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Rural revitalization aims to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation. Furthermore, enhancing the sustainable poverty alleviation ability of farmers in poverty-stricken areas is a critical concern. Using samples of farmers in four regions of the Yunnan province in China, multidimensional poverty and sustainable poverty alleviation ability indexes were constructed. Furthermore, a multidimensional poverty double boundary method (A–F method) was used to identify multidimensional poverty, and binary logistic function in SPSS was used to perform a regression analysis between multidimensional poverty and sustainable poverty alleviation ability. Results showed that as the poverty dimension increased, poverty incidence rate in the four regions decreased, with middle poverty incidence rate being the highest. Ability poverty was then identified as the major type of poverty in the sample, with the group of poor farmers with a high dimension of poverty being the most affected. Therefore, based on the ability structure of sustainable farmers out of poverty, we analyze the prominent problem of the ability construction of sustainable poverty reduction and propose a path for promoting sustainable poverty reduction ability. Hence, we will effectively link poverty alleviation with rural vitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]