Search

This research is the first comprehensive analysis of the intrageneric relationships inside the subfamily Cryptogrammoideae: 14 taxa of Coniogrammeand one species of Cryptogramma were involved additionally in the molecular phylogenetic studies based on rbcL gene of plastid DNA; spore morphology of 32 taxa of cryptogrammoid ferns, namely 22 taxa of Coniogramme, nine species of Cryptogramma and one species of Llavea were studied using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM); 31 taxon of Cryptogrammoideae were studied using herbarium data from Herbaria across Europe and Asia (P, PE, LE, VLA, ALTB, TK) according to global botanical and geographical zones. As a result of this comprehensive analysis, we established a deep divergence of Coniogramme merillii in Coniogramme superclade: this species is the sister lineage to the remainder ofConiogramme. We revealed also the separateness of Co. suprapilosa from Co. rosthornii and Co. longissima, Co.africana from Co. lanceolata and Co. fraxinea, Co. robusta from Co. jinggangshanensis, Co. wilsonii and Co.japonica. Among Cryptogramma species, the relationship of Far Eastern Cr. gorovoi with Cr. crispa from the Caucasus and the Turkish endemic Cr. bithynica but not with any Far Eastern species was revealed. Spores of Coniogramme are characterized by simple smooth, granulate and papillate macro-ornamentation, spores of Cryptogramma species have the more coarse colliculate or tuberculate macro-ornamentation. Peculiarities of macro-ornamentation allow us to define six spore types in cryptogrammoid ferns: four spore types in Coniogramme and two spore types in Cryptogramma; the same spore type we assigned for Llavea cordifolia and Coniogramme suprapilosa. In Coniogramme, the grouping of species attending the spore type does not agree with existing classification and phylogenetic hypotheses. Genetic separateness of Co. suprapilosa corresponds with its exceptional verrucate spore sculpture not found in other Coniogramme species. In Cryptogramma, the grouping on the spore types corresponds with other morphological characteristics, existing system and molecular phylogeny. Spore ornamentation has diagnostic value in the recognition of cryptogrammoid taxa at the generic and section (in Cryptogramma) level. Sino-Japanese and Sino-Himalaian regions of Eastern Asiatic Subkingdom are the centers of origin and diversity for subfamily Cryptogrammoideae and especially for the genus Coniogramme., Представлен первый комплексный анализ родственных отношений в подсемействе Cryptogrammoideae: 14 таксонов Coniogramme и один вид Cryptogramma были дополнительно привлечены к молекулярно-филогенетическим исследованиям на основе гена rbcL пластидной ДНК; с применением метода сканирующей электронной микроскопии (СЭМ) изучены споры 32 таксонов криптограммоидных папоротников, выявлено распространение 31 таксона Cryptogrammoideae в соответствии с глобальным ботанико-географическим районированием с использованием данных из Гербариев Европы и Азии (P, PE, LE, VLA, ALTB, TK). В результате установлена глубокая дивергенция Coniogramme merillii в суперкладе Coniogramme: этот вид является родственной линией остальной части рода; выявлена обособленность Co.suprapilosa от Co. rosthornii и Co. longissima, Co. africana от Co. lanceolata и Co. fraxinea, Co. robusta от Co. jinggangshanensis, Co. wilsonii и Co. japonica. Среди видов Cryptogramma выявлено родство дальневосточного Cr. gorovoi с кавказской и европейской Cr. crispa и турецким эндемиком Cr. bithynica, а не с каким-либо из дальневосточных видов. Споры Coniogrammeхарактеризуются простой гладкой, зернистой и папиллятной макроскульптурой, споры видов Cryptogramma имеют более грубую колликулятную или бугорчатую макроскульптуру. Особенности макроскульптуры позволяют выделить шесть типов спор у криптограммоидных папоротников: четыре типа спор у Coniogramme и два у Cryptogramma; один и тот же тип спор выявлен у Llaveacordifolia и Coniogramme suprapilosa. Для рода Coniogramme группировка видов по типу спор не согласуется с существующей классификацией и филогенетическими гипотезами. Генетическая обособленность Co. suprapilosa соотносится с необнаруженной у других видов Coniogramme бородавчатой скульптурой спор. В роде Cryptogramma группировка видов по типу спор согласуется с морфологическим характеристиками, существующей системой и молекулярной филогенией. Скульптура спор имеет диагностическое значение при распознавании таксонов криптограммоидных папоротников на родовом и секционном (в роде Cryptogramma) уровне. Центрами происхождения и разнообразия подсемейства Cryptogrammoideae, особенно рода Coniogramme, являются китайско-японский и китайско-гималайский регионы Восточноазиатского подцарства.

Cestodes Paranoplocephala kalelai, which parasitizes in the small intestine of Myodes voles and is distributed in northern Fennoscandia, was found in six habitats in the Asian part of Russia and eastern Kazakhstan, which indicates a wider distribution of P. kalelai on the continent. Analysis of mtDNA showed that P. kalelai is characterized by significant molecular variability in Eurasia. This study complements the data on the distribution of P. kalelai and provides the first molecular data from the territory of Russia and Kazakhstan. The sequence variability of two mitochondrial genes cox1 and nad1 of P. kalelai was studied in two species of voles: gray red-backed Myodes rufocanus and northern red-backed vole Myodes rutilus. Five haplotype groups in the cox1 and nad1 gene networks were identified, and the existence of two mtDNA lines in P. kalelai outside northern Fennoscandia was confirmed. The geographical distribution of the identified haplotypes suggests that the foothills of the Altai-Sayan mountains and southern West Siberia may serve as a refugium for P. kalelai during repeated glaciations.

The genus Rutilus is a widely distributed lineage of cyprinids and ranges from West Europe to East Siberia. Although matrilineal phylogeny and phylogeography of western species were already studied, roaches from remaining part of the range were not examined. Phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome b sequences detected the following three major phylogenetic clades: (i) R. frisii, (ii) R. rutilus s. str., and (iii) group of six Ponto–Caspian taxa: R. caspicus, R. heckelii, R. rutilus aralensis, R. rutilus lacustris, R. schelkovnikovi, and R. stoumboudae. Our results suggest that these “species” within Ponto–Caspian clade could be a single species (R. lacustris by priority of description). The Ponto–Caspian clade is most widely distributed among others and covers the freshwaters from the Aegean Sea basin to Laptev Sea tributaries. Both R. rutilus s. str. and Ponto–Caspian clades sympatrically occur in Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins, Azov Sea itself, and even in drainage of White Sea. The vastest zone of contact (approximately 1700 km) was detected in the Volga basin. The spatial pattern of haplotype diversity and the shape of haplotype network argued for multiple refugia in Ponto–Caspian region as well as a rapid post-glacial colonization of Volga River and Siberia.