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Agencia Estatal de Seguridad Aerea, the Spanish aviation safety and security agency, applied an innovative risk analysis methodology and decision support system, developed in partnership with the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, to improve Spain's national aviation safety. The agency uses several analytics methods to forecast the likelihood and impact of various types of safety occurrences, thus enabling management to focus attention and resources where they will be most effective. Agencia Estatal de Seguridad Aerea, the Spanish aviation safety and security agency, applied an innovative risk-analysis methodology and decision support system, developed in partnership with the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, to improve Spain's national aviation safety. The agency uses several analytics methods to forecast the likelihood and impact of various types of safety occurrences. This enables management to focus attention and resources where they will be most effective. For example, a nonlinear optimization model allocates inspection resources. The result has been a major improvement in aviation safety, which led to reductions in aircraft repairs, maintenance, delays, and expenses. The agency estimated annual savings to be about 800 million euros in equivalent safety costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to provide a strategic analysis of firms at the lowest hierarchical levels of the defence industry. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents the main results of an exploratory, multiple-case study that analyses the current strategy drivers and their views about the future ones, and their impact at the lowest hierarchical levels of the defence industry in Spain. Findings: This investigation develops and analyses a contingency model regarding the strategy impact and effects of firms' drivers and clients, both mediated by the strategy players because of their huge impact on the defence industry. The research model focuses on the internal relations between technical and commercial activities due to the cause and effect of their capabilities. Simultaneously, pull and push mechanisms boost firms' capabilities and requirements to provide strategic foresight. Practical implications: Ministries of Defence (MoDs) and prime contractors will remain mediating players in the near future even with further implications for the competition of Defence Technological and Industrial Base (DTIB) firms. It implies that firms and MoDs must maintain a close relation and implement more flexible practices, such as open innovation, property rights or new commercialization schemes. Originality/value: This study offers insights related to the specific applications and the necessity of commercial and technological areas alignment of these firms for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Santiago Ramón y Cajal developed his initial scientific career working alone. After the publication of his opus magna ("Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados") and the general recognition of the scientific environments that crystallized with the concession of the International Moscow Prize (1900), the Spanish Government decided to officially support Cajal with a laboratory and the first salaries to pay collaborators. Is then when the Spanish Neurological School births: in 1902, Francisco Tello is the first one to be incorporated. With new additions, Cajal's work is complimented in new aspects, including Neuropathologies. Fernando de Castro is one of his youngest direct disciples, one of the closest and more beloved. Fernando de Castro worked from 1916 in Cajal's lab, until the death of El Maestro. He was specially committed by Cajal to unravel different aspects of the structure of the peripheral ganglia: sensitive and vegetative. Afterward, Fernando de Castro described by first time the nature of arterial chemoreceptors in the carotid body. While trying to confirm his anatomical description with physiological demonstrations, and accumulating delays because of scientific decision and the sociopolitical circumstances in Spain, Corneille Heymans was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938 for his contributions to the knowledge of cardiorespiratory reflexes. The Karolinska Institutet forgot Heinrich Hering and Fernando de Castro in their decision. Undoubtedly, Fernando de Castro was the most important disciple of Cajal working in the different structures of the peripheral nervous system, and this work is now reviewed here. Anat Rec, 303:1206-1214, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy., (© 2019 American Association for Anatomy.)