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It is crucial for the development of carbon reduction strategies to accurately examine the spatial distribution of carbon emissions. Limited by data availability and lack of industry segmentation, previous studies attempting to model spatial carbon emissions still suffer from significant uncertainty. Taking Pudong New Area as an example, with the help of multi-source data, this paper proposed a research framework for the amount calculation and spatial distribution simulation of its CO2 emissions at the scale of urban functional zones (UFZs). The methods used in this study were based on mapping relations among the locations of geographic entities and data of multiple sources, using the coefficient method recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to calculate emissions. The results showed that the emission intensity of industrial zones and transport zones was much higher than that of other UFZs. In addition, Moran's I test indicated that there was a positive spatial autocorrelation in high emission zones, especially located in industrial zones. The spatial analysis of CO2 emissions at the UFZ scale deepened the consideration of spatial heterogeneity, which could contribute to the management of low carbon city and the optimal implementation of energy allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present dual carbon isotope constrained (δ13C and Δ14C) source apportionment of organic carbon and elemental carbon in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for five districts of Shanghai during the winter of 2013. The results show that spatial variations of the three source (biomass, liquid fossil fuel, and coal) apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol among different districts were evident. Overall, coal combustion, liquid fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning are the most important carbonaceous aerosols source in Pudong, Xuhui and Chongming, respectively. The results suggest that environmental protection policies should vary according to the functional areas of different sources in the same city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter (PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction (0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size (0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion (atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]