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At a time of growing interest in graduate entrepreneurship, this study focuses on the role of mentoring in developing students' entrepreneurial careers in the Early Years of University (EYU). An integrated conceptual framework is presented that combines mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development (entrepreneurial intentions and nascent behaviour). Data from 18 student mentees who expressed an interest in starting their own businesses, and who were mentored by alumni entrepreneurs of a British University were analysed. Findings support the applicability of our framework in addressing the multi-faceted nature of the mentoring functions, which include a range of knowledge development and socio-emotional functions such as entrepreneurial career development, specialist business knowledge, role-model presence and emotional support. The results contribute to understanding mentoring functions and entrepreneurial development in the EYU. Implications for the design of entrepreneurial mentoring programmes and avenues for future research are discussed.

Drawing on entrepreneurship education (EE) theory, this article examines the role of learning and inspiration in developing students' entrepreneurial intentions in the First Year in Higher Education. This addresses the paucity of research on early university experiences of EE and their influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Using a longitudinal survey of business students at a British university, the authors identify four scenarios related to the participation/non-participation in EE and subsequent increase or decrease of entrepreneurial intentions. A sub-set of those surveyed are interviewed (n = 49) to better understand how their university experience has influenced their entrepreneurial intentions. Findings suggest that the influence of EE is variable, in some cases even leading to a decrease in entrepreneurial intentions. The results contribute to theories of EE and intentions in the early stages of higher education. The authors discuss implications for theory and practice.

This paper examines the process of transition from student to graduate entrepreneur. The aim is to develop a typological framework that captures the key person-environment dimensions involved in this transitional journey. This paper draws upon interview data from 15 graduates, all of whom had established their own business within five years of graduation. The paper engages with two dimensions that, we argue, usefully capture an important dynamic of the student-to-entrepreneurship transition: (1) the entrepreneurial maturity of the individual; and (2) the complexity of the business idea. The paper maps qualitative data from the graduates onto a framework based on these dimensions. This offers the basis for an enhanced understanding of the graduate entrepreneurship process. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for theory and practice and, importantly, further research. (Contains 3 figures and 1 note.)

Purpose: The UK Government policy for the training and development of its workforce reflects a desire to move towards a more flexible, "demand-led" system. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the outcomes and impact of two, publicly funded initiatives, designed to stimulate and enhance "demand-led" training within the UK's small business sector. Design/methodology/approach: The research in this paper is underpinned by an evaluation methodology. However, in respect of each initiative different approaches and methods of data collection were undertaken to reflect the design characteristics of the two initiatives. Qualitative case study analysis is common to both whilst the evaluation of initiative 2 also draws on the particular survey tool selected to help drive this intervention. Findings: The paper finds that initiative 1 led to a limited degree of enhanced training effort. Initiative 2 demonstrated the value of a depth and trusted relationship between trainer and SME owner-manager. Both, however, highlight tensions within the small business training market place. Both expose fundamental "systemic" weaknesses, which despite the policy rhetoric appear to remain stubbornly in place, undermining this entirely laudable aspect of public policy. Research limitations/implications: The research in the paper was undertaken in one sub-region of England. Although the Westminster Government has set the broad trajectory of "demand-led" training policy its practice is determined through a now largely devolved system. Research is needed which compares the findings from this study with practice in other parts of the UK. Originality/value: The paper provides evidence-based insight for both practitioners and policy makers. Indicates the sorts of practice, which, in a context of continuing difficulties and constraints, can help trainers and training intermediaries appropriately enter the world of the small business. (Contains 5 notes and 1 table.)

In a survey of 203 business graduates, 75 were considered underemployed. The latter group reported significantly fewer opportunities to use their skills, lower intrinsic satisfaction, and less extrinsic career success. (Contains 27 references.) (SK)

For 288 public sector employees in Britain, advancement prospects were positively related to three career-enhancing strategies: expertise development, self-nomination, and networking. Motivation was positively related to expertise development and self-nomination. Work orientation was positively related to expertise development and networking. (SK)

Objective: To develop and evaluate an assessment tool for endourological skills during simulation including cystoscopy, ureteroscopy (URS) and transurethral resection (TUR) procedures. Methods: We designed a Global Assessment of Urological Endoscopic Skills (GAUES) tool, comprised of nine endourology task‐specific and two global‐rating skills items. The tool was developed through two rounds of the Delphi process. The GAUES tool was used to assess acquisition of URS and TUR skills of novices (Year 2 core surgical trainees, CT2) and intermediate level trainees (residents at the start of the UK higher surgical training programme in Urology, Speciality Trainee Year 3, ST3) at the Urology Simulation Boot Camp (USBC) between 2016 and 2018. Validity was evaluated by comparing scores between trainees with different levels of urological experience. Inter‐rater reliability was also assessed. Results: We evaluated 130 residents, 52% of trainees were at an intermediate stage of training and 39% were novices. In all, 9% of the anonymous forms were missing demographics. The completion rate of the GAUES tool during the USBC for URS and TUR was 85% and 89%, respectively. Our analysis demonstrated a significant difference in all domains between intermediates and novices at assessment in URS, except for one domain more suited to clinical assessment (P = 0.226). There was excellent intraclass correlation (ICC) overall between the two experts' judgements, ICC = 0.841 (95% confidence interval 0.767–0.893; P < 0.001, n = 88). Conclusions: We have developed the novel GAUES tool for cystoscopic, URS and TUR skills. Overall, we demonstrated good face, content and construct validity and excellent reliability, suggesting that the GAUES tool can be useful for endourological skills assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on entrepreneurship education (EE) theory, this article examines the role of learning and inspiration in developing students' entrepreneurial intentions in the First Year in Higher Education. This addresses the paucity of research on early university experiences of EE and their influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Using a longitudinal survey of business students at a British university, the authors identify four scenarios related to the participation/non-participation in EE and subsequent increase or decrease of entrepreneurial intentions. A sub-set of those surveyed are interviewed (n = 49) to better understand how their university experience has influenced their entrepreneurial intentions. Findings suggest that the influence of EE is variable, in some cases even leading to a decrease in entrepreneurial intentions. The results contribute to theories of EE and intentions in the early stages of higher education. The authors discuss implications for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is common after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) provides better diagnostic accuracy and more complete tumor resection and may reduce recurrence. However, there is limited evidence on the longer-term clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PDD-guided resection. Methods: In this pragmatic, open-label, parallel-group randomized trial conducted in 22 U.K. National Health Service hospitals, we recruited participants with a suspected first diagnosis of NMIBC at intermediate or high risk for recurrence on the basis of routine visual assessment before being listed for TURBT. Participants were assigned (1:1) to PDD-guided TURBT or to standard white light (WL)-guided TURBT. The primary clinical outcome was time to recurrence at 3 years of follow-up, analyzed by modified intention to treat. Results: A total of 538 participants were enrolled (269 in each group), and 112 participants without histologic confirmation of NMIBC or who had had cystectomy were excluded. After 44 months' median follow-up, 86 of 209 in the PDD group and 84 of 217 in the WL group had recurrences. The hazard ratio for recurrence was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.28; P=0.70). Three-year recurrence-free rates were 57.8% (95% CI, 50.7 to 64.2) and 61.6% (95% CI, 54.7 to 67.8) in the PDD and WL groups, respectively, with an absolute difference of -3.8 percentage points (95% CI, -13.37 to 5.59) favoring PDD. Adverse events occurred in less than 2% of participants, and rates were similar in both groups, as was health-related quality of life. PDD-guided TURBT was £876 (95% CI, -766 to 2518; P=0.591) more costly than WL-guided TURBT over a 3-year follow-up, with no evidence of a difference in quality-adjusted life years (-0.007; 95% CI, -0.133 to 0.119; P=0.444). Conclusions: PDD-guided TURBT did not reduce recurrence rates, nor was it cost-effective compared with WL at 3 years. (Funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Technology Assessment program; ISRCTN number, ISRCTN84013636.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, 250 000 men are affected by prostate cancer in the UK. Clinical guidance is crucial for nurses involved in the care delivery for men with advanced prostate cancer and for their families to maximize their quality and quantity of life. It is essential that nurses understand how prostate cancer is diagnosed, can recognize signs of disease progression, are familiar with disease management, and can educate patients and manage any symptoms appropriately and effectively. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review current evidence‐based guidelines in relation to care delivery for men with metastatic prostate cancer in order to optimize best supportive care. A literature review was conducted in a range of electronic databases (DARE, Cochrane, MEDLINE, BNI, PsychINFO, EMBASE and CIHAHL) to identify studies employing qualitative and/or quantitative methods. National (UK) and European clinical guidelines were also reviewed. Methodological evaluation was conducted and the evidence‐based recommendations were integrated in a narrative synthesis. Supportive care is a person‐centred approach to the provision of the necessary services for those living with or affected by cancer to meet their informational, spiritual, emotional, social or physical needs during diagnosis, treatment or follow‐up phases including issues of health promotion, survivorship, palliation and bereavement. A multidisciplinary and proactive approach to the management of men with metastatic prostate cancer ensures safe and effective supportive care delivery. Nurses involved in the care delivery for this patient group need to be aware of the complex physical and psychological supportive care needs, and evidence‐based management care plans to ensure a personalized and tailored support to optimize quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated face, content, construct validity, and reliability of Thiel embalmed cadavers (TEC) as a training tool for transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy (TLN). Materials and Methods: The study participants were prospectively recruited through an advanced laparoscopic renal resection teaching skill course. The participants were grouped into: nonexperts (performed fewer than 50 TLNs) and experts (performed more than 50 TLNs). All the participants performed TLN on TEC, which was video recorded. All participants rated their overall experience of performing TLN on TEC with emphasis on realism (face validity). The participants were asked to rate the appropriateness of TEC for training in TLN (content training). Two experienced laparoscopic surgeons, using validated modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills, assessed the individual videos. The parameters studied were: Respect for tissues, time and motion, and instrument handling for each step of laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) (construct validity). Test-retest and interrater reliability was also evaluated. Results: Twenty-four participants (4 experts and 20 nonexperts) took part in this study. The mean overall rating for the experience of TLN on TEC was 4.5 (Face Validity). The mean score for the appropriateness of TEC as a training tool for TLN was 4.6 (content validity) when evaluated by the four experts. The mean scores for the nonexperts and experts using video recordings for various variables were: Respect for tissue-1.74 (standard deviation [SD]-0.62) vs 3.63 (SD-1.06), ( P<0.01), time and motion-1.74 (SD-0.58) vs 4 (SD-0.76), ( P<0.01), and instrument handling-1.84 (SD-0.61) vs 4.25 (SD-0.71), ( P<0.01) (construct validity). The study also suggested test-retest and interrater reliability. Conclusions: This study suggests face, content, and constructs validity and reliability of the TEC as a training tool for TLN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study investigates the cost-effectiveness of ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) imaging in comparison to pre-biopsy multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in men with suspected prostate cancer. This research is motivated by the early evidence of the good performance of SWE in distinguishing cancerous from benign prostate tissues. We used a decision analysis model representing the care-pathways of men referred with a high prostate specific antigen (PSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) in a UK setting from the payer's perspective with results reported in 2016 GBP. We then appraised the cost-effectiveness of a novel approach based on SWE compared to the more conventional and widely practiced mpMRI-based approaches using data reported in the literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to address uncertainty regarding the parameter values utilised. Our exploratory results implied that SWE approach yielded an additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY) at the cost of GBP 10,048 compared to the standard mpMRI-based approach in the UK. This is lower than the official willingness to pay threshold of GBP 20,000 (the UK healthcare system guidelines) and is therefore a suitable replacement for the current practice. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We examined the association of prostate specific antigen testing with prostate cancer incidence, tumor differentiation and mortality according to socioeconomic status. Materials and Methods: Participants were 96,484 men between 40 and 99 years old without preexisting prostate cancer who were registered with a general practitioner in the Tayside region of Scotland, United Kingdom, between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2008. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using anonymized health data, including biochemistry data on prostate specific antigen tests, Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, cancer registry data set and General Register Office for Scotland death records. Main outcome measures were prostate specific antigen testing, prostate cancer incidence and death. Results: Men in the most affluent Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile had a greater chance of undergoing a prostate specific antigen test (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.40–1.57, p <0.001) and having prostate cancer (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.15–1.91, p = 0.002) than men in the most deprived quintile, adjusting for age. There was no association between deprivation index quintile and prostate cancer death. Conclusions: Increased affluence was associated with a higher likelihood of a prostate specific antigen test and a higher incidence of prostate cancer. However, there were no observed differences by social class of the likelihood of a positive prostate specific antigen test or prostate cancer related death. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose -- The UK Government policy for the training and development of its workforce reflects a desire to move towards a more flexible, "demand-led" system. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the outcomes and impact of two, publicly funded initiatives, designed to stimulate and enhance "demand-led" training within the UK's small business sector. Design/methodology/approach -- The research in this paper is underpinned by an evaluation methodology. However, in respect of each initiative different approaches and methods of data collection were undertaken to reflect the design characteristics of the two initiatives. Qualitative case study analysis is common to both whilst the evaluation of initiative 2 also draws on the particular survey tool selected to help drive this intervention. Findings -- The paper finds that initiative 1 led to a limited degree of enhanced training effort. Initiative 2 demonstrated the value of a depth and trusted relationship between trainer and SME owner-manager. Both, however, highlight tensions within the small business training market place. Both expose fundamental "systemic" weaknesses, which despite the policy rhetoric appear to remain stubbornly in place, undermining this entirely laudable aspect of public policy. Research limitations/implications -- The research in the paper was undertaken in one sub-region of England. Although the Westminster Government has set the broad trajectory of "demand-led" training policy its practice is determined through a now largely devolved system. Research is needed which compares the findings from this study with practice in other parts of the UK. Originality/value -- The paper provides evidence-based insight for both practitioners and policy makers. Indicates the sorts of practice, which, in a context of continuing difficulties and constraints, can help trainers and training intermediaries appropriately enter the world of the small business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the role of career-enhancing strategies (CESs) as mediators of the relationship between situation-centred characteristics (e.g. career prospects) and subjective career success. CESs included self-nomination, networking behaviour and consultation with mentors. Subjective career success was measured using two criteria, intrinsic job success and perceived career success. Questionnaire data was collected from 283 full-time support personnel in the UK Results provided partial support for the mediating role of CESs between situational characteristics and subjective career success. Specific CESS played a mediating role in the relationship between specific situation-centred variables and intrinsic job success. Self-nomination and networking played a mediating role between career prospects and intrinsic job success. Networking also played a mediating role between security and intrinsic job success. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, together with avenues for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which examined the relative importance of organizational and social support variables on subjective career success (SCS) based on employees' self-evaluation at several universities in the United Kingdom. Sex differences in hypothesized relationships; Background on SCS and objective career success; Methodology of the study; Results and discussion.

A response from the authors of the research "Perception, career choice and self-efficacy of Great Britain medical students and junior doctors in urology" that was published in a 2015 issue is presented.

Introduction: Bladder cancer is the most frequently occurring tumour of the urinary system. Ta, T1 tumours and carcinoma in situ (CIS) are grouped as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which can be effectively treated by transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). There are limitations to the visualisation of tumours with conventional TURBT using white light illumination within the bladder. Incomplete resections occur from the failure to identify satellite lesions or the full extent of the tumour leading to recurrence and potential risk of disease progression. To improve complete resection, photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) has been proposed as a method that can enhance tumour detection and guide resection. The objective of the current research is to determine whether PDD-guided TURBT is better than conventional white light surgery and whether it is cost-effective., Methods and Analysis: PHOTO is a pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial (open parallel group, non-masked and superiority trial) comparing the intervention of PDD-guided TURBT with standard white light resection in newly diagnosed intermediate and high risk NMIBC within the UK National Health Service setting. Clinical effectiveness is measured with time to recurrence. Cost-effectiveness is assessed within trial via the calculation of incremental cost per recurrence avoided and incremental cost per quality-adjusted life per year gained over 3 years and over long term through a modelling exercise over patients' lifetime., Ethics and Dissemination: Formal ethics review was undertaken with a favourable opinion, in line with UK regulatory procedures (REC reference number: 14/NE/1062). If reductions in time to recurrence is associated with long-term patient benefits, the cost-effectiveness evaluation will provide further evidence to inform adoption of the technology. Findings will be shared in lay media such as patient and charity forums and will be presented at key meetings and published in academic literature.Trial registration number ISRCTN84013636., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: To evaluate skills progression at the Urology Simulation Boot Camp (USBC), a course intended to provide urology trainees with 32 hours of 1:1 training on low and high-fidelity simulators., Design: In this single-group cohort study, trainees rotated through modules based on aspects of the United Kingdom urology residency curriculum and undertook a pre and postcourse MCQ. Specific procedural skill was evaluated by an expert and graded as either: "A"-Good (≥4 on a 5-point Likert Scale) or "B"-Poor (Likert scale of 1-3). Competence progression was calculated as the change in score between baseline and final assessments., Setting: The USBC was held at St James' University Hospital, Leeds, U.K., Participants: Of the 34 trainees attended the second USBC, 33 trainees participated in all the pre and postcourse assessments. The mean duration of urology training prior to undertaking the USBC was 15 months., Results: Competence progression was assessed in 33 urology trainees. Mean MCQ scores improved by 16.7% (p < 0.001) between pre and postcourse assessment. At final assessment, 87.9% of trainees scored "A" in instrument knowledge and assembly compared to 44.4% at baseline (p < 0.001). There was a mean improvement of 439s (p < 0.001) in the time taken to complete the European-Basic Laparoscopic skills assessment., Conclusions: The USBC has shown to aid trainees in competence progression during the simulation on a variety of urological skills; however, retention of skill in the long-term was undetermined. The use of our grading system is simple to understand and may be used in other simulation courses to guide participants with their future training needs., (Copyright © 2018 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. All rights reserved.)