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Background: Up to 30% of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) will develop advanced-stage disease (aDTC) with reduced overall survival (OS). Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize initial diagnosis of aDTC, its therapeutic management, and prognosis in Spain and Portugal. Methods: A multicentre, longitudinal, retrospective study of adult patients diagnosed with aDTC in the Iberian Peninsula was conducted between January 2007 and December 2012. Analyses of baseline characteristics and results of initial treatments, relapse- or progression-free survival ((RP)FS) from first DTC diagnosis, OS, and prognostic factors impacting the evolution of advanced disease were evaluated. Results: Two hundred and thirteen patients (median age: 63 years; 57% female) were eligible from 23 hospitals. Advanced disease presented at first diagnosis (de novo aDTC) included 54% of patients, while 46% had relapsed from early disease (recurrent/progressive eDTC). At initial stage, most patients received surgery (98%) and/or radioiodine (RAI) (89%), with no differences seen between median OS (95% CI) (10.4 (7.3–15.3) years) and median disease-specific-survival (95% CI) (11.1 (8.7–16.2) years; log-rank test P = 0.4737). Age at diagnosis being

Abstract Background Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary condition characterized by a high risk of colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and other neoplasia associated with germline alterations in DNA mismatch repair genes. The classical genetic diagnostic strategy for LS consists of the Sanger sequencing of genes associated with the suspected syndrome. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) enables the simultaneous sequencing of a large number of hereditary cancer genes. Here, we aimed to study whether other germline pathogenic variants of hereditary cancer genes are present in patients with LS. Methods A cohort of 84 probands with a previous genetic diagnosis of LS by Sanger sequencing was reanalyzed using NGS via a commercial panel of 94 hereditary cancer genes by hybrid capture. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria were used to classify the clinical significance of the variants. The findings of NGS were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. When possible, genetic analyses of the new findings in the proband's relatives were also performed by Sanger sequencing. Results We identified five families (6%), out of 84, with at least two germline pathogenic variants conferring to high or moderate risk in different dominant cancer‐predisposing genes: [MLH1‐BRCA2‐NBN], [MLH1‐BRCA1], [MSH2‐ATM], [MSH6‐NF1], and [MLH1‐FANCA]. Interestingly, only one out of these five families exhibited a clinical phenotype associated with the new pathogenic variants. The family with three pathogenic variants of the [MLH1‐BRCA2‐NBN] genes showed a high aggregation of tumors associated with LS and breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Conclusions Our results showed that the co‐occurrence of more than one pathogenic variant in cancer‐predisposing genes was remarkable among cases of LS. In most cases, no clinicial manifestations were associated with the secondary pathogenic variants. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and elucidate their clinical impact. Reanalysis of LS families should be considered only in families with mixed clinical phenotypes.

El presente trabajo de investigación, tuvo como objetivo conocer la percepción que las alumnas de nuevo ingreso tenían respecto del acoso y hostigamiento sexual por parte de sus compañeros universitarios de semestre avanzados .La metodología utilizada fue un estudio de Tipo Exploratorio y cualitativo ,el resultado más relevante destacó que las jóvenes visualizan el acoso y el hostigamiento como algo similar, por ello la principal conclusión a la que se llegó fue: La necesidad de seguir implementando diversas acciones que le permitan a la comunidad estudiantil en general, sensibilizarse sobre la importancia de conocer y diferenciar entre el acoso y el hostigamiento sexual. Abstract The objective of this investigative study was to know how female freshmen students perceived sexual harassment and intimidation on behalf of male university classmates. The methodology used was an exploratory and qualitative study: the study highlighted how young women saw no difference between sexual harassment and intimidation, to this effect, the main conclusion led us to identify the need to continue implementing diverse actions that will allow us to raise awareness of the importance of knowing and being able to differentiate between sexual harassment and intimidation.

Abstract Background Approximately 5 to 10% of all cancers are caused by inherited germline mutations, many of which are associated with different Hereditary Cancer Syndromes (HCS). In the context of the Program of Hereditary Cancer of the Valencia Community, individuals belonging to specific HCS and their families receive genetic counselling and genetic testing according to internationally established guidelines. The current diagnostic approach is based on sequencing a few high-risk genes related to each HCS; however, this method is time-consuming, expensive and does not achieve a confirmatory genetic diagnosis in many cases. This study aims to test the level of improvement offered by a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) gene-panel compared to the standard approach in a diagnostic reference laboratory setting. Methods A multi-gene NGS panel was used to test a total of 91 probands, previously classified as non-informative by analysing the high-risk genes defined in our guidelines. Results Nineteen deleterious mutations were detected in 16% of patients, some mutations were found in already-tested high-risk genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, MSH2) and others in non-prevalent genes (RAD51D, PALB2, ATM, TP53, MUTYH, BRIP1). Conclusions Overall, our findings reclassify several index cases into different HCS, and change the mutational status of 14 cases from non-informative to gene mutation carriers. In conclusion, we highlight the necessity of incorporating validated multi-gene NGS panels into the HCSs diagnostic routine to increase the performance of genetic diagnosis.

Background: Cardiac metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma are very uncommon. Their incidence is rising due to improvements in survival and diagnosis; nevertheless, our patient is the fourth case reported up to date. There are no clinical trials available in this scenario. Therefore, treatment choice is made based on clinical experience and case reports; notably, the largest case report series was prior to the approval for using tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. Patient: A 73-year-old lady had dedifferentiated papillary thyroid cancer with ongoing sorafenib. After 9 months on this treatment, she presented with dyspnea and heart failure. Differential diagnosis included infection, progression of disease and cardiotoxicity. After a comprehensive assessment (echocardiography, computed tomography, PET, magnetic resonance), we found progression of lung disease, and the appearance of heart metastases. Results: After recovering from the basal status, she started on second-line treatment with sunitinib, which was well-tolerated. She achieved stable disease with a decrease in tumor marker levels. Conclusions: We should include cardiac metastases in the differential diagnosis of heart failure in cancer patients. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for assessment. Sorafenib is the mainstay of the first-line therapy in metastatic thyroid cancer, achieving long-term disease control with good tolerance. Sunitinib could be a safe second-line treatment option (not cardiotoxicity related) with promising results. Therefore, our report presents a sequence of treatment with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in metastatic thyroid carcinoma with an encouraging outcome, which deserves further investigation.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar el desarrollo de plantas de tomate en un sustrato elaborado con arena (70 % con base en el volumen) más 30 % de partículas pomáceas de 2.38 a 3.35 mm de diámetro; así como establecer la frecuencia de riego que no afecte el desarrollo de las plantas de tomate. Plántulas de tomate fueron trasplantadas en un sustrato de arena-pómez y se sometieron a tres frecuencias de riego (diario, cada tercer día y cada seis días). El desarrollo de plantas de tomate se evaluó a través del tiempo. Se registraron datos de altura de planta, longitud de raíz, número de hojas y flores. El sustrato se analizó en laboratorio al principio y al final del experimento. Los resultados muestran que las plantas de tomate en el sustrato arena-pómez y con un riego diario, tuvieron un mayor crecimiento. El consumo de agua fue de 600 ml diarios en la época de máxima demanda. La retención de humedad inicial del sustrato fue 44.40 %, de la cual 56 % estaba disponible; condiciones que pueden ser aprovechadas en la producción de cultivos en invernadero.

Prevailing social, economic and political ideas and paradigms constitute the lens through which scientists observe, assess, and understand the world. This affects how we interpret and understand the mechanisms governing the interaction between organisms and has led, in most cases, to dominant explanations and paradigms that are difficult to overthrow. This is the case of ecological theory, whose perspectives have followed the rationale of societal changes. From the industrial revolution to very recently, species competition for resources was regarded as one of the main drivers of species interactions. Nowadays, a new and rapidly growing way of thinking emerged, fueled by the high sequencing capacities, ultra-resolution microscopy and the slowly growing number of different social and gender perspectives participating in ecological studies: that living beings are not just single organisms interacting with other single organisms, but complex communities of macro- and microorganisms living and evolving together. The information emerging from this field is bringing new light to previously disregarded aspects of the ecological interactions that, in our opinion, will change the main paradigms in ecology. As members of a South American scientific network of Aquatic Microbial Ecology (MicroSudAqua), here we propose to explore alternative explanations for ecological observations, searching for new traits accounting for cooperation between microorganisms as a fundamental evolutionary and ecological strategy. * Photo: Hyalosphenia papilio (Amoebozoa; Arcellinida), an amoeba species that hosts endosymbiotic algae related to the genus Chlorella. These organisms live in boreal peat bogs, an oligotrophic environment where they obtain much needed nutrients through their photosynthesizing partners. The amoeba requires the alga to close its life cycle, and has never been observed without it. Image: Prof. Edward A. D. Mitchell

Abstract Background and objective Patient-reported outcome measures can provide clinicians with valuable information to improve doctor-patient communication and inform clinical decision-making. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physician-perceived utility of the QLQ-GINET21 in routine clinical practice in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours (GI-NETs). Secondary aims were to explore the patient, clinician, and/or centre-related variables potentially associated with perceived clinical utility. Methods Non-interventional, cross-sectional, multicentre study conducted at 34 hospitals in Spain and Portugal (NCT02853422). Patients diagnosed with GI-NETs completed two health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires (QLQ-C30, QLQ-GINET21) during a single routine visit. Physicians completed a 14-item ad hoc survey to rate the clinical utility of QLQ-GINET21 on three dimensions: 1)therapeutic and clinical decision-making, 2)doctor-patient communication, 3)questionnaire characteristics. Results A total of 199 patients at 34 centres were enrolled by 36 participating clinicians. The highest rated dimension on the QLQ-GINET21 was questionnaire characteristics (86.9% of responses indicating “high utility”), followed by doctor-patient communication (74.4%), and therapeutic and clinical decision-making (65.8%). One physician-related variable (GI-NET patient volume > 30 patients/year) was associated with high clinical utility and two variables (older age/less experience treating GI-NETs) with low clinical utility. Conclusions Clinician-perceived clinical utility of QLQ-GINET21 is high. Clinicians valued the instruments’ capacity to provide a better understanding of patient perspectives and to identify the factors that had the largest influence on patient HRQoL.

Abstract  It is well established that mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. We here report 23 novel genetic variants of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes found in 349 cancer-prone unrelated families from Eastern Spain detected during the first 2 years of performance of the Program of Genetic Counseling of Valencia Community. Mutational screening was performed by pre-screening the heteroduplex formed in the PCR products obtained amplifying BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by conformation sensitive electrophoresis. We detected 10 deletereous mutations, four in BRCA1 (three frame-shift (FS) and one nonsense mutation (NS)) and six in BRCA2 (four FS and one NS mutation). Moreover, we detected 13 unclassified variants, four in BRCA1 (one missense (MS), two synonymous (SYN) and one intronic (I) variant) and nine in BRCA2 (six MS, one SYN and two I). The relevance of the novel mutations is discussed. Our contribution broadens the BRCA1/2 world mutational spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract   Background Alterations in BRCA1 gene are responsible for the majority of hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancers. However, the frequency of detected germline mutations is lower than expected by linkage analysis. Standard PCR-based screening methods are mainly used for detecting mutations, but the large genomic rearrangements are commonly overlooked. The purpose of this study was to confirm and characterize a novel deletion identified in BRCA1 gene which has not yet been reported to date. Methods Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to analyze BRCA1 rearrangements in 255 unrelated index patients with familial breast and/or ovarian cancer negative for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations studied in Program of Genetic Counselling on Cancer of Valencia Community (Spain). The breakpoints of detected novel rearrangement were characterized by sequencing. Results and discussion Five different rearrangements in the BRCA1 gene were identified in five unrelated index patients out of the 225 (2%). We found four large genomic rearrangements already described consisting in a 1A/1B and 2 deletion; deletion of exons 5–7; deletion of exons 8–13; exon 20 deletion. Additionally, we found the novel g.8097_22733del14637 deletion that encompasses exons 3–5. This deletion affects the RING domain of the BRCA1 protein and it is suggestive of having a negative impact on its function. Conclusion The new mutation here reported broadens the mutational spectrum of large rearrangements. Furthermore, the five large rearrangements found in patients non-carriers of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations reinforce the need of studying BRCA1 large genomic rearrangements in genetic counselling programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Little has been published regarding clinical predictors of severe toxicity in patients withmetastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with combination chemotherapy (CT) with oxaliplatin and/oririnotecan.Material and Methods: We analyzed retrospectively 142 patients treated between 1996 and 2004 in ourcenter with these regimes with regards to grade 3-4 toxicity and overall survival (OS) rates. Köhne's prognosticclassification could be applied in all patients.Results: Köhne classification: good (54.2%), intermediate (26.8%), and poor prognosis (19%). 50.4%received irinotecan-based CT. Median number of cycles 6 with a total response rate of 38.9%. 23.2% stoppedfirst-line CT due to toxicity. 50.7% suffered grade 3-4 toxicity: digestive (28.2%), hematologic (19.7%), andfatigue (25.4%). 7.7% episodes of neutropenic fever with 4.9% toxic deaths. 70.9% of grade 3-4 episodesoccurred in the first four cycles. Median follow-up of 33.9 mo; median OS of 15.9 mo. For Köhne classification:good (20 mo), intermediate (15.8 mo), and poor (6.8 mo). Toxicity analysis: female sex and age > 70 yrpredicted higher overall grade 3-4 toxicity, with no differences in CT efficacy; age > 70 yr and PS > 1 predictedhigher grade 3-4 fatigue. No relationship could be found between baseline laboratory characteristicsand higher toxicity, except baseline hemoglobin and grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity.Conclusions: Female and elderly patients have a higher grade 3-4 toxicity rate when treated with combinationCT with oxaliplatin or irinotecan. Prognostic classifications such as Köhne's can help differentiate subgroupsof patients who benefit little with the use of combination CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To date, there are no guidelines for a rational and more favourable sequence of treatment after docetaxel. Two drugs (cabazitaxel and abiraterone) have recently been approved as second-line treatment after docetaxel failure in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but there are no studies comparing abiraterone versus cabazitaxel. The most suitable drug is chosen based on the physician's opinion and the patient's characteristics. In patients with a good performance status who are able to receive either treatment, it would be convenient to begin with cabazitaxel and to reserve abiraterone in case there is a worsening of the general status, in consideration of abiraterone's more favourable toxicity profile. Case Report: We describe the case of a 74-year-old male with mCRPC who presented with an interesting and uncommon tumour dissemination (pleuropulmonary) occurring after the first standard treatment with docetaxel. Intravenous treatment with cabazitaxel 25 mg/m2 and oral prednisone 10 mg continuously was initiated. The patient received a total of 8 cycles of chemotherapy. A reduction of mediastinal adenopathies and infrarenal para-aortic stable bone involvement and an absence of pleural effusion were observed. No relevant toxicity was noted. Since February 2012, a progressive PSA increase without clinical deterioration has been noted. Conclusions: The selection criteria for second- and third-line systemic treatment and the excellent response obtained with cabazitaxel in an unusual disease setting are described. The results confirm the long duration and quality of response of cabazitaxel treatment. Further therapeutic options in this group of patients are suggested.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration is directly proportional to the amount of vermicompost (VC) added to sand substrates. The objectives of this work were to establish the effect of the amount of VC in sand substrates on the concentration of IAA and to determine its influence on tomato plants. Sand substrates with VC percentages (0, 20, 40, and 50%) were placed in pots; in each one, the concentration of IAA was determined at the beginning and the end (after supporting tomato plants), and its bacterial load was determined. In tomato plants, some vegetative and yield components were measured. The results show that by adding 1 kg of VC in a sand-based substrate, the concentration of exogenous IAA increases by 0.0470 and 0.0642 mg g−1 (at the beginning and the end, respectively). This increase was reflected in the development of the plants; for example, their roots demonstrated their maximum development (370.20 cm−3) when the amount of VC in the substrate was 3.95 kg. Therefore, the amount of VC used in the preparation of substrates influences the concentration of IAA in them, which is reflected in the development of tomato plants.

El quitosano en perlas y pH ácido (Q) tiene la capacidad de adsorber arsénico (As) del agua. El Q podría adsorber el As que se encuentra en la solución del suelo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad quelatante del Q ajustado a pH ácido y neutro para disminuir concentración de As soluble en dos Fluvisoles. Para llevar a cabo el experimento se acondicionó Q a dos pH (5 y 7) con la adición de ácido sulfúrico y se dejó Q sin tratar para usarlo como testigo. Se ensayaron cuatro tratamientos (suelos sin Q, con Q sin tratar, con Q ajustado a pH 5 y con Q ajustado a pH 7). Cada tratamiento se condujo por cuadruplicado, haciendo un total de 16 unidades experimentales para cada suelo. Cada unidad experimental consistió de 500 g de suelo empaquetado en una bolsa de plástico, a la cual se le añadió un fertilizante fosfatado (200 mg kg‑1) y se llevó a capacidad de campo, dejándola reposar por 48 h. Al cumplirse el tiempo de reposo, se agregaron a cada bolsa 0.063 g de Q del tratamiento correspondiente y su respectiva réplica, dejándolas en incubación durante 48 h a una temperatura de 25 °C. El diseño experimental empleado fue completamente al azar. A los suelos se les determinó el contenido de As soluble mediante una extracción con agua desionizada y lo extractado se midió por el método de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con generación de hidruros. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y una prueba de medias (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05). Los resultados demostraron que el quitosano ajustado con ácido sulfúrico a pH 5, (QpH5) adsorbió la mayor cantidad de As soluble (640%). Lo que representa una alternativa de recuperación de suelos contaminados con As.

The objectives of this study were to identify and rank the covariables of soil-forming factors that affect the distribution and spatial variability of pH in an agricultural area and to obtain a predictive map of soil pH. Samples of topsoil were obtained from different sites and taken to the laboratory, where they were prepared to determine the pH, organic matter, and percentages of particle size. In addition, the values of environmental covariables that affect pH were obtained. A database of the coordinates, laboratory results, and values of the covariables was constructed. Principal component analysis of the covariables was performed, and an analysis of the pH spatial structure was conducted and interpolated to obtain a predictive map of pH. Of the soil physical characteristics, the covariables clay and sand had a greater influence on the spatial behavior of pH with respect to the rest of the covariables of soil-forming factors, while human activity acted as a catalyst of the acidification process. Soil pH exhibited autocorrelation and moderate spatial dependence (66.7%) and was thus spatially predictable. The pH prediction map was accurate (RMSE = 0.158 and MEB = 0.020).

Segura-Castruita, M. A., & Ortiz-Solorio, C. A. (mayojunio, 2017). Modelación de la evapotranspiración potencial mensual a partir de temperaturas máximas-mínimas y altitud. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, 8(3), 93-110. La estimación de la evapotranspiración potencial (ETP) es importante en el uso del agua con aplicaciones agrícolas, ecológicas y otras actividades de planeación. La carencia de datos en estaciones meteorológicas (EM) de países en vías de desarrollo conduce a la búsqueda de modelos sencillos que permitan estimar la ETP. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron 1) relacionar las variables temperatura máxima (TX) y temperatura mínima (TN) mensuales, altitud (AL) y meses del año (ME), con resultados de ETP obtenidos con el modelo de Hargreaves y Samani (HS) en México, mediante regresiones lineales multivariadas, y 2) evaluar la precisión de los modelos obtenidos respecto a la ETP de HS y Penman (PN). Datos mensuales de 81 EM (972 datos) fueron utilizados para deducir la ETP mensual con el modelo HS. Los resultados se relacionaron con las variables TX, TN, AL y ME, para generar dos modelos de regresión lineal múltiple, a fin de calcular la ETP mensual, uno general (ETPg ) y otro para cada mes (ETPm), que se emplearon para determinar la ETP en 12 EM diferentes a las usadas inicialmente. Los resultados demostraron que los modelos ETPg y ETPm tienen un poder predictivo mayor que 75%; asimismo, el modelo ETPm tiene el menor error y estimó valores de evapotranspiración potencial similares a los que se obtienen con HS y PN. Por lo tanto, el modelo ETPm es un modelo sencillo que es aplicable para México sin utilizar la latitud ni la radiación.

En zonas áridas, la ocurrencia de sequías colapsa con frecuencia la producción ganadera debido a la consecuente escasez de forrajes, por lo que resultan relevantes el diseño y aplicación de nuevos esquemas de producción forrajera. En este trabajo se comparó el rendimiento y calidad nutrimental de forraje verde hidropónico de maíz fertilizado con dos soluciones nutritivas: una convencional o inorgánica (SNC) y otra orgánica (SNO) formulada a base de lixiviado de vermicomposta, más tratamiento testigo sin fertilizar (agua potable). Catorce días después de la siembra se evaluaron variables de respuesta: altura de planta, conversión semilla-forraje, uso eficiente de agua, rendimiento en peso fresco, materia seca, proteína cruda, fibra ácido detergente y fibra neutro detergente. Se concluye que ambas soluciones nutritivas favorecieron el rendimiento y calidad nutrimental de plantas de maíz forrajero en comparación con el tratamiento testigo; asimismo, el lixiviado de vermicomposta, en virtud de que mostró resultados estadísticamente similares a la SNC, representa una alternativa sustentable para la producción de forraje verde hidropónico de maíz en zonas áridas.

El nogal pecanero es la especie hortofrutícola de mayor rentabilidad en los estados del norte de México. Este cultivo requiere altas aplicaciones de fertilizantes químicos, especialmente nitrogenados. Se ha considerado la factibilidad de cambiar el uso de fertilizantes convencionales por abonos orgánicos, que suministran materia orgánica y mejoran el suelo al tiempo que proporcionan nitrógeno y otros nutrimentos para las plantas. La presente investigación se desarrolló para evaluar el efecto de dosis crecientes de composta, sobre el rendimiento de nuez, su efecto en la concentración de nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo, así como en la absorción foliar de nutrimentos. La aplicación de composta aumentó el rendimiento y la calidad de la nuez respecto al testigo, así como las concentraciones de materia orgánica y nitrógeno inorgánico en el suelo. La concentración foliar de nutrientes en los tratamientos evaluados se mantuvieron dentro de los rangos de suficiencia nutrimental.

Con el objetivo de analizar la eficiencia en el uso del agua con el sistema de riego por goteo subsuperficial y por gravedad, durante el año 2004 se realizó la investigación en la Comarca Lagunera de los estados de Coahuila y Durango, México. Se estableció un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones y tres tratamientos de separación de cintas de riego de 0.8, 0.9 y 1.0 m, y como testigo se evaluó el método de riego por gravedad. Se utilizó el método de regresión lineal simple entre las variables días después de siembra y lámina de agua aplicada, para obtener modelos de aplicación de agua con riego por goteo subsuperficial (RGS) y riego por gravedad. La variedad de alfalfa establecida fue la WL 712 con una densidad de siembra de 40 kg ha-1, el gasto de la cinta fue de 3 L/h por metro lineal con orificios espaciados a 30 cm y espesor de 10,000 micrones. La lámina de riego aplicada fue de 1.39 m en el sistema por gravedad y 1.16 m con riego por goteo subsuperficial. Los consumos de agua promedio diario de los modelos presentaron diferencias t(a=0.05) y fueron 0.417 y 0.299 cm dia-1 en gravedad y RGS. El rendimiento de materia seca en siete cortes y la eficiencia en el uso del agua fueron de 24.08 t ha-1, 2.04 kg m-3 en subsuperficial y 18.46 t ha-1, 1.33 kg m-3 en gravedad (P