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Tuberculosis, one of the most ancient and formidable infectious diseases, primarily arises from the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck), a potential drug target, is essential for the growth of Mtb that involves in the pathway of gluconeogenesis at the centre of phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node. This study aims to understand drug-like properties of the compounds derived from artemisinin, and to investigate their inhibitory roles against Mtb. Molecular docking was performed on a set of 56 artemisinin compounds to identify their binding efficacy to the Mtb protein target. Subsequently, the selected top three complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. By the trajectory analysis, root mean square deviation and radius of gyration indicated the compactness of the systems without much fluctuation. The principal component analysis revealed that the complexes were less dynamic and energetically more favourable, and Gibbs energy landscape revealed the favourable energetic transitions between conformations. The artemisinin dimer primary alcohol holding good bioavailability scores appears highly stable in complex with Pck (MM/GBSA of −37.67 kcal/mol) that stands as a potential inhibitor of the Mtb target. However, further preclinical experiments and investigations are necessary to evaluate the intrinsic properties and to confirm effectiveness of the drug candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world and requires novel medications or existing ones should be improved. Nanotechnology is a modern science that helps to avoid adverse reactions and resistance to drugs. The current regimen for standard therapy calls for routine administration of medications over six months. Since the noncompliance of patients and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, therapies become more challenging. The objective of the current study was to develop Isoniazid-Rifampicin-loaded (INH-RIF-NPs) nanoparticles to improve release properties and drug encapsulation efficiency. Materials and Methods: Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used for optimizing the nanoparticles. Eudragit was used in the preparations in varying concentrations (1-2% w/v). The compatibility of the drug and excipients was shown. The existence of the nanoparticles was confirmed by the analytical results of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: The optimized nanoparticles showed no drug-polymer interaction. The mean size of the INH-RIFNPs was around 112±8.73 nm, and they were sphere-like, smooth, fairly uniform in size, and well-dispersed, and entrapment efficiencies were high at 98.7±0.68%. Drug release was slow and sustained with 66.91% INH cumulative release and 80.06 of RFP after 24 hr. Conclusion: Significant drug uptake with higher encapsulation efficiency, uniform size, good dispersion, and prolonged release characteristics are all present in INH-RIF-NPs. This suggests the existence of a delivery system capable of effectively encapsulating and delivery of combined drug formulation in polymeric nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis, which presents without recognisable symptoms, is frequently detected in community screening. However, the disease category is poorly clinically defined. We explored the prevalence of subclinical pulmonary tuberculosis according to different case definitions. We did a one-stage individual participant data meta-analysis of nationally representative surveys that were conducted in countries with high incidence of tuberculosis between 2007 and 2020, that reported the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis based on chest x-ray and symptom screening in participants aged 15 years and older. Screening and diagnostic criteria were standardised across the surveys, and tuberculosis was defined by positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis sputum culture. We estimated proportions of subclinical tuberculosis for three case definitions: no persistent cough (ie, duration ≥2 weeks), no cough at all, and no symptoms (ie, absence of cough, fever, chest pain, night sweats, and weight loss), both unadjusted and adjusted for false-negative chest x-rays and uninterpretable culture results. We identified 34 surveys, of which 31 were eligible. Individual participant data were obtained and included for 12 surveys (620 682 participants) across eight countries in Africa and four in Asia. Data on 602 863 participants were analysed, of whom 1944 had tuberculosis. The unadjusted proportion of subclinical tuberculosis was 59·1% (n=1149/1944; 95% CI 55·8–62·3) for no persistent cough and 39·8% (773/1944; 36·6–43·0) for no cough of any duration. The adjusted proportions were 82·8% (95% CI 78·6–86·6) for no persistent cough and 62·5% (56·6–68·7) for no cough at all. In a subset of four surveys, the proportion of participants with tuberculosis but without any symptoms was 20·3% (n=111/547; 95% CI 15·5–25·1) before adjustment and 27·7% (95% CI 21·0–36·4) after adjustment. Tuberculosis without cough, irrespective of its duration, was more frequent among women (no persistent cough: adjusted odds ratio 0·79, 95% CI 0·63–0·97; no cough: adjusted odds ratio 0·76, 95% CI 0·62–0·93). Among participants with tuberculosis, 29·1% (95% CI 25·2–33·3) of those without persistent cough and 23·1% (18·8–27·4) of those without any cough had positive smear examinations. The majority of people in the community who have pulmonary tuberculosis do not report cough, a quarter report no tuberculosis-suggestive symptoms at all, and a quarter of those not reporting any cough have positive sputum smears, suggesting infectiousness. In high-incidence settings, subclinical tuberculosis could contribute considerably to the tuberculosis burden and to Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission. Mr Willem Bakhuys Roozeboom Foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s):Tuberculosis (TB) has been a major health issue throughout history. As part of TB infection, host-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) interactions are important. Through immune pathology and cell death control processes, Mtb infection facilitates intracellular growth. The relationship between apoptosis and inflammation in Mtb infection remains unclear. In this study, the levels of related apoptosis and inflammatory genes were assessed in A549 cells infected with a variety of Mtb strains. Materials and Methods: Mtb isolates with different phenotypes (sensitive, INHR, RifR, MDR, and XDR) were collected from the Pasteur Institute of Iran, during this study. Whole genome sequencing was previously performed on all strains, and the Beijing genotype was selected as sensitive. Also, for other resistant strains, the New-1 genotype was available and isolated for genotype comparison. A549 lung carcinoma cells were also grown and infected with selected Mtb strains. Genes involved in inflammation and apoptosis were detected using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Results: All sensitive strains and resistant strains were found to significantly up-regulate anti-apoptotic (bcl2 and rb1), chemokine (IL-8 and MCP-1), and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IFN-γ) expression, while significant down-regulation was observed after 24 and 48 hr of infection in antiinflammatory genes (IL-10) and pro-apoptotic genes (bad and bax). Besides resistance strains, Mtb genotypes also affected gene expression. The Beijing genotype (sensitive isolate) influences inflammatory and apoptotic genes more sharply than the New-1 genotype (INHR, RifR, MDR, and XDR). Conclusion: Gene expression differences related to apoptosis and inflammation examined in the current study may be attributed to genotypes rather than resistance status since the expression of most genes has been observed to be lower in n resistant strains (INHR, RifR, MDR, and XDR belonging to the New-1 genotype) compared to sensitive strains (Beijing genotype). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Tuberculosis disease (TB) and tuberculosis infection (TBI) have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease which may be connected to infection-related haemostatic changes. It is unknown if treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis influences haemostasis. Here, we assessed if TB or TBI treatment affects thrombelastography (TEG)-assessed haemostasis. Methods: Individuals with TB or TBI were included from a TB outpatient clinic in Copenhagen, Denmark. Patients treated with antithrombotic medication or systemic immunosuppressants were excluded. TEG analysis was performed before and after TB/TBI treatment using the TEG®6s analyser to provide data on the reaction time of clot initiation (R) (min), the speed of clot formation (K) (min) and clot build-up (Angle) (°), maximum clot strength (MA) (mm), and clot breakdown/fibrinolysis (LY30) (%). Differences in TEG were assessed using paired t tests. Results: We included eleven individuals with TB with median [interquartile range] [IQR] age 52 (Liu et al. in Medicine (United States) 95, 2016) years and mean (standard deviation) (SD) body mass index (BMI) 24.7 (6.3) kg/m2 as well as 15 individuals with TBI with median [IQR] age 49 (Wells et al. in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 204:583, 2021) years and BMI 26.0 (3.2) kg/m2. Treatment reduced MA for both TB (64.0 (6.3) vs. 57.9 (5.2) mm, p = 0.016) and TBI (61.3 (4.1) vs. 58.6 (5.0) mm, p = 0.023) whereas R, K, Angle and LY30 were unaffected. Conclusion: TEG analysis showed that treatments of TB and TBI were associated with reduced MA which may indicate the existence of cardiovascular benefits from therapy. Trial registration: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov 05 April 2021 with registration number NCT04830462. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining data from experiments on multispecies studies provides invaluable contributions to the understanding of basic disease mechanisms and pathophysiology of pathogens crossing species boundaries. The task of multispecies gene expression analysis, however, is often challenging given annotation inconsistencies and in cases of small sample sizes due to bias caused by batch effects. In this work we aim to demonstrate that an alternative approach to standard differential expression analysis in single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) based on effect size profiles is suitable for the fusion of data from small samples and multiple organisms. The analysis pipeline is based on effect size metric profiles of samples in specific cell clusters. The effect size substitutes standard differentiation analyses based on p-values and profiles identified based on these effect size metrics serve as a tool to link cell type clusters between the studied organisms. The algorithms were tested on published scRNA-seq data sets derived from several species and subsequently validated on own data from human and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Correlation of the effect size profiles between clusters allowed for the linkage of human and bovine cell types. Moreover, effect size ratios were used to identify differentially regulated genes in control and stimulated samples. The genes identified through effect size profiling were confirmed experimentally using qPCR. We demonstrate that in situations where batch effects dominate cell type variation in single cell small sample size multispecies studies, effect size profiling is a valid alternative to traditional statistical inference techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases globally, often presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can obscure diagnosis, especially when it manifests in uncommon sites such as osteoarticular tuberculosis (OA-TB). Case presentation: We report a rare case of a 9-year-old male diagnosed with right knee tuberculosis after enduring severe symptoms for several months. Despite multiple negative biopsies and aspirates during initial debridement surgeries, a biopsy taken 6 months later confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The patient was subsequently treated with debridement and anti-tubercular therapy. Conclusion: This case underscores the critical need to consider tuberculosis in patients presenting with chronic bone pain to avoid misdiagnosis, particularly in the developing world. The atypical presentation of osteoarticular tuberculosis in this young patient emphasizes the need for healthcare professionals to recognize subtle symptoms. Advanced imaging studies like MRI and microbiological evaluations, including site biopsies, are essential for accurate diagnosis. Increased awareness and collaborative research are crucial to improving the understanding and management of pediatric osteoarticular tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a key role in the host defense against pathogens. AMPs attack pathogens preferentially at the site of entry to prevent invasive infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) enters its host via the airways. AMPs released into the airways are therefore likely candidates to contribute to the clearance of Mtb immediately after infection. Since lysozyme is detectable in airway secretions, we evaluated its antimicrobial activity against Mtb. We demonstrate that lysozyme inhibits the growth of extracellular Mtb, including isoniazid-resistant strains. Lysozyme also inhibited the growth of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Even though lysozyme entered Mtb-infected human macrophages and co-localized with the pathogen we did not observe antimicrobial activity. This observation was unlikely related to the large size of lysozyme (14.74 kDa) because a smaller lysozyme-derived peptide also co-localized with Mtb without affecting the viability. To evaluate whether the activity of lysozyme against extracellular Mtb could be relevant in vivo, we incubated Mtb with fractions of human serum and screened for antimicrobial activity. After several rounds of sub-fractionation, we identified a highly active fraction-component as lysozyme by mass spectrometry. In summary, our results identify lysozyme as an antimycobacterial protein that is detectable as an active compound in human serum. Our results demonstrate that the activity of AMPs against extracellular bacilli does not predict efficacy against intracellular pathogens despite co-localization within the macrophage. Ongoing experiments are designed to unravel peptide modifications that occur in the intracellular space and interfere with the deleterious activity of lysozyme in the extracellular environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes 6.4 million cases of tuberculosis and claims 1.6 million lives annually. Mycobacterial adhesion, invasion of host cells, and subsequent intracellular survival are crucial for the infection and dissemination process, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain poorly understood. This study created a Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) transposon library using a MycomarT7 phage carrying a Himar1 Mariner transposon to identify genes related to mycobacteria adhesion and invasion. Using adhesion and invasion model screening, we found that the mutant strain B2909 lacked adhesion and invasion abilities because of an inactive fadD18 gene, which encodes a fatty-acyl CoA ligase, although the specific function of this gene remains unclear. To investigate the role of FadD18, we constructed a complementary strain and observed that fadD18 expression enhanced the colony size and promoted the formation of a stronger cord-like structure; FadD18 expression also inhibited BCG growth and reduced BCG intracellular survival in macrophages. Furthermore, FadD18 expression elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in infected macrophages by stimulating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Overall, the FadD18 plays a key role in the adhesion and invasion abilities of mycobacteria while modulating the intracellular survival of BCG by influencing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen of the deadly disease tuberculosis, depends on the redox cofactor mycofactocin (MFT) to adapt to and survive under hypoxic conditions. MftR is a TetR family transcription regulator that binds upstream of the MFT gene cluster and controls MFT synthesis. To elucidate the structural basis underlying MftR regulation, we determined the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MftR (TB‐MftR). The structure revealed an interconnected hydrogen bond network in the α1‐α2‐α3 helices of helix‐turn‐helix (HTH) DNA‐binding domain that is essential for nucleic acid interactions. The ligand‐binding domain contains a hydrophobic cavity enclosing long‐chain fatty acyl‐CoAs like the key regulatory ligand oleoyl‐CoA. Despite variations in ligand‐binding modes, comparative analyses suggest regulatory mechanisms are largely conserved across TetR family acyl‐CoA sensors. By elucidating the intricate structural mechanisms governing DNA and ligand binding by TB‐MftR, our study enhances understanding of the regulatory roles of this transcription factor under hypoxic conditions, providing insights that could inform future research into Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-(1-(4-(aryl/methyl)thiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2H-pyran-2-ones 3a–h have been synthesized from aryl/methyl halomethylketones and a key pyrazole intermediate 1 using a convenient one-pot synthesis method. All compounds were characterized by NMR and MS, and the structure of three of them (3a, 3b and 3f) was resolved by X-ray diffraction. These heteroatom-rich thiazole compounds were then evaluated as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA, a key enzyme involved in the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of the mycobacterium. Although inhibitory activities were found to be rather weak, molecular docking studies were also been carried out to understand a possible mode of interaction with key residues in the enzyme's active site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Lung cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm diagnosed worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance for patient’s prognosis. A wide variety of pulmonary conditions display clinical and radiological presentation similar to that of lung cancer, and the awareness of their existence can help in making correct diagnoses. Case Reports: This article presents a description of 4 patients with an insidious type of lesions mimicking pulmonary carcinomas. The first patient was referred to Department with a tumor-like lesion in the right lung. After CT of the chest and core-needle biopsy, the lesion turned out to be an ectopic thyroid tissue. The second patient reported a dry cough and weight loss. A lung nodule mass was revealed in chest CT and the patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculoma. The remaining 2 patients, despite the suspicion of lung cancer, were subsequently diagnosed with a post-traumatic pleural hematoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Conclusions: Low-dose computed tomography of the chest plays a significant role in the diagnosis of newly detected lesions in the lungs. However, due to the similarity of the image of cancer to that of other diseases, the ultimate diagnosis should be based on the interpretation of full imaging diagnostic tests, clinical presentation, and histopathological examination of the material obtained from the lesion. Analysis of cases enables us to expand our understanding of the diseases that need to be considered in differential diagnosis of a patient with a detected tumor-like lesion in the lungs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quarter of humanity is estimated to have been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with a 5–10% risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease. Variability in responses to Mtb infection could be due to host or pathogen heterogeneity. Here, we focused on host genetic variation in a Peruvian population and its associations with gene regulation in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We recruited former household contacts of TB patients who previously progressed to TB (cases, n = 63) or did not progress to TB (controls, n = 63). Transcriptomic profiling of monocyte-derived DCs and macrophages measured the impact of genetic variants on gene expression by identifying expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). We identified 330 and 257 eQTL genes in DCs and macrophages (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05), respectively. Four genes in DCs showed interaction between eQTL variants and TB progression status. The top eQTL interaction for a protein-coding gene was with FAH, the gene encoding fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, which mediates the last step in mammalian tyrosine catabolism. FAH expression was associated with genetic regulatory variation in cases but not controls. Using public transcriptomic and epigenomic data of Mtb-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells, we found that Mtb infection results in FAH downregulation and DNA methylation changes in the locus. Overall, this study demonstrates effects of genetic variation on gene expression levels that are dependent on history of infectious disease and highlights a candidate pathogenic mechanism through pathogen-response genes. Furthermore, our results point to tyrosine metabolism and related candidate TB progression pathways for further investigation. Author summary: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a leading cause of mortality globally. Mtb-exposed individuals have heterogeneous outcomes following infection with Mtb, where some progress to TB, while many remain asymptomatic. We hypothesized that genetic variation could partly explain risk of TB, by regulating the expression of genes involved in the control of Mtb infection. In this study in Peru, we recruited former TB patients and Mtb-exposed household contacts of TB patients who remained asymptomatic to define how genetic variation regulates expression of genes in the innate immune system. We identified 4 genetic variants that have different effects on gene expression based on the TB history of the participant. The lead variant regulated expression of a key enzyme (Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase; FAH) in tyrosine catabolism. Knocking out the gene in myeloid cells increased susceptibility to Mtb infection. The results implicate FAH as a candidate host factor involved in TB progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to develop the synthesis of a novel series of potent anti-tubercular (anti-TB) activity of 1,3-diphenylpyrazole-based spirooxindolopyrrolizidine derivatives via an efficient green approach achieved by using an ionic liquid ([Bmim]BF4) under ultrasonication. The title compounds 4a–4ad with a general molecular formula CaHbX(0–2)NcOd (X = F/Cl/Br) were produced with high yields in shorter reaction time and well characterized by using spectral techniques; and finally single crystal X-ray diffraction method (4b). The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-TB activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Among all, six compounds 4e (C36H29N5O4), 4g (C34H28N4O3), 4q (C36H28F2N4O2), 4r (C36H28ClFN4O2), 4y (C36H29BrN4O2) and 4z (C36H28BrFN4O2) exhibited significant anti-TB activity with MIC value 6.25 μg mL−1, when compared to the standard drug ethambutol (MIC:1.56 μg mL−1). In silico molecular docking studies were performed against M. tuberculosis enoyl–acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitor. The compounds 4o, 4p, 4y and 4aa were exhibited least binding energies −12.58, −12.61, −12.58 and −12.57 kcal mol−1, respectively. These results reveal that the produced compounds might be used for the future generation of novel anti-TB drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is a promising tool in the global fight against tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of WGS in routine conditions for detection of drug resistance markers and transmission clusters in a multidrug-resistant TB hot-spot area in Peru. For this, 140 drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Lima and Callao were prospectively selected and processed through routine (GenoType MTBDRsl and BACTEC MGIT) and WGS workflows, simultaneously. Resistance was determined in accordance with the World Health Organization mutation catalogue. Agreements between WGS and BACTEC results were calculated for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, amikacin and capreomycin. Transmission clusters were determined using different cut-off values of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism differences. 100% (140/140) of strains had valid WGS results for 13 anti-TB drugs. However, the availability of final, definitive phenotypic BACTEC MGIT results varied by drug with 10–17% of invalid results for the seven compared drugs. The median time to obtain results of WGS for the complete set of drugs was 11.5 days, compared to 28.6–52.6 days for the routine workflow. Overall categorical agreement by WGS and BACTEC MGIT for the compared drugs was 96.5%. Kappa index was good (0.65≤k≤1.00), except for moxifloxacin, but the sensitivity and specificity values were high for all cases. 97.9% (137/140) of strains were characterized with only one sublineage (134 belonging to "lineage 4" and 3 to "lineage 2"), and 2.1% (3/140) were mixed strains presenting two different sublineages. Clustering rates of 3.6% (5/140), 17.9% (25/140) and 22.1% (31/140) were obtained for 5, 10 and 12 SNP cut-off values, respectively. In conclusion, routine WGS has a high diagnostic accuracy to detect resistance against key current anti-TB drugs, allowing results to be obtained through a single analysis and helping to cut quickly the chain of transmission of drug-resistant TB in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health threat worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In recent years, efforts to combat tuberculosis have focused on strengthening healthcare systems and increasing access to diagnostics and treatment services. There is scarcity of data on the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in the Volta region of Ghana. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in a major teaching hospital in Ghana spanning a six-year period. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional hospital study was conducted at Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana. Study data included archived results on tuberculosis testing using GeneXpert from 2016–2021. Archived data on tuberculosis testing were collected and entered using Microsoft Excel 2019. IBM SPSS (v26) was used for a statistical analysis of the prevalence of tuberculosis. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 5128 presumptive tuberculosis cases from 2016 to 2021, of which 552 were positive, revealing an overall prevalence of 10.76%. Males exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of tuberculosis (14.20%) compared to females (7.48%), with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. The burden of tuberculosis varied significantly between age groups, with those aged 30–45 years and 46–60 years facing twice the risk compared to those under 15 years (p<0.001). Rainy seasons correlated with heightened tuberculosis occurrences (12.12%) compared to dry seasons (8.84%) (p = 0.008). Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis was prevalent at 3.45%, slightly higher in women, particularly in the 45–59 age group (5.97%). In particular, tuberculosis prevalence exhibited fluctuations, peaking in 2016 (17.1%) and 2020 (11.5%), with a trough in 2019 (4.6%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of laboratory confirmed tuberculosis was 10.76%, and resistance to rifampicin, 3.45%, indicating high infection and possible treatment failure. Considering its infectious nature, this calls for concerted efforts to curb the spread of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of PE/PPE gene mutations on the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) in China. Methods: We collected the whole genome sequencing (WGS) data of 3202 M. tuberculosis isolates in China from 2007 to 2018 and investigated the clustering of strains from different lineages. To evaluate the potential role of PE/PPE gene mutations in the dissemination of the pathogen, we employed homoplastic analysis to detect homoplastic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these gene regions. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the statistical association. Results: Based on nationwide M. tuberculosis WGS data, it has been observed that the majority of the M. tuberculosis burden in China is caused by lineage 2 strains, followed by lineage 4. Lineage 2 exhibited a higher number of transmission clusters, totaling 446 clusters, of which 77 were cross-regional clusters. Conversely, there were only 52 transmission clusters in lineage 4, of which 9 were cross-regional clusters. In the analysis of lineage 2 isolates, regression results showed that 4 specific gene mutations, PE4 (position 190,394; c.46G > A), PE_PGRS10 (839,194; c.744 A > G), PE16 (1,607,005; c.620T > G) and PE_PGRS44 (2,921,883; c.333 C > A), were significantly associated with the transmission of M. tuberculosis. Mutations of PE_PGRS10 (839,334; c.884 A > G), PE_PGRS11 (847,613; c.1455G > C), PE_PGRS47 (3,054,724; c.811 A > G) and PPE66 (4,189,930; c.303G > C) exhibited significant associations with the cross-regional clusters. A total of 13 mutation positions showed a positive correlation with clustering size, indicating a positive association. For lineage 4 strains, no mutations were found to enhance transmission, but 2 mutation sites were identified as risk factors for cross-regional clusters. These included PE_PGRS4 (338,100; c.974 A > G) and PPE13 (976,897; c.1307 A > C). Conclusion: Our results indicate that some PE/PPE gene mutations can increase the risk of M. tuberculosis transmission, which might provide a basis for controlling the spread of tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have identified an acyl-carrier protein, Rv0100, that is up-regulated in a dormancy model. This protein plays a critical role in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, which is important for energy storage and cell wall synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Knocking out the Rv0100 gene resulted in a significant reduction of growth compared to wild-type MTB in the Wayne model of non-replicating persistence. We have also shown that Rv0100 is essential for the growth and survival of this pathogen during infection in mice and a macrophage model. Furthermore, knocking out Rv0100 disrupted the synthesis of phthiocerol dimycocerosates, the virulence-enhancing lipids produced by MTB and Mycobacterium bovis. We hypothesize that this essential gene contributes to MTB virulence in the state of latent infection. Therefore, inhibitors targeting this gene could prove to be potent antibacterial agents against this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) isolates should be distinguished from tuberculosis and identified at the species level for choosing an appropriate treatment plan. In this study, two molecular methods were used to differentiate NTM species, including a new designed High Resolution Melting (HRM) and Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA). Seventy-five mycobacterial isolates were evaluated by sequencing four genes (MLSA) and a HRM assay specifically targeting atpE was designed to rapidly and accurately identify and differentiate mycobacterium species. Out of 70 NTM isolates, 66 (94.3%), 65 (92.9%), 65 (92.9%) and 64 (91.4%) isolates were identified to the species level by PCR of atpE, tuf, rpoB and dnaK genes. We could identify 100% of the isolates to the species level (14 different species) by MLSA. By using HRM assay, all NTM isolates were identified and classified into eight groups, in addition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nocardia were also detected simultaneously. The MLSA technique was able to differentiate all 14 species of NTM isolates. According to the results, the HRM assay is a rapid and beneficial method for identifying NTM, M. tuberculosis (MTB), and Nocardia isolates without sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing is a promising technology. We assessed the performance of the new ONT R10 flowcells and V14 rapid sequencing chemistry for Mtb whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) DNA extracted from clinical primary liquid cultures (CPLCs). Using the recommended protocols for MinION Mk1C, R10.4.1 MinION flowcells, and the ONT Rapid Sequencing Kit V14 on six CPLC samples, we obtained a pooled library yield of 10.9 ng/μl, generated 1.94 Gb of sequenced bases and 214k reads after 48h in a first sequencing run. Only half (49%) of all generated reads met the Phred Quality score threshold (>8). To assess if the low data output and sequence quality were due to impurities present in DNA extracted directly from CPLCs, we added a pre-library preparation bead-clean-up step and included purified DNA obtained from an Mtb subculture as a control sample in a second sequencing run. The library yield for DNA extracted from four CPLCs and one Mtb subculture (control) was similar (10.0 ng/μl), 2.38 Gb of bases and 822k reads were produced. The quality was slightly better with 66% of the produced reads having a Phred Quality >8. A third run of DNA from six CPLCs with bead clean-up pre-processing produced a low library yield (±1 Gb of bases, 166k reads) of low quality (51% of reads with a Phred Quality score >8). A median depth of coverage above 10× was only achieved for five of 17 (29%) sequenced libraries. Compared to Illumina WGS of the same samples, accurate lineage predictions and full drug resistance profiles from the generated ONT data could not be determined by TBProfiler. Further optimization of the V14 ONT rapid sequencing chemistry and library preparation protocol is needed for clinical Mtb WGS applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cell envelope fortifies bacterial cells against antibiotics and other insults. Species in the Mycobacteriales order have a complex envelope that includes an outer layer of mycolic acids called the mycomembrane (MM) and a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan. This envelope architecture is unique among bacteria and contributes significantly to the virulence of pathogenic Mycobacteriales like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Characterization of pathways that govern envelope biogenesis in these organisms is therefore critical in understanding their biology and for identifying new antibiotic targets. To better understand MM biogenesis, we developed a cell sorting-based screen for mutants defective in the surface exposure of a porin normally embedded in the MM of the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum. The results revealed a requirement for the conserved σD envelope stress response in porin export and identified MarP as the site-1 protease, respectively, that activate the response by cleaving the membrane-embedded anti-sigma factor. A reporter system revealed that the σD pathway responds to defects in mycolic acid and arabinogalactan biosynthesis, suggesting that the stress response has the unusual property of being induced by activating signals that arise from defects in the assembly of two distinct envelope layers. Our results thus provide new insights into how C. glutamicum and related bacteria monitor envelope integrity and suggest a potential role for members of the σD regulon in protein export to the MM. Author summary: Bacteria within the Mycobacteriales order, which includes the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have a unique multilayered cell surface architecture. How they sense and respond to defects in the construction of this distinct envelope to maintain homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we used the model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum to reveal that the conserved σD envelope stress response pathway responds to two distinct signals resulting from defects in different envelope layers. The results provide new insight into how members of the Mycobacteriales monitor the integrity of their surface and pave the way for the identification of novel vulnerabilities in envelope biogenesis that may be useful for targeting with antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) report, an estimated 10.6 million people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2022, and 1.30 million died. A major concern is the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains, fueled by the length of anti-TB treatment and HIV comorbidity. Innovative anti-TB agents acting with new modes of action are the only solution to counteract the spread of resistant infections. To escape starvation and survive inside macrophages, Mtb has evolved to become independent of the host by synthesizing its own amino acids. Therefore, targeting amino acid biosynthesis could subvert the ability of the mycobacterium to evade the host immune system, providing innovative avenues for drug discovery. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the most recent progress in the discovery of amino acid biosynthesis inhibitors. Among the hits discovered over the past five years, tryptophan (Trp) inhibitors stand out as the most advanced and have significantly contributed to demonstrating the feasibility of this approach for future TB drug discovery. Future efforts should be directed at prioritizing the chemical optimization of these hits to enrich the TB drug pipeline with high-quality leads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), resulting in approximately 1.3 million deaths in 2022 worldwide. Oral therapy with anti-TB drugs often fails to achieve therapeutic concentrations at the primary infection site (lungs). In this study, we developed a dry powder inhalable formulation (DPI) of clofazimine (CFZ) to provide localized drug delivery and minimize systemic adverse effects. Poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) containing CFZ were developed through a single emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Clofazimine microparticles (CFZ MPs) displayed entrapment efficiency and drug loading of 66.40 ± 2.22 %w/w and 33.06 ± 1.45 µg/mg, respectively. To facilitate pulmonary administration, MPs suspension was spray-dried to yield a dry powder formulation (CFZ SD MPs). Spray drying had no influence on particle size (~1 µm), zeta potential (−31.42 mV), and entrapment efficiency. Solid state analysis (PXRD and DSC) of CFZ SD MPs studies demonstrated encapsulation of the drug in the polymer. The drug release studies showed a sustained drug release. The optimized formulation exhibited excellent aerosolization properties, suggesting effective deposition in the deeper lung region. The in vitro antibacterial studies against H37Ra revealed improved (eight-fold) efficacy of spray-dried formulation in comparison to free drug. Hence, clofazimine dry powder formulation presents immense potential for the treatment of tuberculosis with localized pulmonary delivery and improved patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that poses a threat to the international scientific community. According to the WHO, 2022 report, an estimated 1.6 million people died from tuberculosis and 10.6 million have been diagnosed. In the present study, the target protein is Rv3032 protein, which belongs to the Glycosyl transferase group 1 family and is involved in the biosynthesis of the methyl glucosyl lipopolysaccharide (MGLP). Methods: The 3D structural features of the target protein were identified using computational techniques, including model building, active site prediction, and structural evaluation. Virtual screening studies were conducted at the active site using Bionet and Rare chemical ligand databases to identify the drug-like compounds. Results and Discussion: 67 ligands were selected as lead molecules based on the highest glide scores and glide energies. Out of which 6 ligands were studied, in which Carboxylate, amino, and carboxamide groups were common pharmacophore groups present in the A1 to A6 docked complexes have common binding with the ARG224, LYS229, and GLU311 amino acid residues. Conclusions: ADME parameters were found in the permissible range proving the lead-like properties of the resultant ligand molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is considered as the most pathogenic rapid-growing mycobacteria in humans, causing pulmonary and extra-pulmonary diseases, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis. Mab shows intrinsic and acquired resistance to many drugs, leaving limited treatment options that lead to a generally poor prognosis. The standard therapeutic regimen last for more than 6 months and consists of a drug cocktail that ideally includes a macrolide and amikacin. Yet, toxicity and efficacy are suboptimal due also to the high toxicity. There is a need to introduce innovative and out-of-the-box approaches to improve treatments. In this narrative review, we summarize the recent research on the alternative strategies proposed and discuss the importance of using appropriate experimental assays to assess their activity. Included articles were identified by searching PubMed and MEDLINE until June 2023. The search terms were ' Mycobacterium abscessus ', 'antimicrobial', and 'alternative therapies'. Additional relevant references were obtained from articles retrieved from the primary search. Therapies against Mab including host directed therapies, repurposed drugs, phage therapy, anti-virulence strategies, essential oils, and inhalation therapies. Alternative treatments may represent a valid tool to cope the burden of antimicrobial resistance in Mab -caused diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the intricacies inherent in a gender-structured model depicting the dynamics of HIV–TB coinfection. The model is articulated through a set of nonlinear fractional-order differential equations. Our focus is on elucidating the stability characteristics around equilibrium points, employing advanced fractional stability techniques. We leverage sensitivity analysis as a powerful tool to discern the specific model parameters exerting significant influence on the transmission and control of the coinfection, as gauged by the basic reproduction number. Through this, we aim to identify key factors that drive the spread or containment of the dual affliction. Furthermore, we delve into the realm of optimization by formulating a fractional optimal control problem. The objective is to design and implement two control strategies that effectively mitigate the prevalence of coinfection, demonstrating a state of perfect protection. Notably, our findings reveal that the implementation of control measures at a rate exceeding 80% suffices to eliminate the infection entirely. We anticipate that the insights garnered from this research will prove instrumental for policymakers in crafting strategic interventions to curtail the tragic impact of HIV–TB coinfection. Our scientifically grounded study serves as a foundation upon which comprehensive plans can be devised to stem the devastating consequences of this dual health challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a prevalent infectious disease affecting populations worldwide. A classic trait of TB pathology is the formation of granulomas, which wall off the pathogen, via the innate and adaptive immune systems. Some key players involved include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), foamy macrophages, type I interferons (IFNs), and reactive oxygen species, which may also show overlap with cell death pathways. Additionally, host cell death is a primary method for combating and controlling Mtb within the body, a process which is influenced by both host and bacterial factors. These cell death modalities have distinct molecular mechanisms and pathways. Programmed cell death (PCD), encompassing apoptosis and autophagy, typically confers a protective response against Mtb by containing the bacteria within dead macrophages, facilitating their phagocytosis by uninfected or neighboring cells, whereas necrotic cell death benefits the pathogen, leading to the release of bacteria extracellularly. Apoptosis is triggered via intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways as well as caspase-independent pathways. Necrosis is induced via various pathways, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Given the pivotal role of host cell death pathways in host defense against Mtb, therapeutic agents targeting cell death signaling have been investigated for TB treatment. This review provides an overview of the diverse mechanisms underlying Mtb-induced host cell death, examining their implications for host immunity. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of targeting host cell death pathways as therapeutic and preventive strategies against Mtb infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic susceptibility testing of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolate requires culture growth, which can delay rapid detection of resistant cases. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and data analysis pipelines can assist in predicting resistance to antimicrobials used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). This study compared phenotypic susceptibility testing results and WGS-based predictions of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to four first-line antimicrobials—isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide—for MTBC isolates tested between the years 2018–2022. For this 5-year retrospective analysis, the WGS sensitivity for predicting resistance for isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide using Mykrobe was 86.7%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 47.8%, respectively, and the specificity was 99.4%, 99.5%, 98.7%, and 99.9%, respectively. The predictive values improved slightly using Mykrobe corrections applied using TB Profiler, i.e., the WGS sensitivity for isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide was 92.31%, 100%, 100%, and 57.78%, respectively, and the specificity was 99.63%. 99.45%, 98.93%, and 99.93%, respectively. The utilization of WGS-based testing addresses concerns regarding test turnaround time and enables analysis for MTBC member identification, antimicrobial resistance prediction, detection of mixed cultures, and strain genotyping, all through a single laboratory test. WGS enables rapid resistance detection compared to traditional phenotypic susceptibility testing methods using the WHO TB mutation catalog, providing an insight into lesser-known mutations, which should be added to prediction databases as high-confidence mutations are recognized. The WGS-based methods can support TB elimination efforts in Canada and globally by ensuring the early start of appropriate treatment, rapidly limiting the spread of TB outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic bacteria have several mechanisms to evade the host's immune response and achieve an efficient infection. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a relevant cellular communication mechanism, since they can interact with other bacterial cells and with host cells. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by some World Health Organization (WHO) priority Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria; by spore-producing bacteria; by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a bacteria with a complex cell wall); and by Treponema pallidum (a bacteria without lipopolysaccharide). We describe the classification and the general properties of bacterial EVs, their role during bacterial infections and their effects on the host immune response. Bacterial EVs contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate innate immune receptors, which leads to cytokine production and inflammation, but they also contain antigens that induce the activation of B and T cell responses. Understanding the many effects of bacterial EVs on the host's immune response can yield new insights on the pathogenesis of clinically important infections, but it can also lead to the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In addition, since EVs are efficient activators of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses, they constitute a promising platform for vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halfmask air‐purifying respirators are used by millions of workers to reduce inhaling air contaminants, both chemical (e.g., asbestos, styrene) and biological (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In 2006, the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated a standard that gave halfmask respirators an assigned protection factor (APF) of 10. This signified that OSHA assumes a fit‐tested and trained wearer will experience a 10% maximum total inward leakage of contaminated air into the facepiece. To derive APF = 10, OSHA analyzed data from 16 workplace studies of the efficacy of halfmask respirators worn against particulate contaminants. In this commentary, I contend that, in considering the data, OSHA made several errors that overstated halfmask respirator efficacy. The errors were (i) failing to properly account for within‐wearer and between‐wearer variability in respirator efficacy; (ii) ignoring the effect of particle deposition in the respiratory tract; (iii) aggregating unbalanced data within and between studies, and effectively double‐counting the data in some studies; and (iv) ignoring the effect that particle size exerts in penetrating respirator facepiece leak paths. The net result is that OSHA's APF = 10 can lead to excessive toxicant exposure for many workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type VII secretion (T7S) systems, also referred to as ESAT‐6 secretion (ESX) systems, are molecular machines that have gained great attention due to their implications in cell homeostasis and in host–pathogen interactions in mycobacteria. The latter include important human pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological cause of human tuberculosis, which constitutes a pandemic accounting for more than one million deaths every year. The ESX‐5 system is exclusively found in slow‐growing pathogenic mycobacteria, where it mediates the secretion of a large family of virulence factors: the PE and PPE proteins. The secretion driving force is provided by EccC5, a multidomain ATPase that operates using four globular cytosolic domains: an N‐terminal domain of unknown function (EccC5DUF) and three FtsK/SpoIIIE ATPase domains. Recent structural and functional studies of ESX‐3 and ESX‐5 systems have revealed EccCDUF to be an ATPase‐like fold domain with potential ATPase activity, the functionality of which is essential for secretion. Here, the crystal structure of the MtbEccC5DUF domain is reported at 2.05 Å resolution, which reveals a nucleotide‐free structure with degenerated cis‐acting and trans‐acting elements involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis. This crystallographic study, together with a biophysical assessment of the interaction of MtbEccC5DUF with ATP/Mg2+, supports the absence of ATPase activity proposed for this domain. It is shown that this degeneration is also present in DUF domains from other ESX and ESX‐like systems, which are likely to exhibit poor or null ATPase activity. Moreover, based on an in silico model of the N‐terminal region of MtbEccC5DUF, it is hypothesized that MtbEccC5DUF is a degenerated ATPase domain that may have retained the ability to hexamerize. These observations draw attention to DUF domains as structural elements with potential implications in the opening and closure of the membrane pore during the secretion process via their involvement in inter‐protomer interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease that has been observed since ancient times. In the mid-to late20th century, the main clinical approach to this disease involved focusing on its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. However, in the 21st century, the focus has shifted toward the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant TB. With the use of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at the frontlines in India, interpreting indeterminate results to treatment with rifampicin, an antitubercular drug, can be challenging. This is further exacerbated by a lack of knowledge regarding mutation frequency in antitubercular drugresistant genes in this region. Among antitubercular drugs, rifampicin is the most potent and effective drug for the treatment of tuberculosis; hence, understanding the pattern of rifampicin resistance (rpoB) gene mutations will provide insights into the genetic basis of this resistance, which may help in the prevention and treatment of TB. This retrospective observational study presents sociodemographic details, sample types, Mycobacterium tuberculosis load, types of probe mutations detected, and rifampicin indeterminate results from the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Of the 314 samples analyzed, 258 showed rifampicin resistance as detected by MTB, with 56 samples of MTB-detected rifampicin indeterminate results. Type E probe mutation (58.9%) was the most common type, while the least frequent mutation was Type C probe (1.5%). No missing probe was observed in approximately 8.9% of samples. Among the 56 rifampicin indeterminate results, the maximum Cycle threshold value did not cross 34.5 in six samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neotropical primates rarely exhibit active tuberculosis. A brown howler monkey was found injured in an urban area. Histopathology revealed granulomatous inflammation in the lungs, lymph nodes, and liver. Immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The findings highlight the importance of TB surveillance in nonhuman primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 40‐year old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) developed hyporexia, weight loss, followed by progressive and complete blindness. Tomography demonstrated an intracranial mass in the rostroventral brain involving the optic chiasm, with a presumptive diagnosis of neoplasm. However, histopathology revealed a granulomatous meningoencephalitis, and tissue samples tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Antitubercular potential of Halosarcia indica (Willd.) was determined for the first time. • SF3K fraction was observed to be most potent fraction with a MIC of ≤ 3.125 µg/mL. • H. indica bioactive fraction was found non-toxic against Vero cell line. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest leading health diseases of mankind, caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is still the major cause of high mortality and morbidity worldwide from a single infectious agent. Plant species belonging to the genus Halosarcia (formerly known as Salicornia) are known for their various medicinal properties like antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, etc., but not evaluated for their antimycobacterial property. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of Halosarcia indica (Willd.) (formerly known as Salicornia brachiata Roxb.), a halophytic plant, a source of antitubercular agents. The study involved the preparation of various extracts from different parts of the plant and the evaluation of their inhibitory activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using in vitro and in vivo assays. It was observed that the aqueous extract of the roots had the highest anti-TB activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 µg/mL and a ten-fold reduction of M. tuberculosis bacilli in the lungs of treated mice. Further fractionation of aqueous extract of roots using butanol, MeOH:CHCl 3 , MeOH, MeOH:H 2 O, and H 2 O yielded fractions with varying anti-TB activity. The subfraction SF3K obtained from fraction 2 (F-2) showed the highest potency, with MIC ≤ 3.125 µg/mL and an increase of 5 days in the mean survival time of M. tuberculosis-infected and treated (with SF3K) mice. This subfraction was found to be non-cytotoxic (in vitro) and non-toxic (during in vivo efficacy evaluation). The present study, for the first time, provides scientific evidence for the use of H. indica in the treatment of tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous transmitting type of disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It can affect any part of the body, including the oral cavity. Oral tuberculosis can be primary or secondary, In oral cavity, tongue, buccal mucosa, lip, and palate may involve. Here, the authors present a case of a 50-year-old male patient of tuberculosis of palate, manifesting as a non healing ulcer. The ulcer was present in the middle part of the palate, having undermined edge and a non indurated margin. Though it was tender on palpation, there was no evidence of palatal perforation or bony erosion on radiographic examination. A chest radiograph revealed consolidation in the apex and right upper zone, and Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT) of sputum was positive, but biopsy of the lesion could not be performed because of problem in patient's consent. The authors took a chance and started antitubercular drugs. They observed the changes of ulcer at regular intervals. No topical medication was given for the ulcer. After taking antitubercular drugs, the condition improved rapidly and The ulcer healed completely after completing the Intensive Phase (IP) only. Tuberculosis is a transmitting and fatal disease. Early diagnosis with proper treatment can prevent complications and the transmission of the disease to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of BCG vaccine for adult pulmonary tuberculosis remains uncertain. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of vaccination with BCG-Denmark to prevent initial and sustained interferon-γ release assay conversion in Brazilian health-care workers. This substudy is a nested randomised controlled trial embedded within the BRACE trial (NCT04327206). Specifically, this substudy enrolled Brazilian health-care workers (aged ≥18 years) from three sites in Brazil (Manaus, Campo Grande, and Rio de Janeiro) irrespective of previously receiving BCG vaccination. Participants were excluded if they had contraindications to BCG vaccination, more than 1 month of treatment with specific tuberculosis treatment drugs, previous adverse reactions to BCG, recent BCG vaccination, or non-compliance with assigned interventions. Those eligible were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the BCG group (0·1 mL intradermal injection of BCG-Denmark [Danish strain 1331; AJ Vaccines, Copenhagen]) or the placebo group (intradermal injection of 0·9% saline) using a web-based randomisation process in variable-length blocks (2, 4, or 6), and were stratified based on the study site, age (<40, ≥40 to <60, ≥60 years), and comorbidity presence (diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiac condition, hypertension). Sealed syringes were used to prevent inadvertent disclosure of group assignments. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) Plus test (Qiagen; Hilden, Germany) was used for baseline and 12-month tuberculosis infection assessments. The primary efficacy outcome was QFT Plus conversion (≥0·35 IU/mL) by 12 months following vaccination in participants who had a negative baseline result (<0·35 IU/mL). Between Oct 7, 2020, and April 12, 2021, 1985 (77·3%) of 2568 participants were eligible for QFT Plus assessment at 12 months and were included in this substudy; 996 (50·2%) of 1985 were in the BCG group and 989 (49·8%) were in the placebo group. Overall, 1475 (74·3%) of 1985 participants were women and 510 (25·7%) were men, and the median age was 39 years (IQR 32–47). During the first 12 months, QFT Plus conversion occurred in 66 (3·3%) of 1985 participants, with no significant differences by study site (p=0·897). Specifically, 34 (3·4%) of 996 participants had initial QFT conversion in the BCG group compared with 32 (3·2%) of 989 in the placebo group (risk ratio 1·09 [95% CI 0·67–1·77]; p=0·791). BCG-Denmark vaccination did not reduce initial QFT Plus conversion risk in Brazilian health-care workers. This finding underscores the need to better understand tuberculosis prevention in populations at high risk. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Minderoo Foundation, Sarah and Lachlan Murdoch, the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Health Services Union NSW, the Peter Sowerby Foundation, SA Health, the Insurance Advisernet Foundation, the NAB Foundation, the Calvert-Jones Foundation, the Modara Pines Charitable Foundation, the United Health Group Foundation, Epworth Healthcare, and individual donors. For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

l -cysteine, a primary building block of mycothiol, plays an essential role in the defense mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, it is unclear how Mtb regulates cysteine biosynthesis as no study has reported the cysteine regulatory complex (CRC) in Mtb. Serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and cysteine synthase (CS) interact to form CRC. Although Mt CS has been characterized well, minimal information is available on Mt SAT, which synthesizes, O-acetylserine (OAS), the precursor of cysteine. This study fills the gap and provides experimental evidence for the presence of Mt CRC and a non-canonical multi-oligomeric Mt SAT. We employed multiple analytical methods to characterize the oligomeric and kinetic properties of Mt SAT and Mt CRC. Results show that Mt SAT, lacking >75 N-terminal amino acids exists in three different assembly states; trimer, hexamer, and dodecamer, compared to the single hexameric state of SAT of other bacteria. While hexamers display the highest catalytic turnover, the trimer is the least active. The predominance of trimers at low physiologically relevant concentrations suggests that Mt SAT displays the lowest catalytic potential known. Further, the catalytic potential of Mt SAT is also significantly reduced in CRC state, in contrast to enhanced activity of SAT in CRC of other organisms. Our study provides insights into multi-oligomeric Mt SAT with reduced catalytic potential and demonstrates that both Mt SAT and Mt CS of Mycobacterium interact to form CRC, although with altered catalytic properties. We discuss our results in light of the altered biochemistry of the last step of canonical sulfate-dependent cysteine biosynthesis of Mycobacterium. [Display omitted] • Serine acetyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt SAT) lacks four N-terminal helices. • Mt SAT exists in three states, with the trimer demonstrating the least catalytic efficiency. • Only hexamers can form cysteine regulatory complex (CRC) with cysteine synthase, not trimers. • Together, results indicate that compromised catalytic efficiency of Mt SAT may be an evolutionary adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional difference among the three copper-transporting P-type ATPases (CtpA, CtpB, and CtpV) annotated in genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains unclear. Thus, CtpA and CtpB are believed to deliver copper to extracytoplasmic proteins as a cofactor required to overcome redox and copper stress in the Mtb periplasm. This study investigates an alternative role of CtpA-mediated copper transportation and its possible interaction with the activity of the multicopper oxidase, (MmcO), in response to redox stress. Results from RT-qPCR experiments indicate that the ctpA gene is upregulated in low Cu2+ concentrations, and under oxidative (H 2 O 2) and nitrosative (sodium nitroprusside) conditions in vitro, but not in high doses of Cu2+. Furthermore, the ctpA mutant strain (Mtb Δ ctpA) showed impaired growth in the presence of oxidative and nitrosative stress in vitro. However, it did not display such growth impairments in response to high doses of copper in comparison to the wild-type strain. Disruption of the ctpA gene in the Mtb genome did not induce an accumulation of copper in cells under toxic doses of the metal, suggesting that CtpA is not directly involved in copper detoxification. On the other hand, whole-cell lysates of the Mtb Δ ctpA mutant that were previously stimulated with Cu2+, H 2 O 2 and SNP (sodium nitroprusside), displayed reduced ability to oxidize organic substrates (para-phenylenediamine (pPD) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). These finding strongly suggest that the efflux of copper transported by CtpA from the cytoplasm is relevant to the response to the redox stress and may be required for metalation and activity of MmcO in Mtb. [Display omitted] • CtpA is not directly required for copper detoxification in Mtb. • CtpA could deliver copper to the membrane cuproenzyme MmcO. • CtpA is required to overcome redox stress in Mtb cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloidosis is a pathological deposition disease that causes a spectrum of organ dysfunction. Pulmonary involvement is generally associated with immunoglobulin light chain type (AL) amyloid. Transthyretin (ATTR) amyloid build up in the lung is thought to be a senile disease observed usually as a finding at autopsy. We describe a case of pulmonary ATTR amyloidosis with concurrent mycobacterial tuberculosis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Rapid, reliable identification of mycobacteria from positive cultures is essential for patient management, particularly for the differential diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a new "In-Vitro-Diagnostic"-certified PCR kit, FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 (Hain Lifescience GmbH) for NTM and MTBC identification from cultures. Methods: Mycobacteria identification isolated from positive cultures during routine practice at the Lyon university hospital mycobacteria laboratory obtained by hsp65 amplification/sequencing were compared retrospectively and prospectively to those obtained by and the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 kit. Results: The overall agreement between hsp65 amplification/sequencing and the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 kit was 88.4% (84/95); 91.2% (52/57) for the retrospective period and 84.2% (32/38) for the prospective period. There were 9 (9.5%) minor discrepancies (species in the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 database and identified at genus level): 4 during the retrospective period, 5 during the prospective period; and 2 (2.1%) major discrepancies (species in the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 database and identified incorrectly to species level): 1 during the retrospective period (M. kumamotonense identified as M. abscessus subsp massiliense by the kit) and 1 during the prospective period (M. chimaera identified as M. smegmatis by the kit). Including concordant results at genus level and minor discrepancies, 17.9% (17/95) of strains were identified as Mycobacterium sp. by the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria-VER 1.0 kit. Conclusion: The good performance of the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria-VER 1.0 kit with few major discrepancies could enable its use for first-line identification of positive mycobacteria cultures. However, an alternative identification method at least for reference laboratories is needed owing to the non-negligible proportion of NTM strains were identified at genus level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latent tuberculosis, caused by dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), poses a threat to global health through the incubation of undiagnosed infections within the community. Dormant Mtb, which is phenotypically tolerant to antibiotics, accumulates triacylglycerol (TAG) utilizing fatty acids obtained from macrophage lipid droplets. TAG is vital to mycobacteria, serving as a cell envelope component and energy reservoir during latency. TAG synthesis occurs by sequential acylation of glycerol‐3‐phosphate, wherein the second acylation step is catalyzed by acylglycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), resulting in the production of phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for the synthesis of TAG and various phospholipids. Here, we have characterized a putative acyltransferase of Mtb encoded by Rv3816c. We found that Rv3816c has all four characteristic motifs of AGPAT, exists as a membrane‐bound enzyme, and functions as 1‐acylglycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase. The enzyme could transfer the acyl group to acylglycerol‐3‐phosphate (LPA) from monounsaturated fatty acyl‐coenzyme A of chain length 16 or 18 to produce PA. Complementation of Escherichia coli PlsC mutant in vivo by Rv3816c confirmed that it functions as AGPAT. Its active site mutants, H43A and D48A, were incapable of transferring the acyl group to LPA in vitro and were not able to rescue the growth defect of E. coli PlsC mutant in vivo. Identifying Rv3816c as AGPAT and comparing its properties with other AGPAT homologs is not only a step toward understanding the TAG biosynthesis in mycobacteria but has the potential to explore it as a drug target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives and design: As an interferon-inducible protein, Viperin has broad-spectrum antiviral effects and regulation of host immune responses. We aim to investigate how Viperin regulates interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in macrophages to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Methods: We use Viperin deficient bone-marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) to investigate the effects and machines of Viperin on Mtb infection. Results: Viperin inhibited IFN-γ production in macrophages and in the lung of mice to promote Mtb survival. Further insight into the mechanisms of Viperin-mediated regulation of IFN-γ production revealed the role of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), the TAK1-dependent inhibition of NF-kappa B kinase-epsilon (IKKε), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Inhibition of the TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 axis restored IFN-γ production reduced by Viperin knockout in BMDM and suppressed intracellular Mtb survival. Moreover, Viperin deficiency activated the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, which promoted IFN-γ production and inhibited Mtb infection in BMDM. Additionally, a combination of the anti-TB drug INH treatment in the absence of Viperin resulted in further IFN-γ production and anti-TB effect. Conclusions: This study highlights the involvement of TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 axis and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in Viperin-suppressed IFN-γ production in Mtb infected macrophages, and identifies a novel mechanism of Viperin on negatively regulating host immune response to Mtb infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need for rapid, non-sputum point-of-care diagnostics to detect tuberculosis. This prospective trial in seven high tuberculosis burden countries evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the point-of-care urine-based lipoarabinomannan assay FUJIFILM SILVAMP TB LAM (FujiLAM) among inpatients and outpatients living with HIV. Diagnostic performance of FujiLAM was assessed against a mycobacterial reference standard (sputum culture, blood culture, and Xpert Ultra from urine and sputum at enrollment, and additional sputum culture ≤7 days from enrollment), an extended mycobacterial reference standard (eMRS), and a composite reference standard including clinical evaluation. Of 1637 participants considered for the analysis, 296 (18%) were tuberculosis positive by eMRS. Median age was 40 years, median CD4 cell count was 369 cells/ul, and 52% were female. Overall FujiLAM sensitivity was 54·4% (95% CI: 48·7–60·0), overall specificity was 85·2% (83·2–87·0) against eMRS. Sensitivity and specificity estimates varied between sites, ranging from 26·5% (95% CI: 17·4%–38·0%) to 73·2% (60·4%–83·0%), and 75·0 (65·0%–82·9%) to 96·5 (92·1%–98·5%), respectively. Post-hoc exploratory analysis identified significant variability in the performance of the six FujiLAM lots used in this study. Lot variability limited interpretation of FujiLAM test performance. Although results with the current version of FujiLAM are too variable for clinical decision-making, the lipoarabinomannan biomarker still holds promise for tuberculosis diagnostics. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04089423). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to survive within macrophages by compromising the integrity of the phagosomal compartment in which it resides. This activity primarily relies on the ESX-1 secretion system, predominantly involving the protein duo ESAT-6 and CFP-10. CFP-10 likely acts as a chaperone, while ESAT-6 likely disrupts phagosomal membrane stability via a largely unknown mechanism. we employ a series of biochemical analyses, protein modeling techniques, and a novel ESAT-6-specific nanobody to gain insight into the ESAT-6' s mode of action. First, we measure the binding kinetics of the tight 1:1 complex formed by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 at neutral pH. Subsequently, we demonstrate a rapid self-association of ESAT-6 into large complexes under acidic conditions, leading to the identification of a stable tetrameric ESAT-6 species. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we pinpoint the most probable interaction interface. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasmic expression of an anti-ESAT-6 nanobody blocks Mtb replication, thereby underlining the pivotal role of ESAT-6 in intracellular survival. Together, these data suggest that ESAT-6 acts by a pH-dependent mechanism to establish two-way communication between the cytoplasm and the Mtb-containing phagosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge with the emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis variants, necessitating innovative drug molecules. One potential target is the cell wall synthesis enzyme decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2′-epimerase (DprE1), crucial for virulence and survival. This study employed virtual screening of 111 Protein Data Bank (PDB) database molecules known for their inhibitory biological activity against DprE1 with known IC50 values. Six compounds, PubChem ID: 390820, 86287492, 155294899, 155522922, 162651615, and 162665075, exhibited promising attributes as drug candidates and validated against clinical trial inhibitors BTZ043, TBA-7371, PBTZ169, and OPC-167832. Concurrently, this research focused on DprE1 mutation effects using molecular dynamic simulations. Among the 10 mutations tested, C387N significantly influenced protein behavior, leading to structural alterations observed through root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), and solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) analysis. Ligand 2 (ID: 390820) emerged as a promising candidate through ligand-based pharmacophore analysis, displaying enhanced binding compared with reference inhibitors. Molecular dynamic simulations highlighted ligand 2's interaction with the C387N mutation, reducing fluctuations, augmenting hydrogen bonding, and influencing solvent accessibility. These collective findings emphasize ligand 2's efficacy, particularly against severe mutations, in enhancing protein-ligand complex stability. Integrated computational and pharmacophore methodologies offer valuable insights into drug candidates and their interactions within intricate protein environments. This research lays a strategic foundation for targeted interventions against drug-resistant TB, highlighting ligand 2's potential for advanced drug development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the results of proficiency testing for anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing (DST) in China. Number of laboratory participating the proficiency testing performed DST, and the sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and accordance rate were calculated from data of 13 rounds proficiency testing results for DST from 2008 to 2021. A total of 30 and 20 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with known susceptibility results were sent to each laboratory in 2008 to 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The number of participating laboratories ranged from 30 in 2009 to 546 in 2021. L-J DST was the predominant method. The specificity presented relatively higher than sensitivity. Improvement of specificity were observed for all drugs through the years, while sensitivity did not show improvement for amikacin and capreomycin. Accordance rate of pyrazinamide and kanamycin and reproducibility of capreomycin and pyrazinamide were not significantly improved through the years. Most of the participating laboratories significantly improved the quality of their DST through the consecutive rounds of proficiency testing except for second-line injectable drugs and pyrazinamide. The results highlight the importance of developing novel and/or improving existing methods for phenotypic DST for certain drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) transmission and prevalence are dynamic over time, and heterogeneous within populations. Public health programmes therefore require up-to-date, accurate epidemiological data to appropriately allocate resources, target interventions, and track progress towards End TB goals. Current methods of TB surveillance often rely on case notifications, which are biased by access to healthcare, and TB disease prevalence surveys, which are highly resource-intensive, requiring many tens of thousands of people to be tested to identify high-risk groups or capture trends. Surveys of "latent TB infection", or immunoreactivity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), using tests such as interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) could provide a way to identify TB transmission hotspots, supplementing information from disease notifications, and with greater spatial and temporal resolution than is possible to achieve in disease prevalence surveys. This cross-sectional survey will investigate the prevalence of Mtb immunoreactivity amongst young children, adolescents and adults in Blantyre, Malawi, a high HIV-prevalence city in southern Africa. Through this study we will estimate the annual risk of TB infection (ARTI) in Blantyre and explore individual- and area-level risk factors for infection, as well as investigating geospatial heterogeneity of Mtb infection (and its determinants), and comparing these to the distribution of TB disease case-notifications. We will also evaluate novel diagnostics for Mtb infection (QIAreach QFT) and sampling methodologies (convenience sampling in healthcare settings and community sampling based on satellite imagery), which may increase the feasibility of measuring Mtb infection at large scale. The overall aim is to provide high-resolution epidemiological data and provide new insights into methodologies which may be used by TB programmes globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing Arctic temperatures are facilitating the northward expansion of more southerly hosts, vectors, and pathogens, exposing naïve populations to pathogens not typical at northern latitudes. To understand such rapidly changing host–pathogen dynamics, we need sensitive and robust surveillance tools. Here, we use a novel multiplexed magnetic-capture and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) tool to assess a sentinel Arctic species, the polar bear (Ursus maritimus; n = 68), for the presence of five zoonotic pathogens (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.), and observe associations between pathogen presence and biotic and abiotic predictors. We made two novel detections: the first detection of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex member in Arctic wildlife and the first of E. rhusiopathiae in a polar bear. We found a prevalence of 37% for E. rhusiopathiae, 16% for F. tularensis, 29% for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, 18% for T. gondii, and 75% for Trichinella spp. We also identify associations with bear age (Trichinella spp.), harvest season (F. tularensis and MTBC), and human settlements (E. rhusiopathiae, F. tularensis, MTBC, and Trichinella spp.). We demonstrate that monitoring a sentinel species, the polar bear, could be a powerful tool in disease surveillance and highlight the need to better characterize pathogen distributions and diversity in the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has been a major obstacle to global tuberculosis control programs, especially in developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study investigated drug resistance patterns and associated mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) isolates from the Amhara, Gambella, and Benishangul-Gumuz regions of Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 128 MTBC isolates obtained from patients with presumptive tuberculosis (TB). Phenotypic (BACTEC MGIT 960) and genotypic (MTBDRplus and MTBDRsl assays) methods were used for drug susceptibility testing. Data were entered into Epi-info and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Frequencies and proportions were determined to describe drug resistance levels and associated mutations. Results: Of the 127 isolates recovered, 100 (78.7%) were susceptible to four first-line anti-TB drugs. Any drug resistance, polydrug resistance, and multi-drug resistance (MDR) were detected in 21.3% (27), 15.7% (20), and 15% (19) of the isolates, respectively, by phenotypic and/or genotypic methods. Mono-resistance was observed for Isoniazid (INH) (2, 1.6%) and Streptomycin (STR) (2, 1.6%). There were two genotypically discordant RIF-resistant cases and one INH-resistant case. One case of pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) and one case of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) were identified. The most frequent gene mutations associated with INH and rifampicin (RIF) resistance were observed in the katG MUT1 (S315T1) (20, 76.9%) and rpoB (S531L) (10, 52.6%) genes, respectively. Two MDR-TB isolates were resistant to second-line drugs; one had a mutation in the gyrA MUT1 gene, and the other had missing gyrA WT1, gyrA WT3, and rrs WT1 genes without any mutation. Conclusions: The detection of a significant proportion of DR-TB cases in this study suggests that DR-TB is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Thus, we recommend the early detection and treatment of DR-TB and universal full first-line drug-susceptibility testing in routine system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]