Pennsylvanian pteridosperm) from the "paper" coal of Indiana, U.S.A.
- Author
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D'Angelo, José A., Hower, James C., and Camí, Gerardo
- Subjects
- *
FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy , *SHALE , *COAL , *CLASTIC rocks - Abstract
For the first time, a cutin-like, highly chemically resistant macropolymer has been isolated from rachises of Karinopteris sp. (lyginopteridalean pteridosperm, Middle Pennsylvanian). Samples are obtained from a cuticular or "paper" coal-shale, i.e., an organic-rich and highly clastic rock associated with the Upper Block Coal Member of the Brazil Formation, Parke County, west-central Indiana, U.S.A. Karinopteris specimens are preserved as naturally oxidized compressions, termed "fossilized cuticles", and possibly represent vegetation of mineral substrate environments. Employing laboratory oxidation reactions, the fossilized cuticle of Karinopteris rachises is used to obtain the cuticle. After additional and long-term oxidation treatment, the cuticle yields the cutin-like macropolymer, here referred to as "cutin" for simplicity. The fossilized cuticle, cuticle, and cutin samples of Karinopteris sp. are chemically analyzed using semi-quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cutin IR spectra of Karinopteris rachises are characterized by (a) a predominantly aliphatic composition as indicated by intense aliphatic (CH al) C H stretching peaks at 3000–2700 cm−1, which are assigned to methylene (CH 2) and methyl (CH 3) groups; (b) carbonyl (C=O) groups at 1730–1640 cm−1, and aromatic carbon (C=C) absorption bands at 1600–1500 cm−1. A comparison with the cuticle, the cutin stands out due to relatively higher values of CH 2 /CH 3 and C=O/C=C, while displaying notably low values of CH al /C=O and C C contribution. Specifically, the relatively low value of CH al /C=O ratio obtained for the cutin of Karinopteris rachises is consistent with those found in the cutin of extant and fossil leaves. This lower CH al /C=O ratio indicates the important role likely played by C O groups in creating a deformable and flexible structure in both the cutin and the cuticle. Such a reduced rigidity suggests a high level of rachis flexibility of the once-living Karinopteris plant, supporting the interpretation of a climbing or liana habit. Cutin isolation and its chemical characterization shed light on the probable biomechanical (flexibility) properties of Karinopteris rachises, thereby enhancing our understanding of the plant growth habit. [Display omitted] • First-time spectroscopic study of Indiana "paper" coal (Pennsylvanian, U.S.A.). • Cutin polymer is obtained from fossilized cuticles of Karinopteris rachises. • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy supplies chemical data. • Cutin is mainly aliphatic with highly crossed-linked ester carbonyl (C=O) bonds. • High C O contents suggest a liana-like Karinopteris plant with flexible rachises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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81. Microanalytical investigation of brazilian coat of arms paintings on paper.
- Author
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Ferreira Sodré dos Santos, Isabela, Lúcia Araújo de Faria, Dalva, and César Garcez Marins, Paulo
- Subjects
- *
PAINT , *20TH century art , *RAMAN microscopy , *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy , *ACRYLIC paint , *PROTECTIVE coatings , *PAINTING techniques , *GUM arabic , *PRUSSIAN blue - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Five Brazilian coats of arms paintings are characterized in a microanalytical approach • Artist's palette comprises traditional pigments such as ultramarine blue, indigo, Prussian blue, lead chromate and vermillion • Aluminium and brass are found in silvering and gilding instead of silver and gold, contradicting heraldic guidelines • Differences in the colorant palette and signature raise questions about the authorship of a painting • Crystalline efflorescences in one painting may indicate paint extender migration or past microbiological activity Heraldry in Latin American art of the twentieth century can be considered rare. In this context, the material composition of coat of arms paintings on paper attributed to the Brazilian painter José Wasth Rodrigues is investigated for the first time using a microanalytical approach. Microsamples from 5 municipal coats of arms dated 1932 were analysed using Raman microscopy, Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). SEM-EDS results revealed the artist's choice of using metallic aluminium and brass in the representation of silver and gold colours, respectively. Raman microscopy analyses showed the use of traditional inorganic pigments, such as ultramarine blue, indigo, Prussian blue, yellow chromates and vermillion. In contrast, the results showed that the painting with an unusual signature attributed to the artist (W. instead of J.W.R, commonly found) contains synthetic organic dyes Orange 5, Red 53, and Yellow 1 (introduced in the 1900s). This discovery raised hypothesis of questioning authorship for this particular painting. ATR-FTIR analysis of a paint fragment from one painting confirmed the use of gum arabic as a binder. ATR-FTIR analyses of efflorescences collected from a blue paint layer of a particular coat of arms suggest protein and lipid content, raising suspicion of either the use of the tempera technique in this particular paint or remains of a past microorganism activity. Robust information was obtained on the chemical characterization of the coat of arms, enhancing comprehension of the painting techniques employed by the artist and providing insight into the production of heraldic art in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th-century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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82. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics: University of North Dakota Session, Volume 39.
- Author
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Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Grand Forks, ND., Bickford, J. Albert, Bickford, J. Albert, and Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Grand Forks, ND.
- Abstract
This volume contains an index to volumes 18-38 (1974-1994) of the "Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics" (Stephen A. Marlett and J. Albert Bickford) as well as the following 1995 papers: "Laryngeal Licensing and Syllable Well-formedness in Quiengolani Zapotec" (Cherly A. Black); "A Grammar Sketch of the Kaki Ae Language" (John M. Clifton); "Pronouns in Mexican Sign Language" (Marilyn Plumlee); and "Madija Predicates" (Pamela S. Wright). Each article contains references. (NAV)
- Published
- 1995
83. Life cycle assessment of offset paper production in Brazil: hotspots and cleaner production alternatives.
- Author
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Silva, Diogo Aparecido Lopes, Raymundo Pavan, Ana Laura, Augusto de Oliveira, José, and Ometto, Aldo Roberto
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *PRODUCT life cycle , *MANUFACTURING processes , *FOREST productivity , *FORESTS & forestry - Abstract
This paper describes a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of offset paper production in Brazil. The production system is classified into two subsystems: a forest production subsystem, which involves seedling production, soil preparation, seedling planting, forest maintenance, and wood harvesting and transport processes; and an industrial production subsystem, involving wood pulp extraction and bleaching, chemical recovery, and offset paper manufacturing processes. The environmental analysis includes the primary energy demand, environmental impact assessment, and land use indicators. The primary energy demand indicated that the largest amount of both renewable and non-renewable primary energy is consumed by the industrial production subsystem, accounting for 91.0% of the total energy demand. The potential environmental impact assessment included eight impact categories: acidification, ecotoxicity, global warming, human toxicity – cancer effects, human toxicity – non-cancer effects, nutrient enrichment, ozone depletion, and photochemical oxidation. Most of the potential impacts are attributed to the processes of pulp extraction and bleaching, and offset paper manufacturing, mainly due to the production of electricity and thermal energy. As for impacts on land use during the forest activities, a recent developed approach was applied for the regionalized assessment of impacts. Land occupation impacts on erosion resistance, physicochemical filtration, and mechanical filtration showed a reduction in the soil ecological functions, whereas groundwater recharge indicated a credit for the performance of the soil function. With a view to reducing the main life cycle impacts of the industrial production subsystem, an evaluation is made of alternative production scenarios. The best scenario was the substitution of biomass and diesel in the energy generation unit by biomass gasification and optimization of the recovery boiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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84. Paper-based thesis and dissertations: analysis of fundamental characteristics for achieving a robust structure.
- Author
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Issao Kubota, Flávio, Augusto Cauchick-Miguel, Paulo, Tortorella, Guilherme, and Amorim, Marlene
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CONTENT analysis ,THEORY-practice relationship ,EDUCATIONAL planning ,UNIVERSITY research ,RESEARCH methodology - Abstract
Paper aims: This study identifies fundamental characteristics for developing a paper-based thesis (PBT), providing some recommendations to researchers who decide for this academic research report. Originality: This paper contributes to the literature by providing guidance to develop PBTs, which has been attracting researchers' interest because it demonstrates publication capacity and potential as a researcher. Additionally, it is still not entirely clear which issues and countermeasures researchers should address when choosing the paper-based structure. Research method: The authors searched for articles of PBTs already published, institutional documents (e.g., regulations for conducting PBTs in Brazil and abroad) and journal papers concerning this subject. A content and document analysis were conducted in the papers and PBT internal regulations, respectively. Main findings: Results indicate five main factors that impact the success of a PBT approach: (i) the initial planning for this academic model; (ii) alignment between the articles and the thesis/dissertation; (iii) research design construction; (iv) copyrights requirements; and (v) issues regarding co-authorship. Based on that, the study also builds some guidelines to structure a robust PBT. Implications for theory and practice: Our recommendations might be meaningful to scholars and researchers bring more theoretical, empirical, and structural robustness when developing a PBT final document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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85. Gender Dimensions of Child Labor and Street Children in Brazil. Policy Research Working Paper.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC., Gustafsson-Wright, Emily, and Pyne, Hnin Hnin
- Abstract
Using data from Brazil's 1996 national household survey, various dimensions of child labor were examined by gender, including participation, intensity, and type of activities; the relationships between child labor, education, and future earnings; and the risks of child labor to health and well being. Findings indicate that more boys than girls worked in Brazil, especially in rural areas where boys were concentrated in the agricultural sector; many children both worked and attended school; and girls attained higher levels of education than boys on average, even when considering number of hours worked. An individual's earnings were correlated with age of entry into the labor market, lower age of entry being related to lower earnings. Girls were more adversely affected by early labor force entry than boys. Taking poverty as the primary contributor to child labor, Brazilian government programs to combat child labor compensate families for a child's foregone earnings and address family factors that lead to poverty. However, programs could be improved by explicitly considering the gender dimensions of child labor. Also needed are analyses of the impact of child labor on health, intervention strategies for street children that consider gender, and research on child labor in domestic service where girls are overrepresented. (Contains 26 references.) (TD)
- Published
- 2002
86. Greeting, Hospitality, and Naming among the Bororo of Central Brazil. Working Papers in Sociolinguistics Number 37.
- Author
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Southwest Educational Development Lab., Austin, TX. and Viertler, Renate B.
- Abstract
Hospitality patterns of the Bororo Indians are illustrated in two examples: the etiquette due to a visiting chief from another Bororo village, and the etiquette due any common visitor from another Bororo village. Formal hospitality differs greatly from the usual etiquette. At a visiting chief's arrival, he enters as the last of his group and waits in a central location until the village chief arrives to have an oral duel with him, which establishes their wisdom and rights; the last to speak is the winner. In this duel the importance of names, titles, ornaments, and other social codes of ownership symbolic of survival is expressed. A common visitor goes to the central plaza and shouts out all his personal names and waits to be invited into the meetingplace of the men's council for a long and detailed interview, focusing on his family's names, in order to be placed properly for eating and sleeping in a home of his name-category ("mother,""father,""godmother,""godfather"). Name categories also determine seating. Every person a Bororo may call by a kinship term is inserted into a system of food, shelter, and gift reciprocity. The origin of the kinship ties is in the tradition that a Bororo is not just a descendant of an ancestor but a representative of a mythological hero associated with the name-category. In naming a child the Bororo attempt not to "lose names." A hierarchy of social prestige is expressed in kin terms. However, naming practices do not reflect any formal kinship system--kinship is a secondary effect of naming practices. (MSE)
- Published
- 1976
87. The Semiotics of Two Speech Styles in Shokleng. Sociolinguistic Working Paper Number 103.
- Author
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Southwest Educational Development Lab., Austin, TX. and Urban, Greg
- Abstract
Two speech styles, origin-myth telling and ritual wailing, found among the Shokleng Indians of south Brazil are analyzed from the perspective of two specific functions of speech style: (1) for indexing or highlighting the subject matter in certain contexts, and (2) for relating the contexts and subject matters to other contexts and subject matters based the iconicity of its signals (pronunciation differences, distinct intonational patterns, etc.) with other linguistic and nonlinguistic signals employed in the culture. It is argued that there are certain formal-functional regularities in the relation between the special speech style and the everyday code, characterized as expressive restriction and formal amplification, and that the Shokleng speech styles use pragmatic (nonsemantic) features, taking the marked value of some pragmatic variable in everyday code and fixing it in the speech style. Formal amplification, an alternative form of marking, is found in the alternating use of semantically equivalent forms. The indexing function of the speech styles, which is stated as a hypothesis about the Shokleng styles, is seen to have a more general relevance in that speech styles tend to occur in connection with contexts or subject matters that are areas of cultural emphasis. The second speech style function considered, the iconic function, works both to lead to meanings in various directions and to pull together or bring into focus those diverse regions of the system to which it leads. (MSE)
- Published
- 1982
88. The Brazilian cohort of pulp and paper workers: the logistic of a cancer mortality study.
- Author
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Fassa AG, Facchini LA, and Dall'Agnol MM
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- Brazil epidemiology, Cause of Death, Cohort Studies, Data Collection methods, Female, Humans, Male, Urban Population statistics & numerical data, Neoplasms mortality, Occupational Diseases mortality, Paper
- Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) proposed this international historical cohort study trying to solve the controversy about the increased risk of cancer in the workers of the Pulp and Paper Industry. One of the most important aspects presented by this study in Brazil was the strategies used to overcome the methodological challenges, such as: data access, data accuracy, data availability, multiple data sources, and the large follow-up period. Through multiple strategies it was possible to build a Brazilian cohort of 3,622 workers, to follow them with a 93 percent success rate and to identify in 99 percent of the cases the cause of death. This paper, has evaluated the data access, data accuracy and the effectiveness of the strategies used and the different sources of data.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
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89. Parental Investments in Schooling: The Roles of Gender and Resources in Urban Brazil. Labor and Population Program Working Paper Series 96-02.
- Author
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Rand Corp., Santa Monica, CA. and Thomas, Duncan
- Abstract
This study examines the rate of educational attainment of women in Brazil. There have been dramatic increases in women's educational attainment, where today women are better educated than men. The study explores the importance of education and income of mothers and fathers in explaining the growth that has occurred. Maternal education has a bigger impact on schooling of children and a bigger impact on education of daughters, relative to sons. Paternal education has a greater impact on education of sons. One explanation for these differences is that parents do not pool income when allocating household resources. This hypothesis is tested by comparing the differential impact of maternal income on schooling of daughters relative to sons with differences in the impact of paternal income on the education of sons relative to daughters. The data were drawn from the 1982 "Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilos (PNAD), a very large household labor force survey in Brazil. After controlling for a household fixed effect, these "differences-in-differences" are significant indicators that income-pooling is not consistent with the data. Contains 49 references. (Author/EH)
- Published
- 1996
90. Rapid and direct detection of artificially aged papers employing easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry.
- Author
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Oliveira, Luan Felipe Campos, Morais, Damila Rodrigues, Correa, Deleon Nascimento, Morais Campêlo, Jacqueline, Sussulini, Alessandra, Eberlin, Marcos Nogueira, and Santos, Jandyson Machado
- Subjects
- *
MASS spectrometry , *ELECTROSPRAY ionization mass spectrometry , *ADULTERATIONS , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *COLA drinks - Abstract
Rationale: The effort to make fake documents look real leads to the use of crickets and beverages to produce artificially aged papers, as land titles, based on yellowing caused by the use of these methods. An old practice in Brazil, called "cricketing", has led to the misappropriation of Brazilian land using these documents. We propose a rapid, simple, instantaneous and non‐destructive method to identify artificially aged papers by easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI‐MS) analysis. Methods: Three typical aging procedures were used to obtain artificially aged papers using coffee, cola drink, and crickets, with the papers being analyzed by EASI‐MS. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the data to find the sample groups and to study the most relevant ions of each ageing procedure. High‐resolution MS (HRMS) was used to obtain the exact masses and attribute formulae to relevant ions present in the samples. Results: The combination of EASI‐MS and multivariate statistical analyses allowed us to identify the most relevant ions to classify the adulteration of documents and HRMS identified most of these relevant ions. TMS fingerprinting in combination with multivariate analysis also demonstrated that this approach can qualitatively differentiate all the examined paper samples. Conclusions: We developed a cheap, fast and easy method that can help to elucidate counterfeit documents that have been artificially aged, helping to identify chemical additives and one that can be used in forensic laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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91. Reproducibility: expect less of the scientific paper.
- Author
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Amaral OB and Neves K
- Subjects
- Animals, Brazil, Cooperative Behavior, Humans, Mice, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Research organization & administration, Research standards, Research Design, Research Report standards
- Published
- 2021
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92. Lula's Prison Letters and the Brazilian Presidential Papers: Archives, Readings, and Uses.
- Author
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Heymann, Luciana and Moreli, Alexandre
- Subjects
- *
PRISONERS' writings , *PRESIDENTS - Abstract
For five hundred eighty days, between 2018 and 2019, former Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva remained imprisoned in the city of Curitiba, about two hundred miles South of São Paulo. During that period, more than twenty thousand letters were sent to him from all regions of the country—the result of a campaign initiated by the Workers' Party and rapidly disseminated through social media—correspondence now archived at the Lula Institute, in the city of São Paulo, as part of the Lula Presidential Archives. This article surveys the status of private presidential archives in Brazil, probing the nature of "prison letters" and their uses in campaign actions for Lula's release, with special attention to the circulation of documents in digital format on websites and social media. The authors had access to the documentation cited in this piece during the mobilization for the Lula Livre movements. Finally, the article contributes to the study of political correspondence and analyzes the challenges posed to historical research by the digital circulation of documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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93. Urban Children in Distress: An Introduction to the Issues. Innocenti Occasional Papers. The Urban Child Series, Number 2.
- Author
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United Nations Children's Fund, Florence (Italy). International Child Development Centre. and Blanc, Cristina S.
- Abstract
This publication presents a discussion of the status of poor urban children world-wide and the design of a five-nation study of the condition of distressed urban children. Following an introduction, Section 2 describes the urban child project designed to study and advance the plight of urban children in developing nations. Section 3 outlines the scope of the problem, including urbanization trends, migration, and issues beyond the statistics. Section 4 describes growing up urban and poor, focusing on the deteriorating environment, poverty and ethnic redistribution, the lack of appropriate shelter, child labor in the urban informal sector, lack of access to safe play spaces, and the monotony of poverty stricken communities. Section 5 describes the five studies being carried out in the Philippines, India, Kenya, Brazil, and Italy. The issues covered are childhood, families, coping strategies, communities and neighborhoods, and children in especially difficult circumstances. Also described are the study's comparative assessment of situations, street children, views on working children, and the problem in the context of the larger society. Also mentioned are an assessment of policies and programs, and interventions. Contains 108 references. (JB)
- Published
- 1992
94. Education and Training in Natural Forest Management. Training Discussion Paper No. 88.
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International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland). and Longo, Alceu Natal
- Abstract
A program for natural forest management in developing countries consists of several integrated projects. Although aimed at establishing norms and criteria for natural forest management in Mata Atlantica (Atlantic Forest) in southern Brazil, the norms also apply to other types of tropical vegetation in order to ensure continuous economic exploitation of forest resources, maintain their genetic patrimony, and respect the delicate ecological balance. Emphasis is put on education and training programs for workers and technicians involved in forestry work. Both university programs and formal training projects are advocated. Training is essential in order to ensure maximum safety in forest management. This requires great changes in human behavior toward the forest. (Author/KC)
- Published
- 1992
95. The Union Movement and Vocational Training in Brazil. Discussion Paper No. 91.
- Author
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International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland)., Horta, Carlos Roberto, and de Carvalho, Ricardo Augusto Alves
- Abstract
The current strategy for Brazil's development does not focus on traditional advantages such as cheap and unskilled labor and inexpensive raw materials. The Brazilian government proposes an emphasis on vocational training and rehabilitation of human resources and on research and development. Vocational training has traditionally been offered by SENAI (National Service of Industrial Apprenticeship) and SENAC (National Service of Commercial Apprenticeship). The union movement sees vocational training as being fundamentally a state obligation. Trade unions are linked to different political and ideological lines, and union centers offer political education. The two oldest centers, CUT (Confederation of Workers) and CGT (Workers' Unique Center), have specific projects that train union leaders and strengthen democratic, class conscience, and independent unionism. Three unions--CUT, CGT, and the Union Force--would be willing to invest in vocational training on two conditions: that they could obtain resources for their objectives and that the political dimension would be linked to the technical dimension. In the last 20 years, some vocational training initiatives developed by segments of the working classes have been shown to be more significant than those of workers' organizations. They seem more important than union initiatives primarily because they introduce more advanced activities and train the worker as a whole. (10 references) (YLB)
- Published
- 1992
96. Alternatives in Vocational Education Finance: An Example of Participation by Employers in Brazil. Training Discussion Paper No. 69.
- Author
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International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland). and Gomes, Candido A.
- Abstract
At the end of the 1960s, the industrial park of Montes Claros, Brazil, was established. Until then the economy of the municipality had been based on cotton, beef cattle, and subsistence farming. The main obstacle to industrialization was the lack of a qualified local labor force. Trapped between the costs associated with workers recruited elsewhere and the deficiencies of workers recruited locally, firms in Montes Claros sought a number of alternatives. When the traditional training alternatives failed, a group of local business owners, the Commercial and Industrial Association, obtained contributions from 15 firms to establish the Educational Foundation of Montes Claros (FEMC). The school began by offering short courses in areas of urgent need. At the end of 1989, the Technical School, the core activity of the FEMC, enrolled 2,419 students in middle and secondary school, afternoon classes for adolescents, and night classes for students aged 14 to 40 who work during the day. The FEMC offers short courses, ranging in length from 4 to 120 class hours, and offers the direct sale of services. Income comes from student fees, scholarships, contributions of local firms, and sale of services. The effort represents a novel and successful approach to vocational school finance, in which costs are divided between employers and students, with only minimal contributions from public funds. (12 references) (YLB)
- Published
- 1991
97. Prevention and treatment of oral adverse effects of antiresorptive medications for osteoporosis - A position paper of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM), Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Oral Pathology (Sobep), and Brazilian Association for Bone Evaluation and Osteometabolism (Abrasso).
- Author
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Madeira M, Rocha AC, Moreira CA, Aguiar ÁMM, Maeda SS, Cardoso AS, de Moura Castro CH, D'Alva CB, Silva BCC, Ferraz-de-Souza B, Lazaretti-Castro M, Bandeira F, and Torres SR
- Subjects
- Brazil, Diphosphonates, Humans, Pathology, Oral, Quality of Life, Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw etiology, Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw prevention & control, Bone Density Conservation Agents adverse effects, Oral Medicine, Osteoporosis chemically induced, Osteoporosis drug therapy, Osteoporosis prevention & control
- Abstract
Antiresorptive therapy is the main form of prevention of osteoporotic or fragility fractures. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a relatively rare but severe adverse reaction to antiresorptive and antiangiogenic drugs. Physicians and dentists caring for patients taking these drugs and requiring invasive procedures face a difficult decision because of the potential risk of MRONJ. The aim of this study was to discuss the risk factors for the development of MRONJ and prevention of this complication in patients with osteoporosis taking antiresorptive drugs and requiring invasive dental treatment. For this goal, a task force with representatives from three professional associations was appointed to review the pertinent literature and discuss systemic and local risk factors, prevention of MRONJ in patients with osteoporosis, and management of established MRONJ. Although scarce evidence links the use of antiresorptive agents in the context of osteoporosis to the development of MRONJ, these agents are considered a risk factor for this complication. Despite the rare reports of MRONJ in patients with osteoporosis, the severity of symptoms and impact of MRONJ in the patients' quality of life make it imperative for health care professionals to consider this complication when planning invasive dental procedures.
- Published
- 2021
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98. The top 100 most-cited papers in Paediatric Dentistry journals: A bibliometric analysis.
- Author
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Perazzo MF, Otoni ALC, Costa MS, Granville-Granville AF, Paiva SM, and Martins-Júnior PA
- Subjects
- Australia, Bibliometrics, Brazil, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, United States, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodicals as Topic
- Abstract
Background: The most-cited papers help to better understand important characteristics of this specific science field., Objective: To analyse the 100 most-cited papers in the field of Paediatric Dentistry., Design: A search of the most-cited papers in Paediatric Dentistry journals was performed using journals included in the category of 'Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine' in the Thompson Reuters Web of Science citation indexing database up to December 2018. Two researchers performed the data extraction, which included: number of citations, title, authors, country, year, journals, study design, and thematic area., Results: The number of citations of each paper included in the top 100 most-cited ranged from 42 to 182 (mean: 64.51). Seven papers were cited more than 100 times. Most of the papers were published in the International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry (36%), between 2006 and 2015 (55%), with a cross-sectional design (39%). Twenty-six authors participated in two or more papers. The countries with the highest number of most-cited papers were the United States (25%), Australia (11%), and Brazil (9%). Cariology was the most studied thematic area., Conclusion: The evaluation of the top 100 most-cited papers in Paediatric Dentistry journals allowed for a better understanding of the world scenario regarding this research field., (© 2019 BSPD, IAPD and John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
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99. Brazil: Implications of Technological Change for Skills Training in Sao Paulo Industries. Training Discussion Paper No. 47.
- Author
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International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland). and de Assis, Marisa
- Abstract
The Brazilian economy is led by the industrial sector, which accounts for 34 percent of production and employs 25 percent of the economically active population. The labor force formally employed in industry consists mainly of relatively young males with little schooling. A large number of institutions both in the regular education system and nonformal sector provide vocational education. The main institutions offering nonformal training are the National Service of Industrial Apprenticeship, firms benefiting from tax incentives provided by Law 6.297, and independent vocational schools. Dissemination of new technologies in Brazil is slow, and their use is much less common than in advanced countries. New technologies are attractive to Brazilian industry for reasons of increased productivity and improved product quality. Reduction of labor costs is unimportant. New technologies in the machine tool, printing, textile, and construction industries have changed or created labor needs. Introduction of new technologies produces four different types of effects on job content and employment: job restructuring, job maintenance, job creation, and job destruction. Vocational training needs to complement conventional training with the specific training required for working with new technologies and train workers with basic education and training to use technologically advanced equipment. (50 references) (YLB)
- Published
- 1990
100. Lean Six Sigma in the Logistics of the Loading Process of a Paper Mill.
- Author
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Linares, Marina Langoni, Christo, Eliane da Silva, and Costa, Kelly Alonso
- Subjects
SIX Sigma ,PAPER mills ,LOGISTICS ,COST control ,LEAD time (Supply chain management) - Abstract
Copyright of Exacta is the property of Exacta - Engenharia de Producao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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