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Background: Owing to an increased number of colonoscopy screenings, the incidence of diagnosed rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has also increased. Tumor size is one of the most frequently regarded factors when selecting treatment; however, it may not be the determinant prognostic variable. We aimed to evaluate oncological outcomes according to the treatment modality based on the size of rectal NETs. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who were treated for rectal NETs between March 2000 and January 2016 at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Patients who underwent endoscopic removal, local surgical excision, and radical resection were included. The primary outcome was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Data were specified and analyzed following the 2019 World Health Organization classification (WHO). Results: A total of 644 patients were categorized under three groups according to the treatment modality used: endoscopic removal (n = 567), surgical local excision (n = 56), and radical resection (n = 21). Of a total of 35 recurrences, 27 were local, whereas eight were distant. The RFS rate did not differ significantly between the treatment groups in the same tumor-size group (≤ 1 cm group: P =.636, 1–2 cm group: P =.160). For T1 tumors, RFS rate was not different between local excision and radical resection (≤ 1 cm group: P =.452, 1–2 cm group: P =.700). Depth of invasion, a high Ki-67 index, and margin involvement were confirmed as independent risk factors for recurrence. Among patients treated with endoscopic removal, endoscopic biopsy was a significant factor for worse RFS (P <.001), while tumor size did not affect the RFS. Conclusion: The current guideline recommends treatment options according to tumor size. However, more oncologically important prognostic factors include muscularis propria invasion and a higher Ki-67 index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Immunomodulators remain fundamental for the medical treatment of Crohn's disease (CD). Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used as a second-line immunomodulator; however, there is a lack of recent data on MTX monotherapy among the Asian population with CD. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the tolerability and clinical outcomes of MTX in Korean patients with CD. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for CD patients treated with MTX monotherapy or in combination with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. The tolerability of MTX monotherapy within 6 months was assessed and the clinical effectiveness of MTX was evaluated based on the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI). Results: In total, 85 patients were included, of which 29 (34.1%) discontinued MTX due to intolerability during the follow-up. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 41 (48.2%) patients. The most common AE was gastrointestinal disorders (17/41) and only one patient experienced a serious AE, a systemic infection that required hospitalization. Among the 56 patients who tolerated MTX within 6 months, 44 (65.9%) showed a clinical response. Moreover, no factor was significantly associated with intolerability. The administration method was the only factor significantly associated with a response to MTX (p = 0.041). The adjusted odds ratio of parenteral injection compared to oral administration was 5.68 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–30.08). Conclusion: In this study, one-third of patients were intolerant to MTX; nonetheless, the response rate was as high as 65.9% among tolerant patients. In addition, no significant factors affected intolerability. In terms of the clinical response, parenteral injection could be better than oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]