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Anthropogenic climate change is exerting immense pressure on water resources in Iran. This study investigates future precipitation and meteorological droughts across the country considering performances of 41 general circulation models (GCMs). The findings indicate a significant increase in long-term average annual precipitation (LAAP) across Iran with an overall north-to-south increasing gradient, particularly in areas prone to extreme events. However, focusing solely on LAAP is misleading. Projected precipitation reveals substantial inter-annual variability, impacting both the severity and duration of meteorological droughts. For instance, 100-year return period droughts are expected to intensify in severity (The Shared Socio-economic Pathway SSP1-2.6: 4–91%, SSP8-5.5: 46–204%) and duration (SSP1-2.6: 19–76%, SSP8-5.5: 40–127%) across most regions, except the Persian Gulf coastal zone, where droughts may become less severe (SSP1-2.6: 23%, SSP8-5.5: 23%) and shorter in duration (SSP1-2.6: 27%, SSP8-5.5: 10%). Additionally, bivariate frequency analysis suggests that major droughts could become significantly more frequent in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in 2016 Iran's naval posture in the Persian Gulf changed from a defensive-offensive strategy, which had been in effect since 2001, to an offensive one. This was reinforced in 2019–2020, when, in response to the Trump administration, Iranian military strategists determined that any potential confrontation with the country's adversaries is likely to take place at sea rather than on land or in the air. After the end of the Iran–Iraq war, Iran's naval strategies can be divided into three, each coinciding with different periods: defensive (1988–2001), defensive-offensive (2001–2016) and offensive (since 2016). The intensification of the US military presence in the Persian Gulf and issuing threats against Iran have played a central role Tehran's adoption of an offensive naval strategy. Features of this new strategy include the development of ballistic and cruise missile programmes; development and deployment of drones in naval manoeuvres; the use of air defence in supporting naval operations; deepening Iran's military presence in Persian Gulf islands; ensuring the ability to disrupt the flow of energy; conducting naval manoeuvres in collaboration with trans-regional powers and continued use of proxy warfare. Tehran believes the new strategy will help it better prepare for international threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonate-evaporite sequence of the Arab Formation constitutes the important reservoir unit in the Persian Gulf and adjacent area. The paper aims to present detail facies characteristics, depositional environment and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Arab Formation in an oil field in the Persian Gulf. A total of 12 microfacies (MF) and 3 dolomitic (diagenetic) facies (DF) were identified, and are interpreted as a homoclinal carbonate ramp platform. The Arab Formation is divided into four third order sequences corresponding to main reservoir intervals (Arab-A, B, C, D). The results highly correlate with the sequences of local and regional studies in the Arabian Plate. It is probably due to the cake layer nature of the Arab Formation and high impact of the world eustatic sea-level fluctuations (global curves) on the facies stacking pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the preparation and characterisation (physicochemical and mechanical) of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4 ) 6 (OH)2 ] (HA) from sea urchin, Echinometra mathaei. Therefore, nano-sized HA prepared from sea urchin shells were collected from beaches of the Persian Gulf in Iran. Sea urchin shells were found a source of calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite (calcite) that crystallised in an organic matrix. HA is one of the polymers used in coating the nanoparticles extracted from various sources. The calcined aragonite converted to nanosized hydroxyapatite powder by chemical reaction with orthophosphoric acid while maintaining stoichiometry, Ca/P = 1.667 at 80°C. To determine the purity of the nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) numerous analytical procedures were used. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of the peak of 961 cm-1 is related to the symmetric tensile band of the P-O bond, and the peak of 1038 cm-1 and 1091 cm-1 is related to the tensile solid absorption of the PO4 as functional groups of nHA. The nanocrystalline HA can be observed from the SEM images. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA) demonstrates the thermal stability of nHA powder. The results show successful isolation and characterisation study of this crucial nano-material shows it is valuable in biomedical applications, particularly in bone tissue engineering. Indeed, its fabrication is easy and economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial patterns, potential origins, and ecotoxicological risk of alkylated (APAH) –and parent –(PPAH) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in mangrove surface sediments along the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf, Iran. The mean total concentrations (ngg−1dw) ∑ 32 PAH, ∑PPAHs and ∑APAHs in sediments were 3482 (1689–61228), 2642 (1109–4849), and 840 (478–1273), respectively. The spatial variability was similar among these PAH groups, with the highest levels occurring in Nayband National Marine Park (NNMP). Physicochemical environmental factors, such as sediment grain size, and total organic carbon (TOC) contents, are significant factors of PAH distribution. These findings suggest that PAH pollution level is moderate-to-high, supporting the current view that mangrove ecosystems are under intensive anthropogenic impacts, such as petrochemical, oil and gas loads, port activities, and urbanization. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling (NPMDS) ordination demonstrated that NNMP mangrove is the critical site exhibiting high loading of PAH pollutants. Here, for the first time in this region, Soil quality guidelines (SQGs), Toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ), Mutagenic equivalency quotient (MEQ), and composition indices comprising Mean maximum permissible concentration quotient (m- MPC-Q), and Mean effect range median quotient (m- ERM-Q) methods were used to have a comprehensive risk assessment for PAH compounds and confirmed medium-to-high ecological risks of PAHs in the study area, particularly in the western part of the Gulf, highlighting the industrial impacts on the environment. [Display omitted] • First spatial accumulation distribution of PAHs in mangroves of the Persian Gulf. • Mangroves can be divided into several groups based on pollution levels and sources. • The most polluted mangrove was observed in NNMP site. • TOC and clay revealed an effective role on the spatial distribution of PAHs. • The overall ecological risk is medium to high with adverse biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation aimed to scrutinize the level of phthalate esters (PEs) in the landfill leachate of a coastal city in the north of the Persian Gulf and the sensitive ecosystem (soil and water) around it. Soil (two depths) and water samples were prepared from 5 stations in wet and dry seasons. The studied landfill leachate contained 114–303 μg/L of phthalates. The highest concentration of phthalates was related to bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (3257 ng/g) in the wet season at surface soil (0–5 cm) in the landfill site, while the lowest one (6 ng/g) belonged to dimethyl phthalate at sub-surface soil at 700 m from the landfill in the dry season. A significant change in the level of Σ6PEs in the dry (303 μg/L) and wet (114 μg/L) seasons (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for water samples. The PE concentrations in wet times were higher in all soil depths than in dry times. With increasing depth, the content of phthalates decreased in all studied environments. A direct relationship was observed between the phthalates concentration and the pH value of leachate/water and soil. The PEs concentration was linked to electrical conductivity (leachate: R2 = 0.65, P < 0.01 and surface soil: R2 = 0.77, P < 0.05) and the soil organic content. The ecological risk of di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate in the wet season was greater than one. The results showed that significant levels of phthalate esters are released from landfills to the surrounding environment, which requires adequate measures to maintain the health of the ecosystem and nearby residents. • Phthalate esters (PEs) were studied in soil, leachate, and water around a landfill. • The landfill leachate contained 114–303 μg/L of phthalates. • DEHP in surface soil (3.257 ng/g) in the wet season had the highest level. • The PEs concentration in winter was higher than in summer (P < 0.05). • The eco-risk of DnBP, BzBP, DEHP, and DnOP in wet times in soil was >1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in rainfall characteristics play a key role in available water resources for a country. In this study, spatial and temporal variations in rainfall in Iran were determined using the daily rainfall concentration index (DRCI) and monthly rainfall percentage index (MRPI), based on 30-year (1987–2016) daily precipitation records from 80 meteorological stations throughout Iran. The results showed that MRPI differed between locations within Iran, with increasing or decreasing trends observed in different areas. The highest significant decreasing trend in MRPI (3–7% per decade) was found for March rainfall in western Iran, and the highest increasing trend in MRPI (3–7% per decade) for November rainfall in eastern and southern Iran. The DRCI values obtained varied from 0.57 to 0.71, indicating moderate and high rainfall concentrations, with the highest DRCI values in coastal zones of Iran near the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Trend analysis showed increasing trends in DRCI values at 80% of meteorological stations, and these trends were significant at 37% of those stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A new species of Tylenchidae from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees in Hormozgan and Khuzestan provinces, Iran, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Ottolenchus sinipersici n. sp., is characterised by a slightly fusiform body 560-665 μ m long, lateral field in the form of a narrow band with two faint incisures that are not visible in fatter females, indistinct transverse annuli under the light microscope, cephalic region continuous with the body contour, smooth and flattened dorsoventrally, longitudinal and narrow sigmoid amphidial slits, stylet delicate, 10.1-11.2 μ m long, with small rounded to slightly posteriorly sloping knobs, well-developed median bulb, offset and pyriform pharyngeal basal bulb, vulva located at 66.9-69.6% of body length, offset spermatheca, short post-vulval uterine sac, spicules 18.5-20.5 μ m long with highly curved blades, and a 113-135 μ m long filiform tail with a hook-like or coiled terminus. In Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees based on the partial small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and D2-D3 expansion segment of large subunit ribosomal DNA (D2-D3 LSU rDNA) genes, the new species clustered together with O. facultativus (KJ869310) in SSU, and forms a clade with three isolates of O. discrepans in LSU phylogeny. Ottolenchus fungivorus n. comb. (= Filenchus fungivorus) is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt tectonics in the Eastern Persian Gulf (Iran) is linked to a unique salt‐bearing system involving two overlapping 'autochthonous' mobile source layers, the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian Hormuz Salt and the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Fars Salt. Interpretations of reflection seismic profiles and sequential cross‐section restorations are presented to decipher the evolution of salt structures from the two source layers and their kinematic interaction on the style of salt flow. Seismic interpretations illustrate that the Hormuz and Fars salts started flowing in the Early Palaeozoic (likely Cambrian) and Early Miocene, respectively, shortly after their deposition. Differential sedimentary loading (downbuilding) and subsalt basement faults initiated and localized the flow of the Hormuz Salt and the related salt structures. The resultant diapirs grew by passive diapirism until Late Cretaceous, whereas the pillows became inactive during the Mesozoic after a progressive decline of growth in the Late Palaeozoic. The diapirs and pillows were then subjected to a Palaeocene–Eocene contractional deformation event, which squeezed the diapirs. The consequence was significant salt extrusion, leading to the development of allochthonous salt sheets and wings. Subsequent rise of the Hormuz Salt occurred in wider salt stocks and secondary salt walls by coeval passive diapirism and tectonic shortening since Late Oligocene. Evacuation and diapirism of the Fars Salt was driven mainly by differential sedimentary loading in annular and elongate minibasins overlying the salt and locally by downslope gliding around pre‐existing stocks of the Hormuz Salt. At earlier stages, the Fars Salt flowed not only towards the pre‐existing Hormuz stocks but also away from them to initiate ring‐like salt walls and anticlines around some of the stocks. Subsequently, once primary welds developed around these stocks, the Fars Salt flowed outwards to source the peripheral salt walls. Our results reveal that evolving pre‐existing salt structures from an older source layer have triggered the flow of a younger salt layer and controlled the resulting salt structures. This interaction complicates the flow direction of the younger salt layer, the geometry and spatial distribution of its structures, as well as minibasin depocentre migration through time. Even though dealing with a unique case of two 'autochthonous' mobile salt layers, this work may also provide constraints on our understanding of the kinematics of salt flow and diapirism in other salt basins having significant 'allochthonous' salt that is coevally affected by deformation of the deeper autochthonous salt layer and related structures. PMB‐HS and PMB‐FS: Primary minibasins and/or rim synclines above the autochthonous Hormuz Salt and Fars Salt, respectivelyPW‐HS and TW‐HS: Primary and tertiary salt welds at the autochthonous and allochthonous levels of the Hormuz Salt, respectivelyPW‐FS: Primary salt weld at the level of the autochthonous Fars Salt Salt tectonics in the Eastern Persian Gulf arises from Hormuz Salt and Fars Salt autochthonous source layers. The main driving forces of the Hormuz Salt movement were downbuilding and contractional squeezing. The diapirs of Hormuz Salt extruded significant allochthonous salt at Palaeocene–Eocene times. Pre‐existing diapirs of Hormuz Salt have influenced the flow of Fars Salt. Evacuation and diapirism of Fars Salt was driven mainly by differential sedimentary loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Red-footed Booby Sula sula, a pelagic seabird of the family Sulidae, is widespread in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Here, we present details and photographs of the first well-documented record of the species for Iran, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, northern Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunocompromised patients are frequently more susceptible to pathogens such as protozoa. For the first time, we report a case of pulmonary lophomoniasis in a known case of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML‐2) from Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, southern Iran. Diagnosis of lophomoniasis was confirmed using microscopy and molecular examinations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. She was completely treated with metronidazole (500 mg three times a day for 3 weeks). We conclude that immunocompromised patients with unjustified respiratory disorders should be screened for Lophomonas infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust methodology to determine geological facies in oil and gas fields is the integration of seismic attributes and well data to estimate flow zone indicator (FZI). Recently, the application of fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy approach regarding this purpose has enjoyed an increasing attention. The current study was carried out in the Surmeh (Arab) formation at Persian Gulf basin, Southern Iran. A Nero-fuzzy system was applied to estimate FZI cube from seismic attributes. To do so, core data and seismic data from four wells were imported to ANFIS system. Subsequently, the outcomes were compared with those of probabilistic neural network (PNN). Finally, a fuzzy C-Means clustering (FCM) technique was applied to characterize different hydraulic flow units (HFUs). The results of this study demonstrate that adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) turn out to be successful in modeling FZI from seismic attributes and well data for a faraway well location. Moreover, the results achieved suggest that using the FCM technique is an efficient methodology to determine different HFUs from FZI cube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometric and stratigraphic characteristics of halokinetic sequences adjacent to the salt diapirs highlight the sedimentation response to variation in the rate of salt rise. The style of salt movement-sedimentation interaction and episodes of salt movement can be reconstructed by mapping these halokinetic sequences adjacent to the diapirs. Detailed interpretation of 2D seismic profiles adjacent to the Abu Musa salt diapir within the Persian Gulf Basin, offshore Iran, indicates that this diapir originated from the Miocene Fars salt, which created a central- and several ring-like peripheral-salt structures. Our results show that the evolution of the salt structures take place in three stages-mound, dome and post-dome- associated with sedimentation cycles periodically by passive and active rising to present. The pattern of these halokinetic sequences reveals that the Fars salt rose since Mid-Miocene coeval sedimentation of the Gachsaran Formation. The main mechanism of driving salt body has been the differential loading caused by down-building processes. • The Abu Musa salt diapir originated from the Miocene Fars salt. • Understanding of salt-sediment interaction is essential for exploration program. • The Abu Musa salt diapir grew by passive downbuilding. • The salt movement episodes are defined by halokinetic sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geomechanics is a science dealing with the study of the behaviour of rocks affected by stress. It has various applications in utilisation from oil and gas reservoirs including of the wellbore stability analysis and determination of safe mud window. The main aim of this paper is geomechanical study of Kangan-Dalan reservoir in South Pars gas field in Persian Gulf in south Iran. Seismic waves are affected by physical properties of rocks when passing underground formations; thus, the velocity of these waves is a desired parameter for estimation of geomechanical properties. The velocity of compressional and shear waves has been determined with processing seismic data resulting from vertical seismic profile. In this paper, after calculation of elastic modules of reservoir rock, the imposed stress field was determined and these concepts were used for engineering calculations such as safe mud window, wellbore stability analysis and sand production potential. For well drilling in Kangan-Dalan reservoir, the minimum and maximum mud weights were proposed in average as 1.093 and 2.011 gr/cc and average critical mud weight as 2.48 gr/cc such that if the weight of mud increases, the tensile fractures will be created on the formation and complete loss of mud will happen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The variations in the rate of salt rise is reflected in the sedimentary sequences adjacent to salt diapirs and provides insights into the style of salt movement-sedimentation interaction and the timing of halokinetic phases. Episodic movement of salt diapir is defined by wedge- and tabular-shaped salt-related sedimentary strata (halokinetic sequences) adjacent to the diapir. Detailed mapping of depositional strata on 2D seismic sections adjacent to salt diapirs on the Tonb-e-Bozorg Island (Persian Gulf, SW Iran) reveals the presence of a series of sedimentary sequences related to the halokinetic activity of two salt source layers, the Hormuz and Fars salts, respectively. The Hormuz salt deposited in the uppermost Proterozoic, mobilized in the Lower Paleozoic and then continued to move periodically to present and to create the deep salt structures in the Tonb-e-Bozorg region. The Fars salt deposited in the Lower Miocene and then started rising, and created the central salt structure, the Tonb-e-Bozorg Island, and several peripheral ring-like salt structures around the island. Our results reveal that both the salt layers within the Tonb-e-Bozorg region grew by downbuilding and continued to move periodically by passive and active diapirism to the present. Salt movement-sedimentation interaction during salt diapirism influences petroleum play and therefore is of interest in petroleum geoscience. Highlights • Understanding of salt-sediment interaction is essential for exploration programs. • The Tonb-e-Bozorg salt diapir grew by passive downbuilding. • The movement episodes of salt are defined by sedimentary strata. • Passive growth in the diapir is marked by withdrawal basins and unconformities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an indirect method for estimating source rock properties, specifically thermal maturity and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), using well logs and seismic data within the central Persian Gulf hydrocarbon fields. The primary focus is on the Kazhdumi Formation, an important source rock in the southern Iran. The study is carried out in two distinct steps, based on the employed data. In the first step, a Maturity Index (MI) is calculated utilizing well logs (such as neutron, density and water saturation) within the Kazhdumi Formation across six oil and gas fields. Then, the TOC content is determined using ∆Log R method across four wells. Geochemical data, including vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, used as validators of the calculated MI and TOC. In the second step, 2-dimensional post-stack seismic data analysis is conducted where the necessary data, including a full set of well logs are accessible. Multi-attribute regression is employed to extract seismic attributes and consequently used to predict the target parameters. MI and TOC logs are then predicted through Probabilistic Neural Network analysis (PNN) which is used for the indirect prediction of the target logs. Finally, two seismic volumes are obtained to provide a mapping of the predicted MI and TOC variations in the Kazhdumi Formation. One advantage of using this method is its efficiency and cost effective compared to the geochemical testing. Additionally, it provides a continuous prediction of the target parameter in an extensive area. Lastly, this method benefits from the availability of seismic data compared to the geochemical data in hydrocarbon fields that are typically sparse. This approach is proved to be applicable to source rock analysis in different areas for indirect estimation of thermal maturity and TOC. • Source rock properties are predicted by indirect methods. • Well logs are utilized for thermal maturity and TOC prediction. • The organic matter quality and quantity is reflected by seismic attributes. • Acoustic impedance is affected by TOC and thermal maturity. • The continuity of seismic data is an advantage for source rock evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents indirect methods of source rocks characterization by integrating geochemical data with well logs and seismic inversion results. Well logs and seismic data are commonly more available than scarce geochemical data in oil and gas fields. Combining high vertical resolution well logs with high lateral resolution seismic data generates some enhanced geochemical data on inter-well spaces where no well is drilled. Acoustic impedance was obtained and utilized for the TOC prediction and source rock detection because of its good correlation with geological parameters such as the lithology and fluid contents. A cross-plot of log-derived water saturation versus acoustic impedance successfully differentiates source from non-source rocks based on geological variations of lithology, porosity, formations density, and the TOC content. The impact of the TOC content on acoustic properties was elaborated in the next step. Acoustic impedance is obtained as the most important seismic attribute for the TOC prediction. Well logs and seismic data are integrated to predict the TOC logs from seismic data. First, seismic data were inverted to obtain the acoustic impedance. Then, the produced acoustic impedance was used as a seismic attribute for the TOC prediction. The outcome is used to illustrate and follow the TOC variation to distinguish source rocks in the oil and gas fields. The study is carried out in the Cretaceous succession in three hydrocarbon fields in the central part of the Persian Gulf to observe the TOC variations in the Albian-aged Kazhdumi Formation. • Fusion of geochemical, petrophysical and seismic data for source rock characterization • A rock physics template based on acoustic impedance versus water saturation cross-plot for source rock detection • Inversion of post-stack seismic data to acoustic impedance and total organic carbon • Taking the advantage of high vertical resolution of well logs and high horizontal resolution of seismic data for source rock mapping • A fast, cost-effective and robust method for source rock mapping [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capillary pressure curves are important data for reservoir rock typing, analyzing pore throat distribution, determining height above free water level, and reservoir simulation. Laboratory experiments provide accurate data, however they are expensive, time-consuming and discontinuous through the reservoir intervals. The current study focuses on synthesizing artificial capillary pressure (Pc) curves from seismic attributes with the use of artificial intelligent systems including Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Fuzzy logic (FL) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFISs). The synthetic capillary pressure curves were achieved by estimating pressure values at six mercury saturation points. These points correspond to mercury filled pore volumes of core samples (Hg-saturation) at 5%, 20%, 35%, 65%, 80%, and 90% saturations. To predict the synthetic Pc curve at each saturation point, various FL, ANFIS and ANN models were constructed. The varying neural network models differ in their training algorithm. Based on the performance function, the most accurately functioning models were selected as the final solvers to do the prediction process at each of the above-mentioned mercury saturation points. The constructed models were then tested at six depth points of the studied well which were already unforeseen by the models. The results show that the Fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy models were not capable of making reliable estimations, while the predictions from the ANN models were satisfyingly trustworthy. The obtained results showed a good agreement between the laboratory derived and synthetic capillary pressure curves. Finally, a 3D seismic cube was captured for which the required attributes were extracted and the capillary pressure cube was estimated by using the developed models. In the next step, the synthesized Pc cube was compared with the seismic cube and an acceptable correspondence was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Orbital cycles detected the in the Late Permian strata of South Pars gas field Iran. • Prolific gas reservoirs units K1 to K4 units) formed over a time interval of 4.8 ± 0.3 Myr. • Sediment accumulation rates of the Upper Dalan Member range from ~3.5 to ~18 cm/kyr. • Depositional duration of the Upper Dalan Member estimated to be 3.2 Myr ± 0.2 Myr. • Eight 405-kyr long-eccentricity cycles were identified from well log analysis. The Late Permian sedimentary succession in the Iranian offshore Persian Gulf, formed under arid paleoclimate conditions, has been poorly studied in terms of astronomical forcing evidence. In this study, petrophysical logs are applied as paleoclimate proxies. They are used to investigate the astronomical forcing of the arid paleoclimate during the Late Permian together with the sediment accumulation rates (SAR) of the Upper Dalan Member (UDM) in two wells drilled in the South Pars gas field. Evidence of Milankovitch cycles (eccentricity, obliquity, and precession) was detected in both of the studied wells. By application of a combination of different methods (e.g., spectral analysis, COCO/eCOCO analysis), the SAR of the UDM was estimated to be in the range of ~3.5 to ~18 cm/kyr. Based on the 405 kyr long-eccentricity cycles extracted from the spectral gamma ray (SGR) logs, a floating astronomical time scale (ATS) of 3.2 ± 0.2 Myr was established for the UDM. This is equivalent to the depositional duration of the UDM in the studied wells. The Kangan Formation and UDM (K1 to K4 units) of southwestern and offshore of Iran were deposited during an astronomical duration of 4.8 ± 0.3 Myr. Additionally, the accumulation of organic matter in the studied reservoir units was compared with the SAR. The effects of SAR on the total organic carbon (TOC) variations were detected and correlated in four different segments of the UDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclostratigraphy plays a pivotal role in detecting and reporting Milankovitch cycles in sedimentary successions which allows for creating an independent astronomical time scale and estimates of sediment accumulation rates. In this study, cyclostratigraphic analysis of petrophysical logs from Lower Triassic Kangan Formation was performed in two wells of the Salman gas field, eastern part of the Persian Gulf, Iran. The results of power spectral analysis in the two studied wells reveal the main spectral peaks at wavelengths of long-eccentricity, short-eccentricity, obliquity, and precession cycles. Based on the orbital tuning using the long-eccentricity cycles, a floating astronomical time scale was established, according to which the depositional duration of Kangan Formation was estimated to be 1.6 ± 0.1 Myr. As well as, the duration of the Induan Stage of the Early Triassic Epoch in this study is estimated to be at least 1.6 Myr. Also, by integrating cyclostratigraphic analysis, results of the statistical methods of sedimentation rate evaluation, i.e., evolutionary correlation coefficient (COCO), it was estimated that the sedimentation rates of Kangan Formation in the two studied wells of Salman gas field increased from ~8 cm/kyr in the bottom to about 12–18 cm/kyr in the upper part, which were linked with the delayed life recovery in Early Triassic. We also observed an enhanced sedimentary noise (ESN) interval in eCOCO maps of the K1 member (upper part of Kangan Formation) at two studied wells, which were linked with the global sea-level fall in the late Griesbachian substage of the Early Triassic. The results of this study show that cyclostratigraphy has made an effective contribution towards analyzing sea-level change and estimating sediment accumulation rates and depositional duration of the Kangan Formation. • For the first time, the frequencies of Milankovitch cycles were detected from the Triassic strata of Iran. • The Induan Stage duration is not less than 1.6 Myr. • For the first time, an astronomical time span was established for the Kangan Formation. • The depositional duration of the Kangan Formation was estimated to be about 1.6 ± 0.1 Myr. • Optimal sedimentation rates of the Kangan Formation were estimated in the ranges of 8 cm/kyr to 18 cm/kyr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been 5 years since the inception of the strategic cooperation mechanism between Turkey and the GCC. Partly due to economic and political developments at regional and global level, the relations, particularly trade between Turkey and the Gulf, have increased considerably and quickly in the same time period. Thereby, making the strategic mechanisms between Turkey and the GCC all the more important. This article looks first at the origins, evolution and current issues surrounding the GCC, then dwells further into an observation of the relations between Turkey and the GCC and its various dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iranian mangrove forests occur between 25°, 11′ to 27°, 52′ , in the north part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. The areas of Iranian mangrove forests are almost 10700 ha which maximum area 67.5 km2 occurs between Khamir Port and northwest of Qeshm Island, and minimum area 0.01 km2 in Bardestan estuary. Only two species of mangrove include Avicennia marina from Avicenniaceae and Rhizophora macrunata from Rhizophoraceae are found in the Persian Gulf. A. marina specie is dominant specie in these forests and Rh. macrunata specie just is found in Sirik region. Overexploitation of mangrove leaves and oil pollution are the main destruction factors in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The source and quantity of PTMs was analyzed using co-occurrence network and PTM-PCA-PMF. • Total and fraction analysis indicated considerable metal pollution levels. • High proportion of bioavailable fractions observed in Pb, Ni and V. • The eco-environmental risk gradually increases towards the northwestern part of the study area. Effective pollution control and remediation strategies are the key to providing a major progress in conservation of coastal and marine biodiversity. For the development of such strategies, quantitative assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) and the accurate identification of the pollutant sources are essential. In this study, we seek to find out spatial PTMs distribution in the coastal sediments of the Persian Gulf (Iran), to assess the potential eco-environmental risks and to identify the metal pollution sources. Total and fraction analysis indicated considerable metal (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Al, Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Co, Ni and V) pollution levels, albeit in most cases PTMs were predominantly associated with the oxidizable and residual fractions. The obtained PTMs concentrations were in the range of 22.8 – 156.3, 16.6 – 161.9; 2.7 – 88; 10.4 – 107.3; 1.1 – 35.8; 0.8 – 27.9; 0.1 – 1.3; 1.1 – 21.3; 0.04 – 1.9 mg.kg−1 for V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Hg, Pb, and Cd, respectively. The combined PTM-PCA-PMF modeling approach identified four main metal sources (anthropogenic, vehicle-related, agricultural and lithogenic) in the study area. Several recognizable 'hot-spots' with extremely high metal concentrations were observed in the spatial metal pollution patterns. Some of those locations were predominantly affected by the nearby industrial activities, while others have demonstrated contributions from several sources – not only anthropogenic, but also agricultural and vehicle-related. The same spots of elevated pollution were found to demonstrate higher potential eco-environmental risk. Various indexes indicated more or less similar trends: the eco-environmental risk was gradually increasing towards the northwestern part of the study area with several peaks in the central and eastern parts directly affected by the nearby industrial activities. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Constantly increasing sediment pollution with metals in the Persian Gulf. • Cd, Hg and As exhibited the highest potential ecological risk. • The highest metal loadings were observed in highly industrialized area. • Metals were provided by the river runoff and local anthropogenic sources. Coral reefs of the Persian Gulf are vulnerable to the potentially toxic metals (PTMs) accumulated in the ambient sediments. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the PTMs pollution and risk in the hotspot coral ecosystems of the Persian Gulf at a large-scale. Hereupon, this study focused on the PTMs contamination, their potential ecological risks, historical depositions, geochemical controls and the plausible pollution sources in the core sediments (0-40 cm) collected from the ten coral ecosystems of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Both total and fraction analysis indicated considerable metal pollution levels. Contamination was steadily decreasing towards the bottom of the sediment core, revealing the impact of a recent anthropogenic input. High metal association with the exchangeable and other mobile fractions was observed, indicating their high bioavailability. Of all the elements analyzed, toxic metals Cd, Hg and As exhibited the highest potential ecological risk (RI). Site rank index (SRI), modified degree of contamination (m Cd), and contamination severity index (CSI) based approaches identified stations ST5, ST9 and ST10 as the most contaminated sites of the study area. The same stations were also found to possess considerable ecological risk. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the stations located in the zone of the highest anthropogenic impact contain pollution sources for all the metals analyzed, whereas areas with low anthropogenic activity are mainly affected by the river runoff and urban emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin is a water soluble, hydrophilic derived protein which causes it to have useful functional properties such as colloidal dispersion in water, and hassiveness and gel strength in food systems. High amounts of fishes and sharks and also wastes products obtained from fishes processing factories were used in south region of Iran. In this project the use of fishes wastes of the Persian gulf for production of gelatin was studied with two methods of alkaline and acidic. The results obtained showed that the alkaline procedure gave high yield in gelatin production from fishes wastes. Produced gelatin was compared to purchased commercial gelatin from India. The comparison results does not show any significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs are challenged by multiple stressors due to the growing industrialization. Despite that, data on their environment are still scarce, and no research is yet performed on polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Persian Gulf area. Seeking to fill in this gap, the present study aims to determine spatio-vertical distributions, source apportionment and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediment cores and seawater samples from ten coral reef Islands in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Σ 12 PBDEs concentrations ranged from 0.42 ± 0.04 to 47.14 ± 1.35 ng g−1 dw in sediments, and from 1.17 ± 0.06 to 7.21 ± 1.13 ng L−1 in seawater. The vertical polybrominated diphenyl ethers distribution varied significantly among the sampling stations and different depths with a decreasing trend towards the surface and peaks around 12–20 cm. Both in the seawater and sediment samples, elevated polybrominated diphenyl ethers loadings were observed in highly industrialized areas. Deca-bromodiphenyl ether-209 was the predominant congener along the sediment cores, whereas Tetra-bromodiphenyl ether-47 and Penta-bromodiphenyl ether-100 dominated in seawater samples. Commercial Deca-bromodiphenyl ether mixture was found to be the major source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Penta-bromodiphenyl ether was revealed to be the major ecological risk driver in the study area: it posed medium to high-risk quotient to sediment dwelling organisms. This study indicated that coral reefs are playing an important role in retaining polybrominated diphenyl ethers and highlighted the need to manage polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination in the coral reef environment. Image 1 • PBDE contamination in Iranian coral reefs is reported for the first time. • The highest ∑PBDE loadings were observed in highly industrialized areas. • BDE-209 prevailed in sediment cores, BDE-47 and BDE-100 dominated in water samples. • Penta-BDE is the main ecological risk driver in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late Holocene palaeoenvironments of the northern Strait of Hormoz and the palaeohydrology of the SE Zagros were reconstructed using multi-proxy analysis (e.g. magnetic susceptibility (MS), grain size analysis, total organic matter %, CaCO 3 %, C/N ratio, and foraminiferal assemblage) of a radiocarbon-dated sediment core (KHU) from the Khuran Estuary. High sedimentation rate (1.23 cm yr−1) and elevated grain size, MS, C/N ratio, as well as the abundance of porcelaneous foraminifers (Quinqueloculina sp.), revealed that during the first three centuries CE, sediments settled in a relatively high accommodation space with strong tidal currents and raised terrigenous sediment input from the SE Zagros. About four centuries later, the gradual disappearance of porcelaneous taxa and the dominance of agglutinated and hyaline ones, besides the increasing C/N ratio, indicated that geomorphological conditions became favourable for mangroves. MS reduction and negative correlation between MS and grain size showed that during this period the relative proportion of terrigenous particles in sediment decreased which, in turn, confirms a reduction of river discharge. Afterwards, the abundance of mud aggregates, low C/N ratio and a dramatic reduction of foraminifers showed that a < 1 m thick sediment unit representing a relatively long period (1.4 cal kyr BP onwards; sedimentation rate: 0.06 cm yr−1) was deposited within a high marsh environment being mostly above mean high water. Generally, correlations between proxy records of the core KHU with Zagros lakes and other archives from African lakes and Greenland re-inforce the reconstruction of atmospheric teleconnection between the North Atlantic and the interior of West Asia during the late Holocene. • High sedimentation rate, accommodation space, and river discharge during the first six centuries AD. • Since the 1.4 cal kyr BP, abrupt reduction of sedimentation rate as well as declining river discharge into the estuary. • An atmospheric teleconnection between the North Atlantic and coastal Zagros during the last two millennia • No obvious signatures of the past high-energy waves in the Strait of Hormoz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas are of paramount importance due to their pivotal role in facilitating a wide range of socio-economic activities and providing vital environmental services. These areas, as the meeting points of land and sea, face significant risks of flooding due to the ongoing rise in sea levels caused by climate change. Additionally, they are susceptible to extreme events like king tides and large waves in the future. This paper introduces a framework for estimating the extreme total water level (TWL) by considering the effects of regional sea level rise (RSLR) resulting from a warming climate under RCP 8.5. It also incorporates the contributions of high tides, 100-year storm surge, and 100-year wave setup and run-up. The proposed framework is utilized to evaluate the occurrence of extreme coastal flooding along the Persian Gulf coast of Iran, an area that is home to significant industries in the country. The results offer an estimated increase of RSLR by 0.23 m from 2020 to 2050 considering an ensemble of climate model projections. Extreme wave setup values are estimated to range between 0.19 and 0.66 m, while storm surge is projected to vary from 0.4 to 1.44 m across the studied coastline. These together yield in a projected extreme TWL along the coastline within the range of 3.18 and 3.90 m above the current sea level. This significant increase in sea level could lead to the inundation of approximately 513 km2 of low-lying coastal land, which accounts for about 16% of the studied domain and could pose serious flooding threat to the people and their assets in this region. Finally, relative ranking of flooded zones (i.e., 6 zones) helps determine the areas with higher chance of flood exposure, at which investment in flood mitigation measures should be prioritized. [Display omitted] • Regional sea level rise is quantified using GCMs under RCP 8.5. • Flooding maps are shown under regional SLR, tides, storm surge, wave setup and run-up. • Extreme total water level is expected to inundate important ports in Persian Gulf coast of Iran by 2050. • Research projects that 513 km of low-lying coastal areas will be inundated due to extreme total water level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary crustal stress pattern is important to several aspects of earth sciences such as reservoir geomechanics, neotectonic deformation and geodynamic modelling. The Persian Gulf Basin is a petroliferous region in southern Iran that hosts hundreds of petroleum wells and, hence, the knowledge of the present-day stress is critical for any exploration and production in this region. In addition to geo-resources, this region has a great economic importance and the in-situ stresses provide key insights on neotectonic and seismic hazard of the basin. However, there is limited in-situ stress information in the Persian Gulf region. In this study, we analyse >8 km of borehole image logs in 20 wellbores in the Persian Gulf in order to provide a clear picture of the stress pattern in this region. Our wellbore stress analyses provide 35 quality-ranked maximum horizontal stress orientations (S Hmax) data records. In addition, we compile 27 earthquake focal mechanisms in the study region from different seismic catalogues and published literature, and present the first comprehensive quality-ranked in-situ stress map of the Persian Gulf Basin with 62 data records, which can be used as a valuable source of information for future exploration and seismic hazard assessment. The resulting database suggests that the S Hmax azimuth in central and western Persian Gulf is NE-SW (parallel to the Arabia-Eurasia tectonic plate convergence), which demonstrate the key role of relative plate motion in the present-day stress pattern of these areas. However, the S Hmax azimuth in the eastern part of the study area is NW-SE, which is different from the central and western Persian Gulf. The NW-SE S Hmax azimuth is consistent with other geological and geophysical observations that suggest an indentor model for Musandam Peninsula (Oman) in the Zagros-Makran syntaxis. • First comprehensive present-day stress map in the Persian Gulf region • Quality ranked stress map database with 62 data records • Comparison between shallow wellbore stress data and deep earthquake focal mechanism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 40‐year hindcast of the wave conditions in the Arabian Gulf, the elongated basin between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran, is described. The input wind fields were derived from the ERA5 reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts for the period 1979–2019. Extensive comparisons with scatterometer data suggested a direction‐dependent wind calibration with a strong influence on the underestimation of offshore blowing winds. The dominant wave patterns in the basin are described together with the characteristics of the related winds. After characterizing the possible meteorological conditions, the corresponding wave fields were hindcast using the WAVEWATCH III model. Extensive validation against altimeter data shows an almost unitary fit and a 0.02‐m bias; a comparison with measured data strongly demonstrates that the general patterns and conditions were well reproduced. The wave physics was also analysed, revealing the crucial role of their dynamic generation in the investigated area domain. The very shallow nature of some limited coastal zones suggests that locally focused studies, with more detailed and specific physics, are required for the best description of the waves in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Therapeutic community program (TCP) is available for opioid users in Iran (Persia), the most populous Persian Gulf country. TCP can reduce opioid use and some associated harms. However, there are few studies about TCP in Iran. Objectives: The current qualitative study aimed to explore the self-perceived positive and negative aspects of TCP among a group of Persian opioid users in Tehran. Methods: The studywasconducted at a large men-onlyTCcenter betweenDecember2010andJuly 2011. Overall, 50opioid users were interviewed in eight roundtable meetings. Nine key informants were individually interviewed. NVivo 10 was used to thematically analyze the data. Results: The mean age of the participantswas 38 (SD = 9) years. Participants were dependent on opioids. The thematic data analyses indicated that peer support, group meetings, and the lack of medications were the most frequently self-perceived positive aspects of TCP. Untreated withdrawal symptoms, long duration of residence, anxiety, and depression were the most frequently reported negative aspects of TCP. Conclusions: The identified positive treatment aspects should be considered to improve the TCP quality. The identified negative treatment aspects should be managed in the provision of TCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Opioid use on a stable methadone dose is a health concern in Iran, themost populous Persian Gulf country. However, the underlying reasons associated with opioid use have not been studied. Objectives: The study aimed to explore the reasons associated with opioid use among a group of Persian methadone-maintained women. The other aim was to explore effective interventions to stop this problem. Methods: The current qualitative study was conducted between June 2008 and December 2009. The study sites included ten large methadone treatment clinics in Tehran. The study employed semi-structured interviews with 50 women. Six roundtable meetings were conducted with nine key informants. NVivo 10 was used to thematically analyze the data. Results: Women were on a stable methadone dose of 45 - 115 mg for at least six months. Opioid availability, an opioid-dependent lifestyle, peer pressure and self-treatment were the reasons of opioid use. The provision of cognitive-behavioral therapy, life skills, observational learning, and mental health services were the suggested interventions to stop opioid use. Conclusions: Opioid use on a stable methadone dose had been facilitated by some factors which should be considered in methadone treatment. The suggested interventions should be considered in increasing methadone treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geochemical study of 66 rock and 29 oil samples was conducted to understand effective source rocks, genetic oil families, geographic extent of the petroleum systems and potential migration pathways in the eastern parts of the Persian Gulf. Chemometric analysis of selected source-related biomarker and isotope ratios defines two principal oil families, all derived from source rocks deposited in a marine carbonate environment. The family I occurs in the Late Cretaceous Ilam and Upper Sarvak reservoirs whereas the family II occurs mainly in the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous reservoirs of Dariyan, Gadvan and Upper Surmeh. The negative source rock – oil correlation rejects the source of Gurpi and Sarchahan Formations for these petroleum systems. The oil samples correlate satisfactorily with Middle Sarvak and Middle Surmeh samples. Accordingly, oils of family I were likely derived from Middle Sarvak in the kitchen near Sirri district and migrated westward to fill the Upper Sarvak and Ilam reservoirs. For family II, generation of oil likely occurred in the Middle Surmeh (Diyab) kitchen out of Iranian borders with migration northward over long distance through the Upper Surmeh, Gadvan and Dariyan reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The D RCMT,28 and S ER28 of OPC and SF-containing concrete of the Persian Gulf region and Iran is gathered. • The developed models predict the D RCMT,28 and S ER28 values at reference age (28 days). • The correlation of the D RCMT,28 and S ER28 values at reference age (28 days) is prepared. • Statistical methods and external validation are used to develop and validate the models. • Using the predicted D RCMT,28 values as the input value of the service life prediction models led to acceptable estimations. The chloride diffusion coefficient and surface electrical resistivity (SER) are two most important characteristics of concrete durability. This study aims to develop prediction models of the rapid chloride migration tests (RCMT) and SER results according to the concrete mix properties and their correlation. The proposed models can be employed in the designing phase for service life prediction and in the construction phase to control the quality of the concrete. In this paper, the results of the RCMT and surface electrical resistivity (SER) test (Wenner method) of concrete specimens at the reference age (28 days) were collected, and statistical models were prepared to predict the RCMT and SER based on the concrete mix properties. Furthermore, the correlation of the RCMT results and SER results is shown, which can be practical in using surface electrical tests as an alternative for RCMT, due to its simplicity in the design and quality control phase. In order to validate the model and compare its precision against other prediction models, a dataset of RCMT resulting from other studies was gathered. Then, the prediction performance of different models was compared with each other. It was observed that the model proposed in this study makes more precise predictions in chloride diffusion coefficient than the models proposed by other authors. Finally, the predicted and experimental chloride diffusion coefficients along with the service lives of RC structures with different concrete cover and chloride diffusivity were estimated using a full probabilistic model. The results indicated that the calculated corrosion initiation probability using the predicted and experimental chloride diffusion coefficient was almost similar, demonstrating the applicability of the predicted chloride diffusion coefficient in service life prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus and Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis are strictly maritime species exhibiting a vast distribution range worldwide. In the 1920s, Bridled Terns were recorded in several localities within the Iraq-Iran geopolitical disputed areas in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf; however, there are no existing records of Sandwich Terns in Iraq. Through recent field observations, we confirm the occurrence of Bridled and Sandwich Terns in the Al-Faw Peninsula, Basra Province, on the northern edge of the Arabian Gulf in extreme southeast Iraq. The status of both species in Iraq is still enigmatic and requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aptian carbonate Dariyan Formation (Shu'aiba equivalent) is one of the most important oil reservoirs in the Zagros Basin and the Persian Gulf (South and Southwest of Iran). The Dariyan Formation with mainly carbonate facies overlies the Gadvan (Hawar) Formation and is overlain by the Kazhdumi (Nahr Umr) Formation. Despite the reservoir importance of the Dariyan Formation, it seems that not much detailed work has been done about the facies characteristics, diagenetic processes and reservoir quality of this formation in the east of the Persian Gulf Basin of Iran. By using the new and valuable data obtained from the core, this study focused on the identification of microfacies, diagenetic processes, determining the sedimentary environment, biostratigraphy and reservoir characterization of this formation in one of the wells of Reshadat oilfield in the southeast of the Persian Gulf. The results obtained from microfacies study, led to the identification of seven carbonate and one mixed carbonate-clastic microfacies that were deposited in four facies belts including the inner ramp, middle ramp, outer ramp, and deep basin. Uniform facies changes and the absence of reef-forming organisms such as rudists and its replacement by Lithocodium algae with the ability to form patch reefs indicate the homoclinal carbonate ramp environment. The study of benthic and planktonic foraminifera, as well as algae, led to the identification of five biozones, which indicated the Aptian age for this formation. Based on petrographic study, the Dariyan Formation is affected by diagenetic processes such as Cementation, dissolution, mechanical and chemical compaction, dolomitization, bioturbation and pyritization. Correspondence of porosity and permeability data of the cores and petrophysical logs indicates that the reservoir quality of the Dariyan Formation in the studied field was affected by facies, and diagenesis factors. Reservoir characterization has revealed that the high quality zone is located in the intervals containing Lithocodium algae. In the Lithocodium -bearing facies (boundstone-floatstone) the presence of many interconnected pores and cavities in the skeletal network structure of Lithocodium / Bacinella algae have created a suitable reservoir quality and a permeable facies. [Display omitted] • Based on core data, geological and reservoir studies were carried out on the Dariyan Formation (Aptian) in southeast of the Persian Gulf. • Sedimetological studies of the Dariyan Formation revealed the eight microfacies belong to the homoclinal ramp environment. • By combining core studies and petrophysical logs, intervals with suitable reservoir quality were identified. • Lithocodium -bearing intervals were evaluated as the best reservoir zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the potential of reservoirs and production zones is very important to reach maximum product performance and decrease hydrocarbon recovery costs. The calculation of the Water Saturation (S W) significantly affects oil-in-place estimations. The Saturation-Height Function (SHF) is operated to predict the saturation in the reservoir for a given height above the free water level. Typical approaches for predicting water saturation as a function of rock properties and height above contact include two types, those based on capillary pressure curve averaging and log-based techniques. The goal of this study is to define an appropriate SHF and S W using the usual functions to delineate production zones using rock typing with an example from the Dorood oilfield in the Persian Gulf. In this study first, the reservoir has been divided into different rock types and water saturation is estimated by different methods in each rock type. The Reservoir Quality Index (RQI) along with Water Saturation profile for representative rock types were used for determining reservoir zones. Accordingly, a formulation was developed to model the behavior of Capillary Pressure (P C) as a characteristic of S W and to determine the Free Water Level (FWL) based on laboratory data. To achieve this goal, the appropriate saturation-height functions and their coefficients were chosen for representative reservoir rock types. The Pc curves are classified based on Discrete Rock Types (DRT) and a proper saturation-height function was assigned for individual rock types. Finally, some of the most common equations for calculating SHF were fitted to the representative Pc curve of each rock type and coefficients of the equation for any rock type were determined by using the MATLAB software in the studied carbonate reservoir. After investigating the results of fitting different SHF, water saturation was calculated using a modified lambda function and compared with the log-derived water saturation. The SHF applied, could be used to estimate saturations of unreachable zones of the field. • Classification of geological facies based on static characteristics and hydraulic flow units approach. • Including SMLP, DRT and K-means were implemented to categorize reservoir rocks based on FZI. • Results of the DRT method were used to determine saturation-height function for each individual rock type. • The generated SHF based on individual rock types generates S W in transition zone of uncored wells. • The SHF based calculated water saturation is comparable with well log-derived Sw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although gridded precipitation products (GPPs) are essential when evaluating weather and climate systems, their reliability must be known before application for scientific works. This study assessed the correspondence of observed daily precipitation data over southwestern Iran and the corresponding precipitation values from two well-known GPPs, CHIRPS and CPC-Unified (CPC), from 1998 through 2018. The datasets were for the Jan-Mar period, which contributes to 30 to 80% of annual precipitation in northwestern Iran and Persian Gulf coastal areas. Principal component analysis was used to divide 218 rain-gauge stations in the study area into three main zones, the western and northwestern (Zone 1), south-central (zone 2), and coastal areas (zone 3). The area-averaged time series of zonal precipitation data were then compared with the corresponding zonal GPPs values. All precipitation data that was equal to or greater than 1 mm (wet day) and equaled or exceeded the 95th or 99th percentiles (very wet or extremely wet days, respectively) were compared for each zone. The comparison was repeated for 3-day cumulative precipitation data. The statistical tests demonstrated significant relationships between the observational-based and model-based GPPs. The results were more robust for the CPC and 3-day cumulative datasets than for CHIRPS and the daily records. The strongest results were for estimation of extremely wet days and were significant for CPC estimations of the three-day cumulative precipitation in zone 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt tectonics can influence the petroleum systems via the development and distribution of ductile migration pathways through the structural and stratigraphic traps. In this study, the effects of base-salt relief on the development of salt décollement horizon and the salt-influenced structures were investigated in the eastern part of the Persian Gulf, NE of the Afro-Arabian Plate. For this purpose, data from hydrocarbon exploration wells and seismic lines of the region have been used. To set the position in a time of the main stratigraphic and acoustic markers, and to compare well and seismic data, the processing of synthetic seismogram and the conversion of logs in the time domain has been performed for the selected well. Interpretation of seismic sections revealed the occurrence of a NE-SW trending horst structure and development of a natural model of the salt tectonics on its overburden of the Oligocene to Miocene sedimentary layers. The presence of Oligo-Miocene saliferous beds as a décollement has provided suitable conditions for overburden sediments gravitational sliding and development of thin-skinned extension which started during the Miocene time and it was evolved up to the present time. This condition controlled the geometry of salt-influenced structures in the eastern parts of the Persian Gulf and resulted in the formation of special structural features namely hereafter as Curly Bracket Structures in the overburden. [Display omitted] • Salt influence structures in the eastern part of the Persian Gulf are analyzed using seismic data. • Important geometric and kinematic templates are presented to understand the development of salt-influenced structures. • The rollover structures are considered as the result of the application of asymmetrical shear stress. • Construction of the Curly Bracket Structures (CBS) is described as the result of the application of symmetrical shear stress. • Construction of the concentric satellite salt structures, concerning CBS's, is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Four main oil groups were identified from statistical and geochemical results. [•] Groups I and II represent generation from Jurassic or older source rocks. [•] Groups III and IV were generated from Cretaceous or younger source rocks. [•] Most of the oils in the Persian Gulf can be classified as “high sulfur” oils. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Inversion tectonics has a major impact on distribution of fault-controlled hydrocarbon traps in the fold-and-thrust belts. In order to characterize the spatial distribution of several fault-controlled hydrocarbon traps adjacent to the Nourooz-Hendijan-Izeh Fault, this study describes the structural and tectono-sedimentary evolution of the fault based on the geological interpretation and tectono-sedimentary analysis of seven seismic sections in the Bahregansar, Hendijan, Tangu, and Rag-e-Sefid oilfields in the NW Persian Gulf and the southern Dezful Embayment. The results indicate that the Nourooz-Hendijan-Izeh Fault is a segmented pre-existing basement fault with steep dip, which reactivated to at least seven tectonic phases. Three-phase inversion tectonics along the Nourooz-Hendijan-Izeh Fault occurred at the Late Devonian-Carboniferous (positive inversion), Permian-Early Triassic (negative inversion), and Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian (positive inversion) boundaries and modified the evolutionary history of the sedimentary basin. Inversion affected hydrocarbon trap development at the Late Cretaceous and controlled their current conditions in the NW Persian Gulf and the southern Dezful Embayment along the northeastern margin of African-Arabian plates. Considering the hydrocarbon migration at the Late Miocene in these regions up to now, the N–S trending anticlines (Arabian trend) have a larger share of oil and gas in their hydrocarbon traps and lower hydrocarbon exploration risk than the NW-SE trending anticlines (Zagros trend). Mild to moderate inversion structures can be considered as preferred petroleum exploration targets. • Inversion tectonics can impact the distribution of fault-controlled hydrocarbon traps. • The NHI Fault experienced at least seven tectonic events. • The NHI Fault is an inverted basement fault striking NE-SW to N-S. • Inversion tectonics effected the evolution of the Dezful Embayment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpretation of reflection seismic profiles, sequential restoration, and physical modelling are presented to understand the kinematics of salt flow and diapirism in the Eastern Persian Gulf, offshore Southern Iran. Salt tectonics in this area result from the overlapping Ediacaran–Early Cambrian Hormuz Salt, which is regionally present, and Oligocene–Early Miocene Fars Salt, which is locally developed. The Hormuz and Fars salts began flowing at Cambrian(?) and Early Miocene times, respectively. Diapirs fed by the Hormuz Salt rose passively during Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times and were rejuvenated by contractional deformation events in the Cenozoic. Fars-Salt structures exist either as salt walls and anticlines around those diapirs of Hormuz Salt that developed allochthonous salt bodies during a Palaeocene–Eocene contractional squeezing before deposition of the Fars Salt, or as gentle shallow salt pillows above deep pillows of Hormuz Salt, suggesting a kinematic linkage. Flow of Fars Salt was mainly triggered by differential sedimentary loading. It seems that its lateral flow kinematics was controlled by the behaviour of the underlying Hormuz-Salt sheets. More than ~ 10-km-long salt sheets were efficiently evacuated back towards the Hormuz-Salt diapir, and consequently, maintained the Fars-Salt evacuation and flow to the same direction, accompanied by welding of both salt layers. Conversely, smaller, less than ~ 3-km-long salt sheets allowed limited salt evacuation or rearrangement that was probably still sufficient to trigger Fars-Salt flow near the central (Hormuz-Salt) diapir. Fars-Salt evacuation was enhanced by differential sedimentary loading, resulting in incipient primary welds. Subsequently, the depocentres migrated towards the areas of available Fars Salt away from the central diapir. In both cases, layer-parallel shortening related to regional contraction probably played also a role in triggering the Fars-Salt flow at Early Miocene, but was more influential at later stages by squeezing the salt structures (Hormuz and Fars) since about Late Miocene onwards. • Hormuz and Fars salts form a multi-layer salt-tectonic system in E Persian Gulf. • Salt flow has developed salt pillows, anticlines, diapirs, sheets and wings. • Fars-Salt walls and anticlines form an annular array around Hormuz-Salt diapirs. • Episodic shortening events squeezed the passively growing salt structures. • Preexisting diapirs of Hormuz Salt have influenced the flow of Fars Salt. • Fars-Salt flow driven by differential sedimentary loading and regional shortening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of solar-powered reverse osmosis desalination systems is a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution in the desalination industry. However, there are some substantial technical and economic challenges due to the intermittency and fluctuation of solar energy. Recent technological improvement and feed-in tariff policies enable these systems to be competitive with conventional grid-connected reverse osmosis systems. In this paper, a feasibility study of the integration of solar panels with the grid to power small-scale reverse osmosis systems (namely up to 2000 m3/day) is conducted in Iran, as a country with a low price of electricity. For this purpose, a city located on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf, which deals with water shortage but has high solar radiation, is selected as a case study. Five different scenarios are considered, and the impacts of the use of energy recovery devices, energy storage systems and membrane characteristics have been studied. Finally, a detailed cash flow analysis is provided for each scenario. In the end, we show the economic viability of solar-powered reverse osmosis plants when their unused or surplus solar electricity is exported to the grid. • Impacts of energy recovery devices, batteries and permeability have been evaluated • The scenario where all the PV power is exported to the grid has the highest NPV • Using energy recovery devices is not economically viable in each scenario • For discount rates higher than 23%, there is no room for PV-RO desalination plants • The worst scenario is the one that uses batteries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Phytoplasmas are microorganisms that have been reported to be associated with hundreds of plant diseases in most parts of the world. Several reviews were published regarding diseases associated with phytoplasmas in different countries. However, no comprehensive review is available on the phytoplasma diseases in the Middle East, which is an important region with arid to semi-arid conditions. This review describes the most common phytoplasmas that are associated with diseases in this part of the world. It also describes some of the insect vectors that help to transmit these phytoplasmas. Information is also presented regarding the distribution of the diseases and host ranges. Phytoplasmas that are associated with fruit crops, vegetables, cereal and oilseed crops, trees, ornamental, and weeds are increasing at an alarming rate in the Middle East. Up to now, fourteen 16Sr groups of phytoplasma have been identified in association with more than 164 plant species in this region. Peanut witches' broom phytoplasma strains (16SrII) are the prevalent group, especially in the south of Iran and Gulf states, and have been found to be associated with 81 host plant species. In addition, phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrVI, 16SrIX, and 16SrXII groups have been frequently reported from a wide range of crops. On the other hand, phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrIV, 16SrV, 16SrX, 16SrXI, 16SrXIV, and 16SrXXIX groups have limited geographical distribution and host range. Twenty-two insect vectors have been reported as putative phytoplasma vectors in the Middle East, of which Orosius albicinctus can transmit diverse phytoplasma strains. Almond witches' broom, tomato big bud, lime witches' broom, and alfalfa witches' broom are known as the most destructive diseases. The review summarizes phytoplasma diseases in the Middle East, with specific emphasis on the occurrence, host range, and transmission of the most common phytoplasma groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 19 March 2017, destructive tsunami-like waves impacted the northeast shore of the Persian Gulf (PG). The maximum surveyed runup of about 3 m was observed at Dayyer in southern Iran, where damaging waves inundated the land for a distance of ~ 1 km and resulted in the deaths of five people. Because the PG has always been considered safe from extreme oceanic waves, the event was totally unexpected. In this study, we examined sea level data from 12 stations across the PG and a variety of meteorological information, including satellite imagery, high-altitude isohypse maps and high-resolution air pressure records from 47 instruments along the PG. Our results show that the event was very local, with recorded maximum trough-to-crest wave heights of 197 cm at Dayyer and 234 cm at Asaluyeh, near-field cities in Iran located ~ 80 km apart. The dominant wave periods were in the range of 15–20 min. At all distant tide gauges, the observed wave heights were < 35 cm. No earthquakes or landslides were evident at the time of the event. On the other hand, atmospheric processes during 18–22 March were very active and 10 distinctive tsunamigenic air pressure disturbances were observed propagating over the PG, suggesting that the event of 19 March 2017 was a "meteorological tsunami". Atmospheric conditions over the PG were highly favourable for the generation of meteotsunamis and very similar to those that caused a chain of strong meteotsunamis in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions during 23–27 June 2014. Based on the 500 hPa wind, we evaluated that the disturbances had propagation speeds of 21–38 m/s, with the disturbance at Dayyer having a speed of ~ 26 m/s toward 77° True. The Froude number, Fr (estimated as the ratio of the air disturbance speed to the long wave speed), on 19 March 2017 in the Dayyer/Asaluyeh region was close to resonance, Fr ~ 0.9 to 1.1, which is highly favourable for meteotsunami generation. Our findings indicate that the Dayyer/Asaluyeh area is a "hot spot" that is highly vulnerable to extreme, weather-induced tsunami-like waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghost shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) demonstrate remarkable levels of niche selection and habitat diversity. Due to their cryptic life style, interactions between ghost shrimp assemblages and environmental parameters that potentially shape their local distribution are poorly understood. In the present study, ghost shrimp assemblages from the Persian Gulf (PG) and the Gulf of Oman (GO) were investigated to assess the main drivers determining their assemblage structure along a wide niche type and at a large geographic scale. During three large-scale oceanographic expeditions, sediments samples for biological and physicochemical analysis were collected by box corer (0.1 m2) from 62 stations. The spatial distribution of collected samples was evaluated based on sediment parameters obtained on grain size, total organic content (TOM) and carbonate, as well as water parameters including pH, temperature, depth, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll α and salinity. Our results indicated a biodiversity hotspot for ghost shrimp in the north-western part of PG and the eastern part of GO. Aqaballianassa ehsani is the most frequent species in this research. DistLM analysis revealed that the abundance of ghost shrimps in the region is significantly corelated with TOM and Sand. Furthermore, a step-wise regression model highlighted that each ghost shrimp species is influenced by specific environmental factors. Our findings provide new insight in niche preferences of the two Michaelcallianassa congeners. While water and sediment parameters play a crucial role in determining the habitat preference of M. persica , only sediment parameters specify the favored niche of M. indica. • Aqaballianassa ehsani is the most frequent ghost shrimp species in the studied area. • As Water and sediment parameters well determine the habitat preference of Michaelcallianassa persica , while mainly sediment parameters specify the favourite niche of M. indica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the application of low-grade sensible waste heat (liquid phase) driven multi-effect distillation (MED) technology to exploit waste heat sources that are generally abundant in the petrochemical industries especially, those located close to the Persian Gulf's coastline. For this purpose, a techno-economic feasibility study by considering local capital and operating costs for a selected petrochemical plant has been conducted. In this study, a sensible waste heat stream (practically at 80 °C in the liquid phase), which is actively cooled by the cooling process of the plant, is considered as the heat source for the proposed desalination process. This process can recover around 10% of the boiler-grade water demand (namely 644 m3/day out of 6000 m3/day) of the selected petrochemical plant. A detailed capital and operating costs and cash flow analysis are presented to show the economic viability of this kind of waste heat source for desalination purpose in petrochemical industries in Iran. Our study points to a net present value of 1.46 million USD with about 4.5 year payback period at a discount rate of 15%. • A techno-economic model for low-grade heat driven desalination process has been developed in Petrochemical industries • An 80°C waste heat stream has been utilised to produce freshwater in a petrochemical plant • The process can recover around 10% of the boiler-grade water demand of the selected petrochemical plant • The unit product cost is around 11% less than the purchase price of the water • A net present value of 1.46 million USD with about 4.5 year payback period at a discount rate of 15% has been evaluated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents seismic stratigraphic-based sedimentary conceptual modelling through the integration of well data, seismic data, and literature in order to identify the architecture of the Berriasian-Early Valanginian Lower Fahliyan Formation in the northwestern Persian Gulf. The applied methodology is configured by interpreting seismic sections in terms of sequence stratigraphy and adapting them using well data facies associations and fossil assemblages. The time framework of these sediments is identified by their faunal/flora assemblage and extrapolated by seismic data because of their extensive coverage. Three third-order depositional sequences (DS-I, DS-II, and DS-III) were distinguished based on the facies changes, depositional geometries, and fossil assemblages. Regional and local tectonic activities and global sea-level changes controlled the sedimentation of the depositional sequences. The local tectonic activities were of higher importance as they strongly affected the thickness and facies type of the studied interval. The depositional sequences of the Lower Fahliyan Formation are deposited in the inner to outer settings of a carbonate shelf. It was concluded that DS-I and DS-II over the platform (Surmeh Platform), consisting of progradational parasequences, deposited during the highstand phase in shoal settings that due to primary texture and subsequent diagenetic imprints yield the best reservoir quality. The relationship of the parasequences with good reservoir quality was determined on seismic sections and the prepared regional correlation panel over the study area. Furthermore, the paleoenvironmentof the area was constructed and modelled for major stratal surfaces (Sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces). According to the generated models, the distal setting (Garau Basin) migrated back gradually northward during the Berriasian-Early Valanginian so that it was completely replaced by a homoclinal ramp at the end of the DS-III deposition. Subsequently, the relief of Surmeh Platform was also flattened and it was recognized as the end of the first phase of the basin's activity. • In this study the Berriasian-Early Valanginian lower Fahliyan Formation in the northwestern Persian Gulf was studied. • During the Berriasian-Early Valanginian, Surmeh platform was active in the study area. • The activity of Surmeh platform affected the depositional facies and thickness of the lower Fahliyan Formation. • Three 3rd order depositional sequences were recognized for the lower Fahliyan Formation in the notrhwesern Persian Gulf. • The depositional sequences have been deposited in the inner to outer settings of a carbonate shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol use is a health concern in Iran, the most populated Persian Gulf country. However, alcohol use disorder treatment is a new issue in Iran, which needs consideration. Objectives: In this article, we present a study protocol that aims to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of integration of outpatient alcohol use disorder treatment in drug treatment centers in Iran. Methods: The study design is a prospective cohort and multi-center research, which will be conducted in major cities of Iran in 2016 - 2017. Overall, 750 participants with psychiatric diagnosis of hazardous alcohol drinking or dependence will be recruited. The settingswill be 150 outpatient drug treatment centers. This project will be implemented in 3 phases. Phase I will be the preparation phase, Phase II will focus on training treatment providers and Phase III will be the main phase of the study and will evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of integration of alcohol use disorder treatment services within outpatient network of drug treatment centers. Five questionnaires will be used to assess the study outcomes. Completing the study questionnaires at baseline, weeks 4, 12, 24, and 52 will assess participants. Data analyses, including descriptive statistics, regression models, and repeated measures of ANOVA will be performed using SPSS version 22. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of integration of outpatient alcohol use disorder treatment in drug treatment centers in Iran. If found effective, the results of this study will be useful for applying in Iran and other countries inWestern and Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, the screening of 147 microalgal strains from the Persian Gulf and the Qeshm Island (Iran) were done in order to choose the best ones, in terms of growth (biomass) rate and lipid content for biodiesel production. A methodology, combining experiments in lab-scale and pilot plant (open pond) used to produce and evaluate biomass and lipid productivity is presented for the systematic investigation of the potential of different microalgae species. The culture conditions, including photo flux (180 μE m−2 s−1), photoperiod (12 h light/dark), temperature (25 °C), pH (≈8), air (carbon dioxide) and growth medium, were kept constant for all experiments. Microalgae were screened in two stages using optical density (for evaluation of biomass concentration) and Nile red and gas chromatography (for determination of lipid content and fatty acid fractions). In general, maximum specific growth rate and the maximum biomass productivity were obtained after 8–12-day culture. Nannochloropsis sp. and Neochloris sp. were selected from the marine microalgal culture collection, due to their high biomass (50 and 21.7 g L−1, respectively) and oil content (52% and 46%, respectively). If the purpose is to produce biodiesel only from one species, Nannochloropsis sp. presented the most adequate fatty acid profile, namely linolenic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the microalgae Chlorella sp. can also be used if associated with other microalgal oils. In addition, selected strains could be potent candidates for commercial production in the open pond culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]