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2. Free Primary Education, Fertility, and Women's Access to the Labor Market: Evidence from Ethiopia. Policy Research Working Paper 9105
- Author
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World Bank and Chicoine, Luke
- Abstract
This article investigates the causal relationship between women's schooling and fertility by exploiting variation generated by the removal of school fees in Ethiopia. The increase in schooling caused by the reform is identified using both geographic variation in the intensity of its impact and temporal variation generated by the timing of the implementation. The model finds that the removal of school fees led to an increase in schooling for Ethiopian women and that each additional year of schooling led to a reduction in fertility. An investigation of the underlying mechanisms linking schooling and fertility finds that the decline in fertility is associated with an increase in labor market opportunity and a reduction in women's ideal number of children. [This paper is a product of the Knowledge and Strategy Team, Development Economics.]
- Published
- 2020
3. Refugees' Access to Higher Education in Their Host Countries: Overcoming the 'Super-Disadvantage'. Policy Paper
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (France), International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Martin, Michaela, and Stulgaitis, Manal
- Abstract
With a view to identifying inclusive policies and good practices to respond to the many challenges that refugee students face to access higher education in their host country, this Policy Paper has conducted a review of available statistical data and literature. In addition, six selected countries with considerable refugee populations have been analysed more in-depth. They are: France, Ethiopia, Egypt, Germany, Norway, and Turkey. From this analysis, the paper presents inclusive policies and good practices from these countries and their higher education institutions by type of obstacle to accessing higher education. It concludes by presenting 15 recommendations on how host countries can support the access of refugees to their national systems, arguing strongly for an 'equality opportunity approach' in terms of national policies, and caring measures, at the level of higher education institutions. [This report was co-produced by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the UN Refugee Agency. It was made possible in part through funding from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).]
- Published
- 2022
4. Early Mathematics Counts: Promising Instructional Strategies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0055-1807
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RTI International, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, and Platas, Linda M.
- Abstract
This paper examines common instructional strategies in early grade mathematics interventions through a review of studies in classrooms in low- and middle-income countries. Twenty-four studies met the criteria for inclusion, and analyses reveal four sets of instructional strategies for which there is evidence from multiple contexts. Of the 24 studies, 16 involved the use of multiple representations, 10 involved the use of developmental progressions, 6 included supporting student use of explanation and justification, and 5 included integration of informal mathematics. Based on the review, we provide conclusions and recommendations for future research and policy.
- Published
- 2018
5. Effectiveness of Teachers' Guides in the Global South: Scripting, Learning Outcomes, and Classroom Utilization. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0053-1805
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RTI International, Piper, Benjamin, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, Mejía, Jessica, and Betts, Kellie
- Abstract
This report presents the results of RTI International Education's study on teachers' guides across 13 countries and 19 projects. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we examine how teachers' guides across the projects differ and find substantial variation in the design and structure of the documents. We develop a scripting index so that the scripting levels of the guides can be compared across projects. The impact results of the programs that use teachers' guides show significant impacts on learning outcomes, associated with approximately an additional half year of learning, showing that structured teachers' guides contribute to improved learning outcomes. During observations, we find that teachers make a variety of changes in their classroom instruction from how the guides are written, showing that the utilization of structured teachers' guides do not create robotic teachers unable to use their own professional skills to teach children. Unfortunately, many changes that teachers make reduce the amount of group work and interactivity that was described in the guides, suggesting that programs should encourage teachers to more heavily utilize the instructional routines designed in the guide. The report includes a set of research-based guidelines that material developers can use to develop teachers' guides that will support effective instructional practices and help improve learning outcomes. The key takeaway from the report is that structured teachers' guides improve learning outcomes, but that overly scripted teachers' guides are somewhat less effective than simplified teachers' guides that give specific guidance to the teacher but are not written word for word for each lesson in the guide.
- Published
- 2018
6. Disability and Inclusive Education: Stocktake of Education Sector Plans and GPE-Funded Grants. Working Paper #3
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Global Partnership for Education (GPE)
- Abstract
This report was commissioned by the Global Partnership for Education's Secretariat to take stock of how disability and inclusive education are in included in education sector plans (ESPs) in 51 countries, including GPE-funded programs, such as education sector program implementation grants (ESPIGs), program documents (PADs), implementation progress reports (IPRs) Education Sector Analysis (ESA), if applicable, and other relevant GPE program documents. Moreover, a plethora of key international reports and monitoring reports was reviewed. This report documents progress and highlights the need to step up support to GPE partner countries on disability and inclusive education, to improve consideration of issues around disability and inclusion in education sector analysis and sector planning processes to better promote the achievement of GPE 2020 strategic goal 2, and to fulfill the transformative vision of Agenda 2030. This means ensuring that girls and boys with disabilities are not only able to access their right to a quality education in a nurturing environment, but also, through education, become empowered to participate fully in society, and enjoy full realization of their rights and capabilities. [This report was written with Louise Banham and Eleni Papakosta.]
- Published
- 2018
7. Studying the context of psychoses to improve outcomes in Ethiopia (SCOPE): Protocol paper.
- Author
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Hanlon C, Roberts T, Misganaw E, Malla A, Cohen A, Shibre T, Fekadu W, Teferra S, Kebede D, Mulushoa A, Girma Z, Tsehay M, Kiross D, Lund C, Fekadu A, Morgan C, and Alem A
- Subjects
- Ethiopia epidemiology, Humans, Female, Male, Rural Population, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Urban Population, Ill-Housed Persons psychology, Psychotic Disorders epidemiology, Psychotic Disorders therapy
- Abstract
Background: Global evidence on psychosis is dominated by studies conducted in Western, high-income countries. The objectives of the Study of Context Of Psychoses to improve outcomes in Ethiopia (SCOPE) are (1) to generate rigorous evidence of psychosis experience, epidemiology and impacts in Ethiopia that will illuminate aetiological understanding and (2) inform development and testing of interventions for earlier identification and improved first contact care that are scalable, inclusive of difficult-to-reach populations and optimise recovery., Methods: The setting is sub-cities of Addis Ababa and rural districts in south-central Ethiopia covering 1.1 million people and including rural, urban and homeless populations. SCOPE comprises (1) formative work to understand care pathways and community resources (resource mapping); examine family context and communication (ethnography); develop valid measures of family communication and personal recovery; and establish platforms for community engagement and involvement of people with lived experience; (2a) a population-based incidence study, (2b) a case-control study and (2c) a cohort study with 12 months follow-up involving 440 people with psychosis (390 rural/Addis Ababa; 50 who are homeless), 390 relatives and 390 controls. We will test hypotheses about incidence rates in rural vs. urban populations and men vs. women; potential aetiological role of khat (a commonly chewed plant with amphetamine-like properties) and traumatic exposures in psychosis; determine profiles of needs at first contact and predictors of outcome; (3) participatory workshops to develop programme theory and inform co-development of interventions, and (4) evaluation of the impact of early identification strategies on engagement with care (interrupted time series study). Findings will inform development of (5) a protocol for (5a) a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of interventions for people with recent-onset psychosis in rural settings and (5b) two uncontrolled pilot studies to test acceptability, feasibility of co-developed interventions in urban and homeless populations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Hanlon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2024
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8. Assessment of paper dust exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers in, Ethiopia; a comparative cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Negash, Bereket Meskele, Abaya, Samson Wakuma, Abegaz, Teferi, Takele, Abera Kumie, Mekonnen, Worku Tefera, Negatu, Hager Badima, Gintamo, Tamene Tesema, Tamirat, Teshome, and Koirita, Gelaneh Kusse
- Subjects
PAPER mills ,INDUSTRIAL workers ,DUST ,CROSS-sectional method ,GRAVIMETRIC analysis - Abstract
Background: Workers in pulp and paper factories are continuously exposed to paper dust. Excessive exposure to paper dust can cause respiratory disease. Information about the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and dust exposure levels among workers in pulp and paper factories is not available in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess personal total dust exposure levels, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and their associated risk factors among workers in Ethiopian pulp and paper factories. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 40 dust measurements were carried out on 20 randomly selected workers. To assess chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors, 434 workers from two paper factories and controls were interviewed using a standard questionnaire adapted from the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Gravimetric analyses of the filters were undertaken using a standard microbalance. Poisson regression was performed for comparing the prevalence of symptoms and risk factors for the two groups. Multivariable analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. Result: The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of dust exposure levels among the paper factories workers were 11.3 (± 7.7) and 10.2 (± 1.4) mg/m
3 respectively. This exposure level exceeded the threshold limit value recommended for total dust (10 mg/m3 ). The prevalence of having at least one chronic respiratory symptom was about 51% among the workers in paper factories. The prevalence ratio of having chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers was 5.6 times higher (PR = 6, 95% CI 3.5–10.3) than in the controls. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with factors such as an educational status of less than grade 9, being employed in the work sections of the factories, having work experience of 5 years and above, working more than 8 h per day and having a past history of occupation and respiratory illnesses. Conclusion: The dust concentration in the paper factories exceeded the acceptable recommended limit value of 10 mg/m3. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers was higher than among controls. The main determining factors for chronic respiratory symptoms among the workers were the specific work section such as production section, low income, having past history of respiratory illnesses, the number of years of working and low educational status. This finding indicated the need for improving the working conditions in paper factories in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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9. Negative energy balance and its implication on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows: review paper.
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Mekuriaw, Yeshambel
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DAIRY cattle , *LACTATION in cattle , *NATURAL resources , *MENSTRUAL cycle , *MILKFAT , *CROP residues - Abstract
In Ethiopia, the dairy cows' major feed resources are natural pasture and crop residues, both of which are nutritionally low and do not even satisfy the maintenance requirement. Consequently, dairy productivity per head is low in the country. This paper reviews the existing knowledge of negative energy balance (NEB) and summarizes its implication on production and reproduction parameters, as well as the monitoring tools as a means of intervention in minimizing the effect on dairy cows. The presence of NEB in late gestation and early lactation of dairy cows could contribute to both short and long-term negative effects on production and reproduction ability. Lower body condition, reduced milk production, a change in the milk fat to protein ratio, an increasing incidence of health problems, a late time to become estrus, delayed ovarian cycle, and a lower conception rate are the common implications. Through the knowledge created so far, it can be concluded that NEB is almost a common phenomenon in transitional high milking dairy animals, but there is a possibility to shorten its persistence through strategic supplementation using the NEB monitoring tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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10. Equity and Quality? Challenges for Early Childhood and Primary Education in Ethiopia, India and Peru. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 55. Studies in Early Childhood Transitions
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Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands), Woodhead, Martin, Ames, Patricia, Vennam, Uma, Abebe, Workneh, and Streuli, Natalia
- Abstract
Part of the "Studies in Early Transitions" series, this Working Paper draws on interviews and observations carried out as part of "Young Lives", a 15-year longitudinal study of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam based at the University of Oxford's Department of International Development. This paper focuses on the challenges of translating into practice the potential of quality early childhood care and education to transform young lives. These include building a positive equity agenda, setting clear policy objectives, raising quality standards, building the skills and motivation of teachers, and recognising where equity goals can be incompatible with a market-led private system. The paper asks which children do and do not have access to an early childhood programme, and explores children's and parents' views about the quality of what is on offer. A brief summary of data collection methods is appended. (Contains 2 boxes, 21 figures and 9 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2009
11. Quality Teaching: Building a Flexible and Dynamic Approach. GEC Working Paper Series. Number 2
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Academy for Educational Development, AED Global Education Center, Leu, Elizabeth, Hays, Frances, LeCzel, Donna Kay, and O'Grady, Barbara
- Abstract
Good basic education depends on several factors working in harmony. The first is that students be healthy, safe, and ready to learn. Other essentials include an enabling policy environment and transparent management; a curriculum that reflects the society's values and aspirations for learning; and community support for education and parents' involvement in the lives of schools (UNESCO 2004; UNICEF 2000). The most important element of all, according to much current research and program experience, is the quality of teachers (ADEA 2004; Anderson 2002; Boyle, While, and Boyle 2003; Lewin and Stuart 2003; USAID 2002). Over the last two decades, the Academy for Educational Development (AED) has worked extensively with programs that address all of these crucial areas of basic education. This paper focuses on AED's approaches that address the heart of education: strengthening the quality of teachers and teaching through ongoing professional development at the local level. This paper summarizes the context and rationale for evolving approaches to teacher professional development, describe AED's early programs in this context, and outline a basic framework of AED's flexible and dynamic approach to decentralized, school- and cluster-based teacher professional development programs. The final section consists of six case studies showing how the approach has been adapted to strengthen teacher skills, morale, and professional commitment in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Uganda, Ghana, Namibia, and Ethiopia.
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- 2005
12. Early Childhood Transitions Research: A Review of Concepts, Theory, and Practice. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 48
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Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands), Vogler, Pia, Crivello, Gina, and Woodhead, Martin
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Children face many important changes in the first eight years of life, including different learning centres, social groups, roles and expectations. Their ability to adapt to such a dynamic and evolving environment directly affects their sense of identity and status within their community over the short and long term. In particular, the key turning points in children's lives--such as "graduating" from kindergarten to primary school or going through a culturally specific rite of passage--provide challenges and opportunities for learning and growth on multiple levels. This paper provides a review of the major perspectives in research on early childhood transitions and reveals the predominant areas of focus in both academic and professional studies, as well as important neglected viewpoints and study populations. Beginning with a broad and inclusive definition of the topic, the authors provide an overview of early childhood transitions research, highlighting the underlying assumptions that informed the studies. They assess concepts in the developmental theory that preceded transitions research as well as in the logic that determines how transitions are structured. More recent approaches are examined, including systems theories and the role of children as active participants in transitions. Several examples in this review show how multidisciplinary collaboration and culturally sensitive interventions can result in better participation of both parents and children in crucial early childhood transitions. Citing the need to harmonise early childhood education and care programmes with local education practices, the authors stress the value of greater transparency in the creation of policy and programming for children, in order to identify potentially limiting assumptions. Broadening and diversifying perspectives on transitions can lead to more integrated and culturally relevant rights-based early childhood programmes worldwide. A glossary and a bibliography are included. (Contains 7 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2008
13. Recruiting, Retaining, and Retraining Secondary School Teachers and Principals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Secondary Education in Africa (SEIA) Thematic Study #4. GEC Working Paper Series 2005/#3
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Academy for Educational Development, AED Global Education Center, Mulkeen, Aidan, Chapman, David W., and DeJaeghere, Joan G.
- Abstract
Expanding and rethinking the nature of secondary education in Sub-Saharan African countries, traditionally reserved for elites and few others, are becoming crucial to successful individual and national participation in the global economy. As governments and donors turn their attention increasingly to secondary education, policies are being established to create more widely accessible, more relevant, and higher quality secondary education. This presents a particular challenge, since secondary education sub-systems are unlikely to be infused with large amounts of additional funding in the near future. Improving the quality of secondary education, therefore, must include policies that use current resources creatively and more effectively. Teachers and principals are the most expensive and, possibly, the most critical components in establishing quality in education systems. New and more effective approaches to the preparation, deployment, utilization, compensation, and conditions of service for teachers, accompanied by more effective school leadership, are therefore needed to achieve higher standards of secondary education in Africa. This study used an extensive literature review and subsequent field studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda to identify current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the recruitment, retention, and retraining of secondary teachers and principals in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study also suggests ways of attracting teachers to the profession, retaining teachers and principals in the profession, and providing support to strengthen teachers' and principals' effectiveness. Insufficient data and information that differentiate lower and upper secondary education is a limitation of the study, especially in the context of the present growing interest in the lower or junior secondary level. There is a similar dearth of information in the literature on secondary principals and on gender issues as they relate to secondary teachers and principals. The findings of the study and the recommendations are intended to provide policymakers and other stakeholders with material for policy development and for the development of strategies for increasing the quality and effectiveness of secondary teachers and principals. (Contains 17 tables and 9 figures.) [This paper was written with Elizabeth Leu and Karen Bryner. It was prepared for the World Bank through the Academy for Educational Development and funded by the Irish Trust Fund.]
- Published
- 2005
14. Production and characterization of briquettes from sugarcane bagasse of Wonji Sugar Factory, Oromia, Ethiopia.
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Mekonen, Asmelash Gebrekidan, Berhe, Goitom Gebreyohannes, Desta, Mulu Berhe, Belete, Fentahun Abebaw, and Gebremariam, Amare Fisseha
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BRIQUETS ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,BAGASSE ,SUGAR factories ,WASTE paper ,FOSSIL fuels - Abstract
Briquetted biomass, like sugarcane bagasse, a by-product of sugar mills, is a renewable energy source. This study aimed at the production and characterization of bagasse briquettes. The production of briquettes was carried out with different blending ratios (5, 10, and 15%) and average particle sizes (0.75, 2.775, and 4.8 mm) with various binders of cow dung, waste paper, and admixture (molasses and wastepaper). The bagasse underwent drying, size reduction, sieving, binder addition, and densification using a manual press during the briquetting process. Characterization of the physical and combustion parameters of briquettes, such as density, shatter resistance, proximate, and calorific value, followed the American Society for Testing and Materials procedures. The result shows that the maximum density of briquettes was 0.804 g/cm
3 , while shatter resistance varied from 83.051 to 94.975% (4.8mm, 5% cow dung and 0.75mm, 5% admixture binders respectively). ANOVA analysis showed that the factors and their interactions had a significant influence (p value < 0.05) on the physical properties. The optimum parameters of briquettes achieved were 14.953% admixture binder, 0.776 mm particle size, 0.805 g/cm3 density, and 95.811% shatter resistance. Bagasse briquettes with a 5% cow dung binder achieved a high calorific value of 39927.05 kcal/kg. The ultimate analysis revealed a composition of 47.49% carbon (C), 5.133% hydrogen (H), 1.557% nitrogen (N), 0.374% sulfur (S), and 45.446% oxygen (O). Therefore, bagasse has a high calorific value and can be used for briquetting to replace fossil fuel and firewood in different applications. In addition, due to its availability, utilizing as fuel source has economic advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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15. The Impact of Training on Women's Micro-Enterprise Development. Education Research Paper. Knowledge & Research.
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Department for International Development, London (England)., Leach, Fiona, Abdulla, Salwa, Appleton, Helen, el-Bushra, Judy, Cardenas, Nora, Kebede, Kibre, Lewis, Viv, and Sitaram, Shashikala
- Abstract
A study investigated the impact of training on women's micro-enterprise development in four programs in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Sudan. Research design was a series of case studies of projects and programs providing training in technical or business skills. Impact of training was measured against these four indicators: income, access to and control of resources, status, and quality of life. The study examined the training process to find out in what specific ways training helped women to improve and expand their micro-enterprises. The sample in each country consisted of two groups: women about to undergo training (focus of the study) and women who had already received training; 74 women participated. The study showed poor women needed training to develop skills and self-confidence to allow them to operate and survive in the informal sector; access to credit is important but not sufficient for the poorest women; the impact of training and increased income varied in strength but could be negative as well as positive; well-designed and well-delivered training could lead to increased income that could lead to improved self-esteem and status in the household and community; effectively delivered training developed enhanced survival strategies in women; training provided to groups in a participatory model was an empowering and liberating experience for women; and training in generic business skills was more effective than training in technical skills. (Appendixes include 61 references.) (YLB)
- Published
- 2000
16. Evaluation of waste paper for cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) with some added supplementary materials.
- Author
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Tesfay, Teklemichael, Godifey, Tesfay, Mesfin, Roman, and Kalayu, Girmay
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- *
WASTE paper , *PLEUROTUS ostreatus , *WASTE recycling , *WHEAT bran , *MUSHROOM culture , *PLANT micropropagation - Abstract
Mushroom cultivation is an economically feasible bio-technological process for conversion of various lignocellulosic wastes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran for oyster mushroom cultivation. Pure culture of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kummer) was purchased from YB Plant Micropropagation Plc; Mekelle, Ethiopia. Then, the pure culture was used as inoculum for spawn preparation using sorghum prepared in Microbiology laboratory, Department of Biology, Aksum University. Waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran with 0%, 25% and 50% were prepared. The substrates were mixed with the spawn that has been inoculated with pure culture of oyster mushroom aseptically for their productivity and biological efficiency (BE) for cultivation of P. ostreatus mushroom. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Higher (26.20 ± 19.36) mean weight, pileus diameter (7.90 ± 2.66 cm), total yield (646.4 ± 273.1 g) and BE (64.64 ± 273%) were obtained from waste paper (50%) supplemented with cornstalk (25%) and wheat bran (25%). And lower (17.92 ± 81.95%) BE were obtained from waste paper (100%). Moreover, the highest (3.88 ± 0.32 cm) mean stalk length was obtained from waste paper (50%) supplemented with corn stalk (50%). This study revealed that waste paper supplemented with corn stalk and wheat bran resulted in high BE and total yield. Thus, utilization of waste paper appears to be a promising alternative for the cultivation of oyster mushroom when supplemented with other substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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17. Strengthening paper health register systems: strategies from case studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, South Africa and Uganda.
- Author
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Westley EW, Greene SA, Tarr GA, Ryman TK, Gilbert SS, and Hawes SE
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- Ethiopia, Ghana, Humans, Organizational Case Studies, South Africa, Uganda, Health Information Systems organization & administration, Paper, Registries
- Published
- 2016
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18. Implementing Educational Policies in Ethiopia. World Bank Discussion Papers No. 84. Africa Technical Department Series.
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Kiros, Fassil R.
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This study provides an historical account and critical appraisal of the educational policies in Ethiopia since 1941. Chapters include: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "Postwar Reconstruction and the Formation of an Educational System 1941-51"; (3) "Toward the Planned Development of Education 1951-61"; (4) "A New Challenge of Educational Development 1961-73"; and (5) "Towards a Socialist System of Education." Difficulties encountered in assessing educational achievement are examined as the country struggles with development issues that relate to the place of education in the scheme of national policy-making and socioeconomic change. Extensive statistical data are presented to explicate the study. Suggested strategies address the identified shortcomings of the problem of the"educated-unemployed" sector where economic expansion has not kept pace with educational expansion. Involvement of the educational sector in policy design, planning, and implementation is suggested as one possible solution. (EH)
- Published
- 1990
19. Paper Soldiers on the March: Colonial Toys for Imperial Play.
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Garvin, Diana
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TOYS , *DEPLOYMENT (Military strategy) , *FASCISM , *WAR games , *ITALIANS - Abstract
Under the Fascist regime, young Italians amused themselves by practicing the war games of adulthood. Paper soldiers marched across board games set in the newly established empire of Italian East Africa. To reveal how these vicious lessons worked, this article examines three types of toys. It starts with the design and deployment of paper soldiers: Italian Alpinisti, Eritrean Ascari, and Somali Dubat. Next, a playbook for The Conquest of Abyssinia boardgame provides a guide to military conquest. Finally, I examine where these toys come from, revealing the financial structures that underpinned colonial propaganda for Fascist government projects. Ultimately, toys wrote scripts for adult violence in the colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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20. Paper 1: Demand-driven rapid reviews for health policy and systems decision-making: lessons from Lebanon, Ethiopia, and South Africa on researchers and policymakers' experiences.
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Mijumbi-Deve RM, Kawooya I, Kayongo E, Izizinga R, Mamuye H, Amog K, and Langlois EV
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- Ethiopia, Humans, Lebanon, South Africa, Health Policy, Policy Making
- Abstract
Background: Rapid reviews have emerged as an approach to provide contextualized evidence in a timely and efficient manner. Three rapid review centers were established in Ethiopia, Lebanon, and South Africa through the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, to stimulate demand, engage policymakers, and produce rapid reviews to support health policy and systems decision-making. This study aimed to assess the experiences of researchers and policymakers engaged in producing and using rapid reviews for health systems strengthening and decisions towards universal health coverage (UHC)., Methods: Using a case study approach with qualitative research methods, experienced researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with respondents from each center (n = 16). The topics covered included the process and experience of establishing the centers, stimulating demand for rapid reviews, collaborating between researchers and policymakers, and disseminating and using rapid reviews for health policies and interventions and the potential for sustaining and institutionalizing the services. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis., Results: Major themes interacted and contributed to shape the experiences of stakeholders of the rapid review centers, including the following: organizational structural arrangements of the centers, management of their processes as input factors, and the rapid reviews as the immediate policy-relevant outputs. The engagement process and the rapid review products contributed to a final theme of impact of the rapid review centers in relation to the uptake of evidence for policy and systems decision-making., Conclusions: The experiences of policymakers and researchers of the rapid review centers determined the uptake of evidence. The findings of this study can inform policymakers, health system managers, and researchers on best practices for demanding, developing and using rapid reviews to support decision- and policymaking, and implementing the universal healthcare coverage agenda., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
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21. Innovation Funds for Higher Education: A Users' Guide for World Bank Funded Projects. Education Working Paper Series. Number 1
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Saint, William
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The Education Working Paper Series is produced by the Education Unit at the World Bank (HDNED). It provides an avenue for World Bank staff to publish and disseminate preliminary education findings to encourage discussion and exchange ideas within the World Bank and among the broader development community. This Guide seeks to help those who design and manage innovation funds to do a better job. It strives to capture practical lessons and good practice associated with half a dozen World Bank financed innovation funds for higher education in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Staff who manage these innovation funds were brought together for this purpose in a workshop organized by the World Bank and hosted by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Mozambique in October 2005. For readers interested in more extensive exploration of worldwide experience with innovation funds, a list of additional references is provided at the end of this publication. Attached are: (1) World Bank Funded Higher Education Projects Containing Innovation Funds; and (2) Broad Impact Indicators for Innovation Funds. (Contains 5 tables.) [This publication was produced in conjunction with the World Bank's Africa Region Human Development Department (AFTHD) as part of the Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series (Number 107).]
- Published
- 2005
22. Handling Hierarchy in Decentralized Settings: Governance Underpinnings of School Performance in Tikur Inchini, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region. Africa Region Working Paper Series.
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World Bank, Washington, DC., Girishankar, Navin, Alemayehu, Abebaw, and Ahmad, Yusuf
- Abstract
This paper provides a survey-based analysis of the governance of school performance in Tikur Inchina, a "woreda" (a sub-national unit of government) in Ethiopia's Oronia Region. A World Bank team piloted the "assessing constraints" survey tool to collect quantitative and perception data on the governance underpinnings of primary schooling. The pilot also identified options for institutional reform that would be feasible and credible in the eyes of woreda administrators, community representatives, and school officials. The reality in Tikur's educational system was one of almost exclusive reliance on topdown or hierarchical controls during allocation and implementation. The use of hierarchy produced mixed results. Systematic interventions by higher levels of government prevented woreda and school officials from making legitimate allocative choices. This overly centralized approach also generated budgetary uncertainty and various operational inefficiencies. In meeting these constraints, school and woreda officials responded in ways that could be instructive in future attempts to deepen democratic decentralization. Schools and communities demanded and demonstrated greater openness and accountability in key areas. The paper concludes that Tikkur's schools and woreda institutions are well positioned to exercise greater autonomy in allocating and managing resources because of their demonstrated capacity to monitor budgets, manage personnel, and undertake monitoring and evaluation. Includes 7 notes, 1 figure, 9 charts, and 1 information box. Extensive data are annexed. (BT)
- Published
- 2001
23. Out-of-School Youth in Developing Countries: What the Data Do (and Do Not) Tell Us. Policy Study and Issue Paper Series
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Education Development Center, Inc., Educational Quality Improvement Program 3 (EQUIP3), Fawcett, Caroline, Hartwell, Ash, and Israel, Ron
- Abstract
This report offers the first systematic analysis of out-of-school youth populations. In so doing, it estimates the youth bulge worldwide and measures key characteristics of out-of-school youth for sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. In addition, as examples of how existing data can be used for analysis at the national and subnational levels, the report constructs country statistical profiles for out-of-school youth in Kenya and Ethiopia. These profiles examine indicators related to four sectoral dimensions of out-of-school status: education, employment, livelihood, and health. The analysis pays particular attention to age, gender, and urban versus rural status--all key factors that shape the lives of out-of-school youth. In addition, the study distinguishes patterns between and within countries, challenging the conventional wisdom that youth populations are a monolithic cohort. Understanding the differences as well as the similarities of youth is essential for effective youth policy and programming. This report uses existing data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). This report is divided into five sections. Section 1 is this introduction and summary. Section 2 provides an overview of youth populations worldwide. Section 3 analyzes out-of-school youth populations in 25 SSA countries according to the main education, age, and gender differences among youth in those countries. Section 4 constructs a more detailed profile of youth in specific countries, using Ethiopia and Kenya as examples. It analyzes what is known about the relationship between education, employment, health, and socioeconomic status among youth at national and subnational levels. Section 5 explores the next steps for research on out-of-school youth based on the main findings of the report. Appended are: (1) Methodology; (2) Statistical Data; (3) Regional Profiles of Out-of-School Youth: Benin and Burkina Faso; (4) Country Profiles for Ethiopia and Kenya; and (5) Objectives of Proposed Youth Survey Research Tool. A bibliography is included. (Contains 19 figures and 25 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2010
24. Child Growth, Shocks, and Food Aid in Rural Ethiopia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC., Yamano, Takashi, Alderman, Harold, and Christiaensen, Luc
- Abstract
Children that grow slowly experience poorer psychomotor development and tend to have delayed school enrollment and lower scores on cognitive tests. Rural households in developing countries often are unable to protect their consumption against temporary income shocks, such as droughts. Such income shocks have been shown to have negative effects on child growth. A common intervention to alleviate these effects is international food aid, but there has been limited research on the effect of food aid on child growth. Over the past decades, Ethiopia has experienced several droughts, but has also received massive amounts of food aid. Controlling for program placement, analysis of nationally representative household surveys from 1995-96 found that children aged 6-24 months experienced about 0.9 centimeter less growth over a 6-month period in communities where half the crop area was damaged, compared to those without crop damage. Food aid had a substantial effect on growth in this age group. Moreover, the total amount of food aid appeared to be sufficient to protect children against crop damage, an encouraging sign that food aid can act as an effective insurance mechanism, although its cost effectiveness needs further investigation. (Contains 34 references) (Author/SV)
- Published
- 2003
25. Women, Work and the Need for Child Care. Opportunities for Programmatic Collaboration: A Review of UNICEF-Supported Programmes in Nepal, Ecuador, and Ethiopia. Staff Working Papers, Number 10.
- Author
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United Nations Children's Fund, New York, NY., Landers, Cassie, and Leonard, Ann
- Abstract
This document examines programs in Nepal, Ecuador, and Ethiopia that address the many needs of working women in regard to providing high quality care for their children. The description of each program includes: (1) an account of the identification of the child care need; (2) program planning and implementation; (3) training of staff; (4) effects on women, children, and the community; and (5) implications for the future. Program Entry Point, which was developed by UNICEF and a ministry of the Nepalese government, includes a home-based program in which mothers look after children of 1 to 3 years on a rotating basis. Approximately 82 child care centers serve some 1,900 children scattered through Nepal's 75 districts. The activities include parent education and a program in which older children look after younger children. The components of the Project of Basic Services of Guayaquil, Ecuador include the Preschool Child Care Program and the Women's Promotion Program, which assists women through the provision of information, training, expansion of the women's productive roles, and relief of domestic burdens. Programs sponsored by the Melka Oba and Yetnora farmers' cooperatives in Ethiopia provide child care and other services to local women. A list of 36 references is included. (BC)
- Published
- 1992
26. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.
- Author
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Girma G, Ketema T, and Bacha K
- Subjects
- Bacillus growth & development, Bacterial Load, Enterobacteriaceae growth & development, Ethiopia, Food Microbiology, Hand Hygiene, Humans, Micrococcus growth & development, Paper, Staphylococcus growth & development, Streptococcus growth & development, Commerce, Food Contamination statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Paper currency is used for every type of commerce and plays an important role in the life of human beings. However, the combination of its widespread use and constant exchange make paper currency a likely agent for disease transmission. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial load and safety of Ethiopian paper currencies collected from some food vendors in Jimma town., Methods: Standard microbiological methods were used for the enumeration of various microbial groups, isolation and characterization of pathogenic bacteria and their growth potential in selected weaning foods. A total of 100 samples of Ethiopian paper currencies, consisting of five denominations, from street food venders, hotels and cafeterias in Jimma town were collected aseptically. Sterile cotton swabs moistened with buffered peptone water solution were used for swabbing and the swabs were separately soaked into 10 ml sterile buffered peptone water solution., Results: Mean microbial counts of Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Aerobic bacterial spores were (log CFU/cm2) 6.32, 4.43, 3.14, 2.98 and 3.78, respectively. However, mean counts of Yeasts and Moulds were below detectable levels. There was statistically significant variation (p<0.05) among the mean counts of microbes isolated from samples of paper currencies. The predominantly isolated microbial groups were Staphylococcus spp. (34.06%) followed by Bacillus spp. (31.88%), Enterobacteraceae (13.39%), Micrococcus spp. (9.55%) and Streptococcus spp. (9.03%). Overall, 25% and 10% of the samples were positive for S. aureus and Salmonella spp, respectively. In challenge study, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus reached the infective dose within 12 to 18 hours of inoculation., Conclusion: Thus, paper currencies could be considered as one of the possible vehicles for transmission of disease causing microorganisms. Poor handling practices and personal hygiene of the food vendors could contribute to the observed microbial counts. Thus, it calls for awareness development on the potential risks associated with poor handling of paper currencies at all level of the food establishments.
- Published
- 2014
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27. Tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia: A review paper.
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Abdu, Esmael and Adem, Mohammd
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TAXPAYER compliance ,TAX revenue estimating ,TAX auditing ,POLITICAL stability ,TAX laws ,TAX collection - Abstract
This review paper attempted to assess the tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia. The objectives were specifically to identify determinants and challenges of tax compliance behavior of taxpayers in Ethiopia. Taxes are the most important sources of the government that make it possible to finance infrastructure, investment, and the provision of services for citizens. Tax compliance involves being aware and complying with tax laws and regulations set by the government and tax authorities. Tax non-compliance is an unwillingness in obeying tax laws and regulations. Tax non-compliance has been a challenge to the government and tax authorities in collecting as much tax as required for the nation. Failure to comply with tax prevents adequate revenue collection of the state. The major challenges of tax compliance in Ethiopia are the complexity of the tax system, inefficiency of tax authorities, lack of tax knowledge and awareness, negative perception of taxpayers, a negative act of tax assessors, absence of tax training, lack of transparency of tax system, arbitrary estimation of taxes, personal financial constraints, political instability and lack of timely tax audit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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28. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown Using Paper Mill Wastewater in Wonji Gefersa, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Eliku, Temesgen and Leta, Seyoum
- Subjects
HEAVY metal toxicology ,VEGETABLE farming ,SEWAGE ,PAPER mill waste ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Heavy metals are among the major contaminants of vegetables. A study was conducted at Wonji Gefersa farms where paper wastewater is used for cultivation of vegetable crops. Four vegetable samples, namely Swiss chard, carrot, tomato, green pepper, as well as paper wastewater were examined for heavy metal [Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr) and Cobalt (Co)] contamination using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The levels of Pb, Cd and Cr in paper wastewater were all above the safe limit for FAO standards for wastewater quality for irrigation. The concentration of Pb in Swiss chard and Green peeper was exceeded the permissible limits. The study reveals that Pb metal contamination in the study area which poses health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies to address this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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29. Effect of Environmental Stressors on the Distribution and Abundance of Macroinvertebrates in Upper Awash River at Chilimo Forest, West Shewa, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Dabessa, Misgana, Lakew, Aschalew, Devi, Prabha, and Teressa, Hirpasa
- Subjects
- *
ANIMAL diversity , *PAPER mill waste , *INVERTEBRATES , *ENVIRONMENTAL indicators , *OXYGEN in water , *AQUATIC invertebrates , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection - Abstract
Ethiopia is experiencing deterioration in river quality resulting in adverse effects on human health and hydrobionts. This study aimed to analyse the effects of specific environmental stressors on the distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates in the Upper Awash River. The study was conducted from January 2018 to March 2018. Macroinvertebrates were collected from five sites using standard handheld nets. Physicochemical parameters including electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorous, nitrate-nitrogen, pH, dissolved oxygen and water temperature that can affect the distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates were assessed. A total of 14,465 individuals belonging to 33 families of insects and 5 families of the noninsect group were identified. Among all recorded taxa, Diptera was the most abundant and diversified order. Macroinvertebrates among the five sites showed variation in species evenness, richness, and Shannon Diversity Index. Values obtained from biotic indices and environmental parameters indicated the presence of organic pollution at different levels. The impacted downstream site paper mill waste (Walgata) had the relatively highest H-FBI index followed by Osole (more agricultural activities) indicating that Walgata and Osole were poorer in benthic faunal diversity than other sites. In addition, as habitat and water quality degradation increased, the number and percentage of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) decreased. The selected metrics will be also useful for the monitoring and assessment of the riverine systems and to access the impact of different stressors. As perturbation increased, species diversity, ETHbios index, Average Score Per Taxon, and family richness decreased, while the percentage of Chironomidae, Diptera, Dominant Taxa, and Hilsenhoff Family-Level Biotic Index increased indicating that tolerant species become abundant in degraded river bodies. Environmental protection agencies of governmental and nongovernmental organizations should make awareness for the local people so that they reduce activities that affect the river. Paper factory should also monitor its effluent from directly discharging into the Upper Awash River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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30. Evaluation of Electronic and Paper-Pen Data Capturing Tools for Data Quality in a Public Health Survey in a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Ethiopia: Randomized Controlled Crossover Health Care Information Technology Evaluation.
- Author
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Zeleke AA, Worku AG, Demissie A, Otto-Sobotka F, Wilken M, Lipprandt M, Tilahun B, and Röhrig R
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Over Studies, Data Accuracy, Data Collection methods, Ethiopia, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Technology Assessment, Biomedical methods, Data Collection instrumentation, Data Collection standards
- Abstract
Background: Periodic demographic health surveillance and surveys are the main sources of health information in developing countries. Conducting a survey requires extensive use of paper-pen and manual work and lengthy processes to generate the required information. Despite the rise of popularity in using electronic data collection systems to alleviate the problems, sufficient evidence is not available to support the use of electronic data capture (EDC) tools in interviewer-administered data collection processes., Objective: This study aimed to compare data quality parameters in the data collected using mobile electronic and standard paper-based data capture tools in one of the health and demographic surveillance sites in northwest Ethiopia., Methods: A randomized controlled crossover health care information technology evaluation was conducted from May 10, 2016, to June 3, 2016, in a demographic and surveillance site. A total of 12 interviewers, as 2 individuals (one of them with a tablet computer and the other with a paper-based questionnaire) in 6 groups were assigned in the 6 towns of the surveillance premises. Data collectors switched the data collection method based on computer-generated random order. Data were cleaned using a MySQL program and transferred to SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0) and R statistical software (R version 3.4.3, the R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform) for analysis. Descriptive and mixed ordinal logistic analyses were employed. The qualitative interview audio record from the system users was transcribed, coded, categorized, and linked to the International Organization for Standardization 9241-part 10 dialogue principles for system usability. The usability of this open data kit-based system was assessed using quantitative System Usability Scale (SUS) and matching of qualitative data with the isometric dialogue principles., Results: From the submitted 1246 complete records of questionnaires in each tool, 41.89% (522/1246) of the paper and pen data capture (PPDC) and 30.89% (385/1246) of the EDC tool questionnaires had one or more types of data quality errors. The overall error rates were 1.67% and 0.60% for PPDC and EDC, respectively. The chances of more errors on the PPDC tool were multiplied by 1.015 for each additional question in the interview compared with EDC. The SUS score of the data collectors was 85.6. In the qualitative data response mapping, EDC had more positive suitability of task responses with few error tolerance characteristics., Conclusions: EDC possessed significantly better data quality and efficiency compared with PPDC, explained with fewer errors, instant data submission, and easy handling. The EDC proved to be a usable data collection tool in the rural study setting. Implementation organization needs to consider consistent power source, decent internet connection, standby technical support, and security assurance for the mobile device users for planning full-fledged implementation and integration of the system in the surveillance site., (©Atinkut Alamirrew Zeleke, Abebaw Gebeyehu Worku, Adina Demissie, Fabian Otto-Sobotka, Marc Wilken, Myriam Lipprandt, Binyam Tilahun, Rainer Röhrig. Originally published in JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 11.02.2019.)
- Published
- 2019
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31. Inequalities in Educational Development: Papers Presented at an IIEP Seminar.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). International Inst. for Educational Planning.
- Abstract
Based on the realization that the rapid worldwide growth of educational systems over the last two decades has not produced the expected eradication of social inequality, an international seminar was held for educational policy-makers, planners from developing countries, research workers in the area, and representatives of aid agencies from 33 countries. Three principal topics were examined: the diagnosis of inequalities in education and possible future objectives in the area; strategies for the reduction of inequalities; and education and inequalities in the labor market. The perspective of the developing countries was emphasized throughout. This volume contains 20 papers presented at the conference. Educational inequality, educational expansion, and employment inequalities are examined in several areas: Yemen, Upper Volta, People's Republic of Benin, Ethiopia, Zanzibar, East Java, Cuba, Guatemala, Thailand, Vietnam, and Iran. Other papers examine the question from a more global or general perspective. This volume is a companion to another publication containing a report of the seminar, a synthesis of the discussions that took place, and a selection of five papers presented. (JM)
- Published
- 1982
32. A Model for S&T Information Provision to Small R&D Systems in Developing Countries with Case Studies in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Stockholm Papers in Library and Information Science.
- Author
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Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm (Sweden). Library., Winkel, Annette, and Schwarz, Stephan
- Abstract
By carefully considering the special characteristics of two small African scientific and technical (S&T) information systems for research and development (R&D), this report defines a simple and straightforward model which can be easily implemented in similar situations with a minimum of external support. The model is designed to build up a local (I&D) competency and to broaden the interface between local R&D activities in Africa and international advances. Following an introduction, the report is divided into five sections: (1) General Problems of Information Provision in Small Systems; (2) The User Community for Science and Technology Information; (3) Science and Technology Information Provision: Present Sources and Organization; (4) Proposals for Strengthening Scientific and Technical Information Provision; and (5) Strategic Issues. A four-item bibliography is included. (THC)
- Published
- 1984
33. Background Study and Proposals for Development of Information Provision in Science and Technology in Ethiopia. Stockholm Papers in Library and Information Science.
- Author
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Royal Inst. of Tech., Stockholm (Sweden). Library., Schwarz, Stephan, and Winkel, Annette
- Abstract
Provision of information for research and development in science and technology in Ethiopia was studied by 50 participants in a seminar on evaluation and analysis of a national information policy and plan. Policy makers and planners, users, producers and suppliers of information, information specialists, and representatives of Unesco (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and SAREC (Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries), worked together to: assess the size and structure of the user community for scientific and technical literature on the postsecondary education and research and development level; review the present system for information provision in science and technology at this level; and propose measures for improvement of this information provision. Following a general discussion of these objectives and an examination of the Addis Ababa University system of information provision, a number of suggestions are presented which include: organizational rationalizations; the potential use of microcomputers for certain operations; facilities and agreements for more effective sharing of locally available resources; development of a National Science and Technology Information and Documentation Center at ESTC (Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission); a bilateral cooperation program for computerized information retrieval and back-up of photocopies for documents not locally available; and a component of literature provision for undergraduate studies in science and technology. (THC)
- Published
- 1984
34. What Are National Languages Good for? Papers presented at a Workshop of the Linguistics Society of America Institute (Washington, DC, July 17, 1985).
- Author
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Linguistic Society of America, Washington, DC. and Coulmas, Florian
- Abstract
Papers from a workshop on the role and development of national languages include: "What Is a National Language Good for?" (Florian Coulmas); "To the Language Born: Thoughts on the Problem of National and International Languages" (Jacob Mey); "Swahili as a National Language in East Africa" (Marilyn Merritt, Mohamed Abdulaziz); "Implementing Morocco's Arabization Policy: Two Problems of Classification" (Beverley Seckinger); "Modern Hebrew as a National Language" (Robert L. Cooper); "The Emergence of the National Language in Ethiopia: An Historical Perspective" (Mulugeta Seyoum); "Malay in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore: Three Faces of a National Language" (Peter Lowenberg); and "What National Languages Are Good for" (Ralph Fasold). (MSE)
- Published
- 1985
35. Resistance of Opuntia ficus-indica cv 'Rojo Pelon' to Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) under greenhouse condition.
- Author
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Kahsay Berhe, Yemane, Portillo, Liberato, and Lilia Vigueras, Ana
- Subjects
OPUNTIA ficus-indica ,HEMIPTERA ,LIFE cycles (Biology) ,GREENHOUSES ,NYMPHS (Insects) ,PAPER bags ,SOCIAL problems - Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.), is called "beles" in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, where it is used for multiple purposes, such as food, fodder, and fences; however, in recent years the introduction of the cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) to this region has caused it to become a plague that has affected thousands of hectares, causing an economic and social problem. Six cultivars: three from Opuntia ficus-indica ('Atlixco', 'Chicomostoc', and 'Rojo Pelón') and three others O. cochenillifera ('Nopalea' and 'Bioplástico') and O. robusta ('Robusta') were tested for resistance to D. coccus in completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with six replications under greenhouse conditions, for two seasons (cycles). Matured cladodes were infested by attaching a paper bag with ten ovipositing female D. coccus. The number of insects at different stages and yields were recorded, log transformed (insect count data), and subjected to statistical analysis. The number of nymphs (stages I and II) was significantly different in both cycles (P=0.0000). The insects died at the nymph I stage at 'Rojo Pelón' and 'Robusta', in contrast, they completed their life cycle at 'Atlixco', 'Chicomostoc', and 'Nopalea' cultivars. Insects at 'Bioplástico' cultivar remained in the nymph I stage the whole experimental period; the molting was hampered. Although some crawlers started settling (nymph I) at 'Rojo Pelón', they couldn't survive and developed, and this confirms that this O. ficus-indica cultivar is resistant to D. coccus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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36. Evaluation of conventional and four real-time PCR methods for the detection of Leishmania on field-collected samples in Ethiopia.
- Author
-
Merdekios, Behailu, Pareyn, Myrthe, Tadesse, Dagimawie, Eligo, Nigatu, Kassa, Mekibib, Jacobs, Bart K. M., Leirs, Herwig, Van Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre, van Griensven, Johan, Caljon, Guy, and Cnops, Lieselotte
- Subjects
LEISHMANIA mexicana ,CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis ,LEISHMANIA ,FILTER paper ,HEALTH facilities ,RNA - Abstract
In most low-resource settings, microscopy still is the standard method for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis, despite its limited sensitivity. In Ethiopia, the more sensitive molecular methods are not yet routinely used. This study compared five PCR methods with microscopy on two sample types collected from patients with a suspected lesion to advise on optimal diagnosis of Leishmania aethiopica. Between May and July 2018, skin scrapings (SS) and blood exudate from the lesion spotted on filter paper (dry blood spot, DBS) were collected for PCR from 111 patients of four zones in Southern Ethiopia. DNA and RNA were simultaneously extracted from both sample types. DNA was evaluated by a conventional PCR targeting ITS-1 and three probe-based real-time PCRs: one targeting the SSU 18S rRNA and two targeting the kDNA minicircle sequence (the 'Mary kDNA PCR' and a newly designed 'LC kDNA PCR' for improved L. aethiopica detection). RNAs were tested with a SYBR Green-based RT-PCR targeting spliced leader (SL) RNA. Giemsa-stained SS smears were examined by microscopy. Of the 111 SS, 100 were positive with at least two methods. Sensitivity of microscopy, ITS PCR, SSU PCR, Mary kDNA PCR, LC kDNA PCR and SL RNA PCR were respectively 52%, 22%, 64%, 99%, 100% and 94%. Microscopy-based parasite load correlated well with real-time PCR Ct-values. Despite suboptimal sample storage for RNA detection, the SL RNA PCR resulted in congruent results with low Ct-values. DBS collected from the same lesion showed lower PCR positivity rates compared to SS. The kDNA PCRs showed excellent performance for diagnosis of L. aethiopica on SS. Lower-cost SL RNA detection can be a complementary high-throughput tool. DBS can be used for PCR in case microscopy is negative, the SS sample can be sent to the referral health facility where kDNA PCR method is available. Author summary: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease and causing a public health problem in Ethiopia. Microscopy is still the standard method for detection of the parasite in Ethiopia, and also in many other low resource settings. A more sensitive method is needed for timely diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we compared five molecular methods on samples collected from patients with a skin lesion suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis to advice on optimal diagnosis of L. aethiopica. We collected two sample types from the same lesion (skin scrapings and lesion fluid on filter paper) and isolated both DNA and RNA of them. Majority (90.1%) of the samples from skin scrapings were positive in two or more methods and the molecular methods had a higher sensitivity than the conventional methods. Interestingly, we evaluated for the first time a new molecular method designed to improve L. aethiopica detection. Also, we showed that RNA detection performed well for samples that were collected under difficult field conditions. Samples collected on filter paper showed less positive results than skin scraped samples, but could still be the method of choice for easy sampling and transport in resource-limited settings as it performed better than microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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37. Inquiry-Based Learning in Science Education: A Content Analysis of Research Papers in Ethiopia (2010–2021).
- Author
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Berie, Zeleke, Damtie, Destaw, and Bogale, Yenus Nurie
- Subjects
INQUIRY-based learning ,SCIENCE education ,CONTENT analysis ,EDUCATION research ,PRIMARY education - Abstract
The development of learning theories, present societal needs, and the positive empirical findings in the relevant literature support the thesis that inquiry-based learning (IBL) is promising for teaching and learning, which deserves further development. Few studies have been conducted on content analysis of IBL in science education at the international level. However, the overall trends of IBL in science education research trends in Ethiopia are not well known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nature and status of inquiry-based learning research in Ethiopia by employing a quantitative method. A total of 23 studies, including 14 theses, eight articles, and one dissertation were analyzed in terms of the methodological approaches used and the subjects studied. The most frequently investigated IBL science areas were biology (43.5%) and chemistry (34.75%). Guided inquiry (69.6%) (5E model = 65.2% and 7E model = 4.4%) studies were the most frequently investigated inquiry types. Teaching (47.8%) and learning (43.5%) were the most frequently focused subject matters of the studies reviewed, while cognitive elements (58.6%) were the most frequently used research elements in IBL studies, and quantitative studies with predominantly quasi-experimental methods (60.9%) were widely employed. The findings of this study indicated that IBL was found to be a new research area in Ethiopia where it has been practiced in science education at the primary level. This study is considered useful to develop an understanding of the nature and status of IBL research in Ethiopia and provide information on what could be done about IBL in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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38. Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Ethiopian Paper Currency Notes in Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia.
- Author
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Sivalingam, Krishna Moorthy and Dola, Dawit Leja
- Subjects
ANTIBIOTICS ,PATHOGENIC microorganisms ,PATHOGENIC bacteria ,HARD currencies ,ETHIOPIANS - Abstract
The present study was conducted to isolate pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance pattern from Ethiopian paper currency notes in Wolaita Sodo town. A total of 240 Ethiopian paper currency notes samples in different denominations were collected from four different sources such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotels. All the samples were processed to isolate bacterial pathogens using standard techniques and identified by different biochemical tests. Further all identified isolates were used to know the sensitivity/resistant patterns by Bauer-Kirby method based on the zone formation. Out of 240 paper currency notes samples, 120 were showed positive with four different genus such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp. and Salmonella sp. Among these four different genera, S. aureus were highly prevalent (20.8%) followed by E. coli (14.58%), Shigella sp. (10.81%), and Salmonella sp. (3.74%). From the selected four different sources of currency notes such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel, currency notes collected from market area showed the highest rate of contamination followed by taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel. S.s aureus, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella sp. showed resistivity varied from 70-100% against all the antibiotics. Tobramycin showed 20% effective against S. aureus, 11.5% effective against Shigella spp. and 33% effective against Salmonella spp. while E. coli showed 14% sensitivity against Metronidazole antibiotics. Therefore, the present study concludes that the Ethiopian Paper currency notes contaminated with bacterial pathogens and play significant role in the transmission of human pathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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39. Rethinking accountability in developing countries: an institutional pillars perspective.
- Author
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Negash, Minga and Hassan, Seid
- Subjects
PUBLIC goods ,DEVELOPING countries ,GOVERNMENT accountability ,SOCIAL responsibility of business ,RESEARCH questions ,PUBLIC administration - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to fill gap in the literature and explore policy options for resolving the problems of accountability by framing three research questions. The research questions are (i) whether certain elements of Scott's (2014) institutional pillars attenuate (accentuate) corporate and public accountability; (ii) whether the presence of ruling party-affiliated enterprises (RPAEs) create an increase (decrease) in the degree of corporate (public) accountability; and (iii) whether there is a particular form of ownership change that transforms RPAEs into public investment companies. Design/methodology/approach: Using a qualitative research methodology that involves term frequency and thematic analysis of publicly available textual information, the paper examines Mechkova et al.'s (2019 forms of government accountability. The paper analyzes the gaps between the de jure and de facto accountability using the institutional pillars framework. Findings: The findings of the paper are three. First, there are gaps between de jure and de facto in all three (vertical, horizontal and diagonal) forms of government (public) accountability. Second, the study finds that more than three fourth of the parties that contested the June 2021 election did have regional focus. They did not advocate for accountability. Third, Ethiopia's RPAEs are unique. They have regional focus and are characterized by severe forms of agency and information asymmetry problems. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of the paper is its exploratory nature. Extending this research by using cross-country data could provide a more complete picture of the link between corporate (public) accountability and a country's institutional pillars. Practical implications: Academic research documents that instilling modern corporate (public) governance standards in the Sub Sahara Africa (SSA) region has shown mixed results. The analysis made in this paper is likely to inform researchers and policymakers about the type of change that leads to better corporate (and public) accountability outcomes. Social implications: The institutional change proposed in the paper is likely to advance the public interest by mitigating agency and information asymmetry problems and enhancing government accountability. The changes make the enterprises investable, save scarce jobs, enhance diversity and put the assets in RPAEs to better use. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that uses the institutional pillars analytical framework to examine an SSA country's corporate (public) accountability problem. It demonstrates that accountability is a domestic and a (novel) traveling theory. The paper identifies the complexity of resolving the interlock between political institutions and business enterprises. It theorizes that it is impossible to instill modern corporate (public) accountability standards without changing regulatory, normative and cultural cognitive pillars of institutions. The paper contributes to the change management and public interest literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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40. A REVIEW PAPER ON SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURAL COMMERCIALIZATION AND PARTICIPATION IN ETHIOPIA.
- Author
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Gobie, Wubalem and Wosene, Gizachew
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL technology ,COMMERCIALIZATION ,FARMS ,FARM size ,SUBSISTENCE farming ,PARTICIPATION - Abstract
The smallholder agricultural commercialization and market participation is a key precondition for the transformation of agriculture sector from subsistence to commercial production. However, the contribution of smallholder agricultural commercialization and participation remains low. As a result, this paper aimed to discover the conceptual understanding, the role of smallholder agricultural commercialization and participation, its determinants and to identify the initiative mechanisms to enhance it. In Ethiopia the average landholding size of smallholder farm is 1.18 hectares per farm household which meets the conventional meaning of smallholder farms (less than 2 ha). Ethiopian smallholders agricultural plow over 96% of the full agricultural land, although average smallholder cultivates less than one hectare, and consumes greater than 65% of total. In addition, despite all these efforts, commercialization of smallholder farmers' products is still at a low level. The low-level smallholder agricultural commercialization which in turn low level of value addition as a result -low level of total marketed supply forces the country to import different crops and livestocks. Accordingly, this review identified the major determinants of smallholder agricultural commercialization were technology adoptions, markets and their integration, asset holdings and policy aspects. Therefore, an initiative mechanism to enhance smallholder agricultural commercialization and participation in Ethiopia is an imperative strategy which includes, providing better access to agricultural technologies; encouraging farmers' cooperatives and establishing agro-industry parks. Therefore, this review paper recommends interventions geared towards improving smallholder farmers' organization, producers' association and ensuring appreciable reduction in transaction costs and also farmers' access to productive assets and technologies which is capable of stimulating profitable smallholders' market participation and as a result deemed important to transform subsistence to commercialization agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
41. Global partnerships on paper and in practice: Critical observations from inside a Global Challenge Research Fund capacity‐development project.
- Author
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Axelby, Richard, Worku‐Dix, Bethel, and Crewe, Emma
- Subjects
CAPACITY building ,DEVELOPING countries ,RESEARCH funding ,COALITIONS ,RECONCILIATION - Abstract
This article describes the bureaucratic processes required to establish and manage a single international capacity‐development project that brought together a funding council (AHRC), UK University (SOAS University of London) and universities and other research organisations in Myanmar and Ethiopia. Drawing from ethnographic critiques of the planning and audit practices employed in international development and in the UK University sector, we track the formal certification of partnership as enacted through due diligence and contracts, budgets and timeframes, and reconciliations and reporting. These practices point to pervasive assumptions about capacity transfer and the unequal basis of international research coalitions spanning the Global North and Global South. In this article, we challenge these assumptions by documenting how the allocation of capacity is constrained in hierarchies of time and space. For equitable partnership arrangements to be achieved, we recommend that capacity development be considered a long‐term exchange that flows from mutual reflection and learning from one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Proceedings of the International Conference e-Learning 2014. Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal, July 15-19, 2014)
- Author
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International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS), Baptista Nunes, Miguel, and McPherson, Maggie
- Abstract
These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2014, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal July 15-19, 2014). The e-Learning 2014 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covered technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning under seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Moving Higher Education Forward in the Digital Age: Realising a Digital Strategy," by Neil Morris, Professor of Educational Technology, Innovation and Change and Director of Digital Learning, University of Leeds, UK. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Culture, Gender and Technology-Enhanced Learning: Female and Male Students' Perceptions Across Three Continents, Thomas Richter and Asta Zelenkauskaite; (2) IPads In Learning: The Web of Change Bente Meyer; (3) A Blended Approach to Canadian First Nations Education, Martin Sacher, Mavis Sacher and Norman Vaughan; (4) A Storytelling Learning Model For Legal Education, Nicola Capuano, Carmen De Maio, Angelo Gaeta, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, Saverio Salerno and Eleonora Fratesi; (5) Acceptance and Success Factors for M-Learning of ERP Systems Curricula, Brenda Scholtz and Mando Kapeso; (6) Self-Regulation Competence in Music Education, Luca Andrea Ludovico and Giuseppina Rita Mangione; (7) Time-Decayed User Profile for Second Language Vocabulary Learning System, Li Li and Xiao Wei; (8) E-Learning Trends and Hypes in Academic Teaching: Methodology and Findings of a Trend Study, Helge Fischer, Linda Heise, Matthias Heinz, Kathrin Moebius and Thomas Koehler; (9) Proof of Economic Viability of Blended Learning Business Models, Carsten Druhmann and Gregor Hohenberg; (10) Does Satellite Television Program Satisfy Ethiopian Secondary School Students? Sung-Wan Kim and Gebeyehu Bogale; (11) Organisation and Management of a Complete Bachelor Degree Offered Online at the University of Milan for Ten Years, Manuela Milani, Sabrina Papini, Daniela Scaccia and Nello Scarabottolo; (12) Structural Relationships between Variables of Elementary School Students' Intention of Accepting Digital Textbooks, Young Ju Joo, Sunyoung Joung, Se-Bin Choi, Eugene Lim and Kyung Yi Go; (13) Dynamic Fuzzy Logic-Based Quality of Interaction within Blended-Learning: The Rare and Contemporary Dance Cases, Sofia B. Dias, José A. Diniz and Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis; (14) Do English Listening Outcome and Cognitive Load Change for Different Media Delivery Modes in U-Learning?, Chi-Cheng Chang, Hao Lei and Ju-Shih Tseng; (15) The Use of ELGG Social Networking Tool for Students' Project Peer-Review Activity, Ana Coric Samardzija and Goran Bubas; (16) Educational Multimedia Profiling Recommendations for Device-Aware Adaptive Mobile Learning, Arghir-Nicolae Moldovan, Ioana Ghergulescu and Cristina Hava Muntean; (17) Inside, Outside, Upside Down: New Directions in Online Teaching and Learning, Lena Paulo Kushnir and Kenneth C. Berry; (18) A Study on the Methods of Assessment and Strategy of Knowledge Sharing in Computer Course, Pat P. W. Chan; (19) Using Agent-Based Technologies to Enhance Learning in Educational Games, Ogar Ofut Tumenayu, Olga Shabalina, Valeriy Kamaev and Alexander Davtyan; (20) Designing a Culturally Sensitive Wiki Space for Developing Chinese Students' Media Literacy, Daria Mezentceva; (21) Shared Cognition Facilitated by Teacher Use of Interactive Whiteboard Technologies, Christine Redman and John Vincent; (22) Modeling Pedagogy for Teachers Transitioning to the Virtual Classroom, Michael J. Canuel and Beverley J. White; (23) The Effectiveness of SDMS in the Development of E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Kobus van Aswegen, Magda Huisman and Estelle Taylor; (24) Online Learning Behaviors for Radiology Interns Based on Association Rules and Clustering Technique, Hsing-Shun Chen and Chuen-He Liou; (25) The Use of SDMS in Developing E-Learning Systems in South Africa, Estelle Taylor, Kobus van Aswegen and Magda Huisman; (26) Assessment of the Use of Online Comunities to Integrate Educational Processes Development Teams: An Experience in Popular Health Education in Brazil, Elomar Castilho Barilli, Stenio de Freitas Barretto, Carla Moura Lima and Marco Antonio Menezes; (27) Stereo Orthogonal Axonometric Perspective for the Teaching of Descriptive Geometry, José Geraldo Franco Méxas, Karla Bastos Guedes and Ronaldo da Silva Tavares; (28) Delivery of E-Learning through Social Learning Networks, Georgios A. Dafoulas and Azam Shokri; (29) The Implementation of Web 2.0 Technology for Information Literacy Instruction in Thai University Libraries, Oranuch Sawetrattanasatian; (30) Designing Educational Social Machines for Effective Feedback, Matthew Yee-King, Maria Krivenski, Harry Brenton, Andreu Grimalt-Reynes and Mark d'Inverno; (31) A Support System for Error Correction Questions in Programming Education, Yoshinari Hachisu and Atsushi Yoshida; (32) A Platform for Learning Internet of Things, Zorica Bogdanovic, Konstantin Simic, Miloš Milutinovic, Božidar Radenkovic and Marijana Despotovic-Zrakic, (33) Dealing with Malfunction: Locus of Control in Web-Conferencing, Michael Klebl; (34) Copyright and Creative Commons License: Can Educators Gain Benefits in the Digital Age? (Wariya Lamlert); (35) The Curriculum Design and Development in MOOCs Environment (Fei Li, Jing Du and Bin Li); (36) Stakeholders Influence in Maltese Tourism Higher Education Curriculum Development (Simon Caruana and Lydia Lau); (37) Online Social Networks and Computer Skills of University Students (Maria Potes Barbas, Gabriel Valerio, María Del Carmen Rodríguez-Martínez, Dagoberto José Herrera-Murillo and Ana María Belmonte-Jiménez); (38) Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Assessment in Engineering Laboratory Education (Maria Samarakou, Emmanouil D. Fylladitakis, Pantelis Prentakis and Spyros Athineos); (39) An Exploration of the Attitude and Learning Effectiveness of Business College Students towards Game Based Learning (Chiung-Sui Chang, Ya-Ping Huang and Fei-Ling Chien); (40) Application of E-Learning Technologies to Study a School Subject (Nadia Herbst and Elias Oupa Mashile); (41) Possibilities of Implementation of Small Business Check-Up Methodology in Comparative Analysis of Secondary Schools and Universities in Slovakia (Katarína Štofková, Ivan Strícek and Jana Štofková); (42) Digging the Virtual Past (Panagiota Polymeropoulou); (43) Technology Acceptance of E-Learning within a Blended Vocational Course in West Africa (Ashwin Mehta); (44) Development of an E-Learning Platform for Vocational Education Systems in Germany (Andreas Schober, Frederik Müller, Sabine Linden, Martha Klois and Bernd Künne); (45) Facebook Mediated Interaction and learning in Distance Learning at Makerere University (Godfrey Mayende, Paul Birevu Muyinda, Ghislain Maurice Norbert Isabwe, Michael Walimbwa and Samuel Ndeda Siminyu); (46) Assessing the Purpose and Importance University Students Attribute to Current ICT Applications (Maurice Digiuseppe and Elita Partosoedarso); (47) E-Learning System for Design and Construction of Amplifier Using Transistors (Atsushi Takemura); (48) Technology, Gender Attitude, and Software, among Middle School Math Instructors (Godwin N. Okeke); (49) Structuring Long-Term Faculty Training According to Needs Exhibited by Students' Written Comments in Course Evaluations (Robert Fulkerth); (50) Integration of PBL Methodologies into Online Learning Courses and Programs (Roland Van Oostveen, Elizabeth Childs, Kathleen Flynn and Jessica Clarkson); (51) Improving Teacher-Student Contact in a Campus Through a Location-Based Mobile Application (Vítor Manuel Ferreira and Fernando Ramos); (52) Incorporating Collaborative, Interactive Experiences into a Technology-Facilitated Professional Learning Network for Pre-Service Science Teachers (Seamus Delaney and Christine Redman); (53) The Efficiency of E-Learning Activities in Training Mentor Teachers (Laura Serbanescu and Sorina Chircu); (54) Development of an IOS App Using Situated Learning, Communities of Practice, and Augmented Reality for Autism Spectrum Disorder (Jessica Clarkson); (55) Using Case-Based Reasoning to Improve the Quality of Feedback Provided by Automated Grading Systems (Angelo Kyrilov and David C. Noelle); (56) International Multidisciplinary Learning: An Account of a Collaborative Effort among Three Higher Education Institutions (Paul S. H. Poh, Robby Soetanto, Stephen Austin and Zulkifar A. Adamu); (57) Interactive Learning to Stimulate the Brain's Visual Center and to Enhance Memory Retention (Yang H. Yun, Philip A. Allen, Kritsakorn Chaumpanich and Yingcai Xiao); (58) How Digital Technologies, Blended Learning and MOOCs Will Impact the Future of Higher Education (Neil P. Morris); (59) Factors Influencing the Acceptance of E-Learning Adoption in Libya's Higher Education Institutions (Mahfoud Benghet and Markus Helfert); (60) Motivation as a Method of Controlling the Social Subject Self-Learning (Andrey V. Isaev, Alla G. Kravets and Ludmila A. Isaeva); (61) Designing Environment for Teaching Internet of Things (Konstantin Simic, Vladimir Vujin, Aleksandra Labus, Ðorde Stepanic and Mladen Stevanovic); (62) Fostering Critical Thinking Skills in Students with Learning Disabilities through Online Problem-Based Learning (Kathleen Flynn); and (63) A System for the Automatic Assembly of Test Questions Using a NO-SQL Database (Sanggyu Shin and Hiroshi Hashimoto). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.
- Published
- 2014
43. High prevalence and extended deletions in Plasmodium falciparum hrp2/3 genomic loci in Ethiopia.
- Author
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Golassa, Lemu, Messele, Alebachew, Amambua-Ngwa, Alfred, and Swedberg, Gote
- Subjects
HISTIDINE ,PLASMODIUM falciparum ,MALARIA ,DELETION mutation ,GENE amplification ,POLYMERASE chain reaction ,FILTER paper ,GENE frequency - Abstract
Deletions in Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2(pfhrp2) gene threaten the usefulness of the most widely used HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) that cross react with its structural homologue, PfHRP3. Parasites with deleted pfhrp2/3 genes remain undetected and untreated due to 'false-negative' RDT results. As Ethiopia recently launched malaria elimination by 2030 in certain selected areas, the availability of RDTs and the scale of their use have rapidly increased in recent years. Thus, it is important to explore the presence and prevalence of deletion in the target genes, pfhrp2 and pfhrp3. From a total of 189 febrile patients visited Adama Malaria Diagnostic centre, sixty-four microscopically-and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed P. falciparum clinical isolates were used to determine the frequency of pfhrp2/3 gene deletions. Established PCR assays were applied to DNA extracted from blood spotted onto filter papers to amplify across pfhrp2/3 exons and flanking regions. However, analysis of deletions in pfhrp2, pfhrp3 and flanking genomic regions was successful for 50 of the samples. The pfhrp2 gene deletion was fixed in the population with all 50(100%) isolates presenting a deletion variant. This deletion extended downstream towards the Pf3D7 0831900 (MAL7PI.230) gene in 11/50 (22%) cases. In contrast, only 2/50 (4%) of samples had deletions for the Pf3D7 0831700 (MALPI.228) gene, upstream of pfhrp2. Similarly, the pfhrp3 gene was deleted in all isolates (100%), while 40% of the isolates had an extension of the deletion to the downstream flanking region that codes for Pf3D7 13272400 (MAL13PI.485).The pfhrp3 deletion also extended upstream to Pf3D7 081372100 (MAL13PI.475) region in 49/50 (95%) of the isolates, exhibiting complete absence of the locus. Although all samples showed deletions of pfhrp2 exon regions, amplification of an intron region was successful in five cases. Two different repeat motifs in the intron regions were observed in the samples tested. Pfhrp2/3 gene deletions are fixed in Ethiopia and this will likely reduce the effectiveness of PfHRP2-based mRDTs. It will be important to determine the sensitivity PfHRP 2/3-based RDTs in these populations and conduct a countrywide survey to determine the extent of these deletions and its effect on routine RDT-based malaria diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Raising a Child with Intellectual Disabilities in Ethiopia: What Do Parents Say?
- Author
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Weldeab, Chernet Tekle and Opdal, Liv Randi
- Abstract
Parental experiences in raising children with intellectual disability in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia are described. Using a qualitative research approach, interviews from eleven families formed a rich contextual data base, in addition to informal observations, informal conversations, discussions with key informants, and document review. Findings show that parents face emotional, social, economic, material challenges while raising their children. Themes related to insufficient information and training related to intellectual disability, insufficient formal/informal supports, unfavourable attitudes on the part of the society towards children with intellectual disability, worries about the future, financial problems, lack of materials. Results are discussed in terms of the socio-cultural theoretical framework as well as the salutogenic perspective that focuses on strengths and coping strategies. The author proposes that, to tap into the familial strengths, a systems approach to empowering families may be effective if traditional institutions within the society are encouraged to include families of children with intellectual disabilities. (Contains 5 figures and 2 footnotes.) [This paper was written with Ann Nevin.]
- Published
- 2007
45. Comparative Study on the Senior Secondary School Mathematics Curricula Development in Ethiopia and Australia
- Author
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Meleta, Fufa E. and Zhang, Weizhong
- Abstract
The main objective of this study is to compare the process of the senior secondary school mathematics curricula development in Ethiopia and Australia. The study was investigated qualitatively with document analysis and semi-structured interview research methods. The documents were collected from Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Education website and Australian curriculum website. The documents were analyzed and supported by interviews. The study was conducted based on four themes needs assessment, developing/writing the curriculum, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. The study revealed both similarities and differences. The considerable differences in the senior secondary school mathematics curriculum development process are (1) emphasis given to international research results and contemporary issues on mathematics education as inputs for curriculum development (2) the underlying principle of content standard organizations (3) trialing the curriculum before implementation initiated, and (4) monitoring and evaluation strategies. Even though substantial differences exist, the similarities are (1) conducting needs assessment and (2) the adoption of the constructivism approach. Depending on the findings of the study, the suggested recommendations were presented under conclusion section.
- Published
- 2017
46. REVIEW PAPER ON TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATERS USING UASB REACTORS INTEGRATED INTO CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR SUSTAINABLE REUSE.
- Author
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ENGIDA, T. M., WU, J. M., XU, D., and WU, Z. B.
- Subjects
UPFLOW anaerobic sludge blanket reactors ,CONSTRUCTED wetlands ,INDUSTRIAL wastes ,BIOCHEMICAL oxygen demand ,SEWAGE ,WASTEWATER treatment - Abstract
The successful use of anaerobic technologies, especially up-flow sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for the treatment of raw domestic sewage and industrial wastewaters in tropical and subtropical countries opened the opportunity to substitute the aerobic processes with anaerobic reactors in removal of organic matter. Proper management of domestic and industrial wastewaters in developing nations is negligible. Even cost effective integrated green technologies like anaerobic reactor with constructed wetland technologies are not applied. Hence the objective of the present review was to assess the pollutant removal efficiency of the up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor coupled with a constructed wetland (CW) in treating these wastewaters and their capability to produce quality water for sustainable reuse. To achieve the objectives, the review was organized using reputable journals, articles, and review papers. The interpretation of the result of each document was done using tables, bar graphs, Pie chart and lines. The results were reorganized again by calculating average flow rate, hydraulic loading rate, and percentage removal efficiencies. Most research results revealed that use of UASB-CW integrated treatment system is a promising technology in wastewater treatment and able to complying the effluent discharge standards. Globally, the following abatement efficiencies ranged from 79.2-93.9%, 89.2-92.9%, 87.2-96.3%, 22.6-96.9%, 33-85.9%, and 97.9-99.99% were achieved for Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Total suspended solid (TSS), Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN), Total phosphorus (TP) and fecal Coliforms (FC), respectively using UASB-CW treatment systems. UASB-CW technologies are effectively integrated treatment systems and can be used for resource scarce developing countries. Since, both treatment technologies are cost-effective, easy operation and maintenance and capable of meeting effluent standards. Hence, the indiscriminate disposal of wastewaters and their environmental impacts in Ethiopia can be resolved using these low-cost combined treatment technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. REVIEW PAPER ON HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS: POTENTIAL FOR THEIR USE IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
- Author
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ENGIDA, T., WU, J. M., XU, D., and WU, Z. B.
- Subjects
WASTEWATER treatment ,ADVECTION ,SEWAGE purification ,CLIMATE change mitigation ,CONSTRUCTED wetlands ,CARBON sequestration - Abstract
The combination of rapid urbanization and industrialization expansion increased waste volumes. Most of the wastewaters generated from either domestic or industrial sources are still discharged without adequate treatment processes, and impact on the environment and public health. The objective of this paper was to provide a comprehensive literature review on the application of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands in treating a variety of wastewaters, discussing its feasibility in pollutant removal efficiency and additional benefit in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. The following results were obtained: 98%, 96%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 88% for BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, NH
4 -N, PO4 3- respectively in Kenya; 98.46% and 98.55% for COD and BOD5 in Indonesia; and ranges from 94-99.9%, 91.7-97.9% and 99.99% for BOD5, COD and TFC respectively in Costa Rica. Whereas in Ethiopia, the HSSFCW achieved the following abatement efficiencies: COD ranges from 58 to 80%, BOD ranges from 66 to 77%, TKN ranges from 46-61%, sulfates ranges from 53 to 82%, and NH4 - N range from 64 to 82.5% for tannery wastewater treatment. For domestic wastewater treatment; 99.3%, 89%, 855, 84.05%, 77.3%, 99% and 94.5% were achieved for BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, PO4 ³-, TP, Sulfate, and TFC, respectively. In addition to improving water quality, CWs have a CSP. For example, CWs showed CO2 equivalent of 4119.54 g C/m²/yr CSP (carbon sequestration potential) which is 15118.7118 g CO2 . The methane equivalent to this amount of carbon sequestration is 604.748472 g/m²/yr. Generally, research results indicated that constructed wetlands are efficient wastewater treatment techniques and should be encouraged for wastewater management as a strategy to reduce wastewater pollution. However, constructed wetland performance efficiency sustainability is affected by the operational conditions of HSSFCW including plant species, media/substrate types, water depth, hydraulic loading, and hydraulic retention time and feeding mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. REVIEW PAPER ON BEVERAGE AGRO- INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BIO-SLUDGE FOR FERTILIZER POTENTIAL IN ETHIOPA.
- Author
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ENGIDA, T., MEKONNEN, A., WU, J. M., XU, D., and WU, Z. B.
- Subjects
SEWAGE disposal plants ,SEWAGE ,ORGANIC wastes ,SEWAGE sludge digestion ,FERTILIZERS ,BIOGAS production ,AGRICULTURAL industries - Abstract
Agro-industrial sectors in Ethiopia are highly expanding sector and offers substantial challenges for the environment and public health. The brewery industries use large quantities of water for their production processes and at the end, they discharged large amount of effluents that contains a high strength organic waste. The main objective of this review paper is to discuss and summarize the characteristics, treatment techniques, fertilizer potential and other available management options of breweries sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants. Recent (2015) research finding indicated that the brewery sludge contains a very high nitrogen and potassium content, i.e., 420.25 kg ha
-1 and 840 kg ha-1 respectively compared to the control. Scientific evidences indicated that brewery sludge amended soil they have the tendency to produce more yields (4081.6 kg ha-1 ). Brewery sludge has also other beneficial advantages in production of biogas and building materials with co-digestion with other organic solid residues. The probable drawbacks of the use of sludge on agricultural land application is its pollutant loads including heavy metals, organic compounds and pathogens. Therefore, more research investigation has to be done on the possible sludge treatment mechanisms and the feasibility of sludge generated from brewery industries for agricultural recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients with uncomplicated and severe malaria based on msp-1 and msp-2 genes in Gublak, North West Ethiopia.
- Author
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Mohammed, Hussein, Hassen, Kedir, Assefa, Ashenafi, Mekete, Kalkidan, Tadesse, Gemechu, Taye, Girum, and Commons, Robert J.
- Subjects
PLASMODIUM falciparum ,MALARIA ,FILTER paper ,GEL electrophoresis ,AGE groups - Abstract
Background: Malaria infection can present with a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Plasmodium falciparum isolates in uncomplicated and severe malaria infections may have different parasite genetic profiles. This study was conducted to assess differences in genetic diversity and allelic frequencies in P. falciparum isolates according to malaria severity and age of patients in the Gublack area, northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional health facility-based study conducted in Gublak, Ethiopia between July, 2017 and October, 2017. Symptomatic P. falciparum malaria patients with microscopically-confirmed infection were enrolled. Parasite DNA was extracted from filter paper blood spots and the polymorphic regions of the msp-1 and msp-2 genes were genotyped using allele-specific nested-PCR with fragment analysis by gel electrophoresis. Results: A total of 118 patients were enrolled including 95 (80.5%) with uncomplicated infection and 23 (19.5%) with severe disease. In msp-1, the K1 allelic family was similarly prevalent in uncomplicated 42 (44.2%) and severe disease 12 (52.2%). In msp-2, FC27 was detected in 55 (57.9%) of uncomplicated infections and IC/3D7 in 14 (60.9%) of severe infections. 76 (64.4%) of the 118 isolates contained multiple genotypes; 56 (58.9%) in uncomplicated infections and 19 (82.6%) in severe infections. The overall of multiplicity of infection was 2.2 (95% CI 1.98–2.42) with 1.4 (95% CI 1.23–1.55) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.49–1.86) for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Multiplicity of infection was significantly higher in severe than uncomplicated infections (3.0 (95% CI 2.61–3.47) versus 2.0 (95% CI 1.83–2.23), respectively, p = 0.001). There was no difference in multiplicity of infection across age groups (p = 0.104). Conclusion: Patients with severe malaria were more likely to have multiclonal infections. Further studies are needed to describe the association between P. falciparum genotypes and malaria severity in different malaria transmission areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Financial distress situation of financial sectors in Ethiopia: A review paper.
- Author
-
Abdu, Esmael
- Subjects
INTEREST rates ,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress ,FINANCIAL stress ,BUSINESS size ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
The development of financial sectors is considered as one of vital determinants of the growth of Ethiopian economy, and for secure equitable distribution of the benefits to the society. However, financial distress has an effect on the sectors. This review was conducted to assess financial distress situation of financial sectors in Ethiopia. The objective is specifically to identify the determinants of financial distress, opportunities of financial sectors, and challenges and constraints of financial distress in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a developing country with majority of unbanked population. Liquidity, profitability, leverage, firm size, capital adequacy, management efficiency, earning ability, inflation and interest rate are major determinant of financial distress in Ethiopia. Moreover, Ethiopian financial sectors have an opportunity of trade openness, rapid economic growth, unexploited resource, population growth and encouragement of privatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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