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Introduction: The spectrum of haematological and non haematological disorders is vast in various age groups. Complete blood counts and other routine laboratory tests are not always sufficient to diagnose these diseases. Bone marrow examination plays an important role in diagnosing their underlying causes. Aim: To analyse the spectrum of various haematological and non haematological disorders reported in Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) and compare them with Bone Marrow Trephine Biopsy (BMB) and Flow Cytometry (FCM) findings where applicable. Materials and Methods: A one-year cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Clinical Pathology, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India from April 2022 to March 2023. A total of 518 consecutive BMA samples were morphologically analysed. Comparative evaluations were performed among BMA, BMB, and FCM where applicable. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated, and the findings of discordant cases were tabulated. Definitive diagnosis of lymphoma/leukaemia and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH) cases were made using FCM. Results: The patients' ages ranged from three months to 86 years, with a mean age of 38.4 years. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1, with a slight male predominance. The highest number of cases were of anaemia {183 (35.3%) and 164 (31.7%), respectively} and leukaemia {128 (24.7%) and 134 (25.9%), respectively}, followed by normal marrow studies {39 (7.5%) and 32 (6.2%), respectively} and megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia {24 (4.6% in each} in both BMA and biopsy. Among anaemia cases {183 and 164 cases in BMA and BMB}, the majority were of the megaloblastic type {62 (33.8%) and 54 (32.9%), respectively}, followed by hypoplastic/aplastic type {40 (21.8%) and 50 (30.5%), respectively}. In cases of leukaemia (128 and 134 cases in BMA and BMB), acute leukaemia cases (76 (59.4%) and 82 (61.2%), respectively} outnumbered chronic leukaemia cases {52 (40.6%) and 52 (38.8%), respectively} in both BMA and BMB. The concordance and discordance rate between BMA and BMB were 87.6% (419 cases) and 12.4% (59 cases), respectively. Diagnosis was exclusively made by BMB in cases of myelofibrosis, granulomatous disease, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Conclusion: BMA cytology is a relatively safe and mildly invasive technique for evaluating various haematological and non haematological disorders with better preservation of cellular morphology. However, in cases with dry/blood taps and focal marrow involvement, BMB should be performed, as it shows well-preserved marrow architecture with all its cellular and stromal components. FCM is a definitive diagnostic modality for further categorisation of acute leukaemia and Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorders (CLPD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Many oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) arise within regions that previously had premalignant lesion. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of premalignant lesions offers the best hope of improving the prognosis in patients with OSCC. Exfoliative cytology is a simple and non-invasive diagnostic technique that could be used for early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the quantitative changes in nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA) and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (NA/CA) in cytological buccal smears of oral leukoplakia with dysplasia (OLD) and OSCC patients while comparing with normal healthy mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quantitative study was conducted over 90 subjects including 30 cases each of OLD, OSCC and clinically normal oral mucosa. The smears obtained were stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain and cytomorphological assessment of the keratinocytes was carried out. The statistical tools included arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, analysis of variance, Tukey multiple comparison. P < 0.001 was considered as significant. RESULTS: The mean NA of keratinocytes in the normal mucosa was 65.47 ± 4.77 μm(2) while for OLD it was 107.97 ± 5.44 μm(2) and 139.02 ± 8.10 μm(2) for that of OSCC. The differences show a statistically significant increment in NA (P < 0.001). There was significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the CA of keratinocytes from OSCC when compared with those from smears of OLD and normal mucosa with the values of 1535.80 ± 79.38 μm(2), 1078.51 ± 56.65 μm(2) and 769.70 ± 38.77 μm(2) respectively. The NA/CA ratio in the smears from normal oral mucosa, OLD and OSCC showed a mean value of 0.043 ± 0.004, 0.100 ± 0.008, 0.181 ± 0.015 respectively with a significant difference among the groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Evaluation of nuclear and CA of keratinocytes by cytomorphometry can serve as a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and prognosis of a dysplastic lesion which may lead to OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]