Search

Drawing on the concept of technological mediation, this article examines the spatial politics of observation technologies and associated practices that have been used to monitor the movement of migratory wildebeests in the Serengeti from the 1950s until the 2000s. It shows that key technologies, and the types of research collaborations they sustained, mediated notably different normative ideas about human–wildlife interaction and the sharing of space in and around protected areas. During the 1950s and 1960s, observations of animal migration were conducted by airplane. Direct observation was characterized by the study of movement of migratory ungulates, such as the wildebeest, and humans across space in real time. Aerial observations depended on a close cooperation between scientists and park authorities, and on the knowledge and observational skills of game wardens. The experience of the movement of animals and people in real time allowed, to some degree, for experimentation with forms of human land-use. During the 1970s, many small-scale and short-term projects shifted the research focus toward data recording by camera. Aerial photographs created supposedly complete spatial overviews of inhabitation, which supported interpretations of spatial conflicts between humans occupying the park’s surrounding areas and animal populations inside the park. From the 1980s onward, computer technology allowed for long-term calculations of past and future trends in population densities of individual species. The understanding of the wildebeest as a keystone species and the Serengeti as a baseline ecosystem turned communities of local pastoralists and agriculturalists into a future threat. As observation technologies are here to stay, it remains important to pay attention to technologies’ potential roles in creating additional distances between researchers and research subjects. Historical insights, such as the ones presented in this article, can help reflect on how various forms of remote sensing may mediate normative views on human–wildlife interactions and consequentially affect local livelihoods.

RESUMEN A partir del estudio de la Revista de Psiquiatría y Disciplinas Conexas, publicación especializada y con más de veinte años de continuidad (1935-1957) en Chile, se examina la relación entre la categoría de anormalidad y la manera como fue asumida y representada por las páginas de este medio académico. Desde la perspectiva del construccionismo y el análisis de contenido, se revisa su perfil editorial, su vinculación con el contexto de época, el papel asignado a los psiquiatras y la manera cómo dicha revista reprodujo y transmitió identidades estereotipadas. ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between the category of abnormality and how it was assumed and represented in the pages of the Revista de Psiquiatria y Disciplinas Conexas, a specialized Chilean publication with over twenty years of continuity (1935-1957). From the perspective of constructionism and content analysis, we review its editorial profile, its link with the context of the time, the role assigned to psychiatrists and the way in which the journal reproduced and transmitted stereotyped identities.

This article analyzes how trans health was negotiated on the margins of psychiatry from the late 1970s and early 1980s. In this period, a new model of medical transition was established for trans people in Norway. Psychiatrists and other medical doctors as well as psychologists and social workers with a special interest and training in social medicine created a new diagnostic and therapeutic regime in which the social aspects of transitioning took center stage. The article situates this regime in a long Norwegian tradition of social medicine, including the important political role of social medicine in the creation of the postwar welfare state and its scope of addressing and changing the societal structures involved in disease. By using archival material, medical records and oral history interviews with former patients and health professionals, I demonstrate how social aspects not only underpinned diagnostic evaluations but were an integral component of the entire therapeutic regime. Sex reassignment became an integrative way of imagining and practicing psychiatry as social medicine. The article specifically unpacks the social element of these diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in trans medicine. Because the locus of intervention and treatment remained the individual, an approach with subversive potential ended up reproducing the norms that caused illness in the first place: “the social” became a conformist tool to help the patient integrate, adjust to and transform the pathology-producing forces of society.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:29:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0104-59702021000200509.pdf: 774782 bytes, checksum: b758ce7dc9650a10ccc0bd130515fcc5 (MD5) O artigo aborda os ofícios ligados à educação física, perante leis e decretos oficiais do período imperial (1822-1889), tendo em vista traçar uma trajetória dos primeiros passos articulados pelos profissionais nos contextos civil e militar da sociedade brasileira antes de eles serem reconhecidos como membros de uma categoria profissional. Optou-se por um estudo documental de leis e decretos imperiais que mencionam os ofícios vinculados às práticas corporais. Nesse contexto foi identificado que, ao contrário dos trabalhos intelectuais, a baixa atratividade dos trabalhos práticos dificultava a dedicação exclusiva, assim como a estabilidade no exercício do trabalho. Esses elementos eram obstáculos para reivindicações mais organizadas da educação física, necessárias para sua profissionalização. This documentary study examines official texts related to physical education in legislation and decrees from Brazil’s imperial period (1822-1889) to trace the initial steps of professionals in this area within the civil and military context of Brazilian society, before they were recognized as a professional category. We found that unlike intellectual efforts, practical work was less attractive, which made it difficult for these professionals to work exclusively and maintain stability in this area. These elements were obstacles to more organized demands from physical education that were required for professionalization. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Educação Física Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Educação Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Educação Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Educação

Studies in collective intelligence have shown that suboptimal cognitive traits of individuals can lead a group to succeed in a collective cognitive task, in recent literature this is called mandevillian intelligence. Analogically, as Mandeville has suggested, the moral vices of individuals can sometimes also lead to collective good. I suggest that this mandevillian morality can happen in many ways in collaborative activities. Mandevillian morality presents a challenge for normative virtue theories in ethics. The core of the problem is that mandevillian morality implies that individual vice is, in some cases, valuable. However, normative virtue theories generally see vice as disvaluable. A consequence of this is that virtue theories struggle to account for the good that can emerge in a collective. I argue that normative virtue theories can in fact accommodate for mandevillian emergent good. I put forward three distinctive features that allow a virtue theory to do so: a distinction between individual and group virtues, a distinction between motivational and teleological virtues, and an acknowledgement of the normativity of “vicious” roles in groups.

The Pavia University History Museum, which houses historic items mainly connected to the physics and medicine fields, has focused in the past years on new ways to involve its public and to attract new audiences. Among different approaches, digital technologies have proven important to both external and internal communication. Lately, an Augmented Reality application has been made available to visitors, offering in one tool multimedia material of a historical-scientific nature: stories, 3D animations, images and user-generated video storytelling (developed mainly by University students, one of our least present demographics before the App, and younger students, who typically participate in the annual co-creative project). The App was designed to be as non-intrusive and discreet as possible, to preserve the historic ambiance of the museum, to unite social and educational aspects, to register user behaviour and to make the museum experience more vibrant and active and therefore captivating.

Resumo Na literatura do campo da saúde coletiva há uma construção que sustenta a associação entre o movimento pela reforma sanitária dos anos 1970 e o que se denominou sanitarismo desenvolvimentista. A partir dos discursos de dois sanitaristas do período desenvolvimentista – Mário Magalhães da Silveira e Carlos Gentile de Mello –, buscou-se reconhecer como se deu a construção desse lugar de “precursor” da reforma sanitária. Foi feita a análise das interfaces entre a saúde coletiva, o pensamento desenvolvimentista, a estratégia de construção do “sanitarista desenvolvimentista” e a reforma sanitária. Sem negar o papel precursor daqueles sanitaristas, argumenta-se que a construção do Sistema Único de Saúde não é uma mera continuidade do pensamento desenvolvimentista. Abstract In the Brazilian public health literature, an association has been drawn between the 1970s health reform movement and what has been called developmentalist health. By investigating the discourse of two sanitarians from the developmentalist period – Mario Magalhães da Silveira and Carlos Gentile de Mello – we seek to unpick how their status of “precursors” of the health reform was constructed, analyzing the interfaces between public health, developmentalist thinking, the strategy for the construction of the developmentalist health and the health reform. Without refuting the pioneering nature of the sanitarians’ ideas, we argue that the Brazilian Unified Health System, Sistema Único de Saúde, was created not simply in continuation of developmentalist thinking.

During World War I, civilians became a target of the war machine. Air raids transformed the lives of those not involved in active combat and blurred the lines between the home front and the war front. This paper argues that the experience of air raids in World War I was comparable to the combat stress at the Western Front. The author bases her argument on contemporary publications in medical journals, measures taken by British authorities to prevent air-raid shock, and contemporary case records. The narratives of air-raid shock – similarly to those of shell-shocked soldiers – reflect the feelings of terror and loss of control, and demonstrate the profound effect these experiences could have on individuals’ mental health.

The article analyzes emblematic discourse in Robert Burton’s The Anatomy of Melancholy, offering an extended view of the emblematics that organizes both the structure and the narrative of the book and is anticipated by the emblematic frontispiece. The article examines the book’s intricate structure in its connection with the generic uncertainty of the text. The singular vs universal dualism forms the book’s underpinning structure that implies emblematic and dialectic intentions of The Anatomy of Melancholy. The article further analyzes the emblematic frontispiece, revealing consistently explicated emblematic structures that emphasize the antithesis of “duplicity” vs “singularity” implicit in the book’s multi-level structure. Analysis further demonstrates the book’s continuity with cento- and florilegia traditions, also epitomized in the emblematic method. The essay argues that Burton was using discursive emblems and the emblematic discourse to establish his status as an artifex, which helps him avoid melancholy himself and encourage his reader to struggle with it. The article postulates that the emblematic frontispiece embodies the dialectic of “duplicity” and “singularity” and solves it by enabling the emblematic mechanism of reading of the book through the emblematic lenses, uniting the Word and the Image: it is what Burton eventually offers both himself and his reader to cure melancholy.

This work focuses on the scientific research conducted by women at Portugal’s Institute of Tropical Medicine between 1943 and 1966. The Institute’s scientific journal documents the participation of women in tropical medicine during this period. Their publications addressed a variety of subjects and resulted from research carried out in the metropolis as well as Portugal’s overseas colonies. Most of the articles written by these women were are co-authored by their male colleagues, reflecting the incorporation of female researchers into scientific networks already established by men. This work in progress provides a starting point to lend visibility to a group of scientific actors who are practically absent from the historiography of tropical medicine.

I present a systematic interpretation of the foundational purpose of constructions in ancient Greek geometry. I argue that Greek geometers were committed to an operationalist foundational program, according to which all of mathematics—including its entire ontology and epistemology—is based entirely on concrete physical constructions. On this reading, key foundational aspects of Greek geometry are analogous to core tenets of 20th-century operationalist/positivist/constructivist/intuitionist philosophy of science and mathematics. Operationalism provides coherent answers to a range of traditional philosophical problems regarding classical mathematics, such as the epistemic warrant and generality of diagrammatic reasoning, superposition, and the relation between constructivism and proof by contradiction. Alleged logical flaws in Euclid (implicit diagrammatic reasoning, superposition) can be interpreted as sound operationalist reasoning. Operationalism also provides a compelling philosophical motivation for the otherwise inexplicable Greek obsession with cube duplication, angle trisection, and circle quadrature. Operationalism makes coherent sense of numerous specific choices made in this tradition, and suggests new interpretations of several solutions to these problems. In particular, I argue that: Archytas’s cube duplication was originally a single-motion machine; Diocles’s cissoid was originally traced by a linkage device; Greek conic section theory was thoroughly constructive, based on the conic compass; in a few cases, string-based constructions of conic sections were used instead; pointwise constructions of curves were rejected in foundational contexts by Greek mathematicians, with good reason. Operationalism enables us to view the classical geometrical tradition as a more unified and philosophically aware enterprise than has hitherto been recognised.

As COVID‐19 drags on and new vaccines promise widespread immunity, the world's attention has turned to predicting how the present pandemic will end. How do societies know when an epidemic is over and normal life can resume? What criteria and markers indicate such an end? Who has the insight, authority, and credibility to decipher these signs? Detailed research on past epidemics has demonstrated that they do not end suddenly; indeed, only rarely do the diseases in question actually end. This article examines the ways in which scholars have identified and described the end stages of previous epidemics, pointing out that significantly less attention has been paid to these periods than to origins and climaxes. Analysis of the ends of epidemics illustrates that epidemics are as much social, political, and economic events as they are biological; the “end,” therefore, is as much a process of social and political negotiation as it is biomedical. Equally important, epidemics end at different times for different groups, both within one society and across regions. Multidisciplinary research into how epidemics end reveals how the end of an epidemic shifts according to perspective, whether temporal, geographic, or methodological. A multidisciplinary analysis of how epidemics end suggests that epidemics should therefore be framed not as linear narratives—from outbreak to intervention to termination—but within cycles of disease and with a multiplicity of endings.

Resumo A pesquisa discute as estratégias de aproximação com os indígenas de Rio Branco empreendidas por missionários católicos da Ordem Consolata em meados do século XX. Matérias selecionadas do periódico Missioni Consolata foram submetidas ao protocolo texto, imagem e contexto e relacionadas aos conceitos de campo, luta e espaço social, na perspectiva do sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu. Duas matérias do periódico e seis imagens, mostrando estratégias dos religiosos para aproximação com os índios e introdução de cuidados, foram articuladas ao texto e ao contexto. Trazer à tona aspectos do passado, sem verniz religioso, para o uso de estratégias que podem passar despercebidas na política e no discurso em prol da saúde indígena foi a síntese da pesquisa.

Two essential Kantian insights are the significance for rationality of the capacity for criticism and the limits of cognition, discovered when criticism is pursued methodically, that are due to the perspectival character of the human standpoint. After a period of disparagement, these Kantian insights have been sympathetically construed and are now discussed within contemporary analytic philosophy. However, if Kant’s assumption of a single, immutable, human framework is jettisoned, then the rationality of historical succession is called into question. Moreover, if the revolutionary character of framework transitions is acknowledged, then reason is historicized and even its character as reason is threatened. I argue that Menachem Fisch’s approach to criticism and rationality offers an escape from this post-Kantian predicament that acknowledges revolutionary framework transitions and that draws upon the dialogical traditions of Jewish thought, and I also argue that Fisch’s approach should be seen as thematizing, to use the terms of Kant’s aesthetics and of Fichte’s account of natural right, the reflecting rather than determining status of critical judgement, which involves second-personal address.

L’originalita di stile e contenuti della produzione di Nathaniel Lee e spesso interpretata principalmente alla luce della presunta malattia mentale dell’autore. Il presente contributo propone un nuovo approccio all’opera di Lee; dimostra come la tragedia Brutus (1680), che contiene una sorta di nosologia delle alterazioni del pensiero o del comportamento umano, sia un testo liminare, sulla soglia tra opera letteraria e trattato medico. L’autore si appropria del discorso scientifico a lui contemporaneo non solo per contestare le piu recenti concezioni di patologia mentale, ma anche come strumento per articolare una riflessione sulla condizione del potere politico. DOI : 10.17456/SIMPLE-156 Parole chiave Nathaniel Lee, follia, internamento, Commedia della Restaurazione, storia della medicina. Bibliografia Andrews, Jonathan et al . 1997. The History of Bethlem . London-New York: Routledge. Andrews, Jonathan. 1998. Begging the Question of Idiocy: The Definition and Socio-cultural Meaning of Idiocy in Early Modern Britain: Part 1. History of Psychiatry , 9: 65-95. Armistead, J. M. 1979. Nathaniel Lee . Boston: Twayne. Auchter, Dorothy. 2001. Dictionary of Literary and Dramatic Censorship in Tudor and Stuart England . Westport (CT): Greenwood Press. Bacon, Francis. 1972 [1597]. Of Boldness. Michael J. Hawkins ed. Essays . London: Dent. Brown, Richard. 1983. Heroics Satirized by “Mad Nat. Lee”. Papers on Language and Literature , 19, 4: 385-401. Burton, Robert (pseud. Democritus Junior). 1638 [1621]. The Anatomy of Melancholy: What it is, with all the kinds causes, symptomes, prognostickes & seuerall cures of it . Oxford: Henry Cripps. Chambers, Robert & William Chambers eds. 1844. Cyclopaedia of English Literature (Vol. 1). Edinburgh: William & Robert Chambers. Crooke, Helkiah. 1615. Microcosmographia: A Description of the Body of Man . London: Jaggard. D’Aquino, Tommaso. 1969. La somma teologica. Traduzione e commento a cura dei domenicani italiani; testo latino dell’edizione leonina . Vol. XXIV: Incarnazione: b) difetti assunti e implicanze . Firenze: Salani. Danby, Jennifer Renee. 2014. Burning and Stoic Men: Mad Rants and the Performance of Passionate Pain in the Plays of Nathaniel Lee, 1674 to 1678. Kathryn Lowerre ed. The Lively Arts of the London Stage , 1675-1725 . Farnham: Ashgate, 191-208. Dossi, Carlo. 1995 [1883]. Dal calamajo di un medico . Isella Dante (a cura di). Opere . Milano: Adelphi. Felman, Shoshana. 2003 [1985]. Writing and Madness (Literature/Philosophy/Psychoanalysis) . Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. Ficino, Marsilio. 1987 [1491]. El libro dell’amore . Sandra Niccoli (a cura di). Firenze: Olschki. Frank, Marcie. 2003. Gender, Theatre, and the Origins of Criticism: From Dryden to Manley . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hayne, Victoria. 1996. “All Language Then is Vile”: The Theatrical Critique of Political Rhetoric in Nathaniel Lee’s Lucius Junius Brutus . ELH , 63, 2: 337-365. Hermanson, Anne. 2014. The Horror Plays of the English Restoration . Farnham: Ashgate. Hobbes, Thomas. 2011 [1651]. Leviathan . A. P. Martinich & Brian Battiste eds. New York: Broadview. Hughes, Derek. 2008 [2001]. Heroic Drama and Tragicomedy. Susan J. Owen ed. A Companion to Restoration Drama . Oxford: Blackwell, 195-210. Ingram, Allan & Michelle Faubert. 2003. Cultural Constructions of Madness . New York: Palgrave. Lee, Nathaniel. 1967 [1680]. Lucius Junius Brutus . John Loftis ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Livio, Tito. 1841. Titi Livii Patavini historiarum ab Urbe condita libri / La storia romana di Tito Livio . Luigi Mabil (a cura di) (Vol. 1). Venezia: Giuseppe Antonelli. Locke, John. 1975 [1690]. Essay Concerning Human Understanding . P. H. Nidditch ed. Oxford: Claredon. Locke, John. 2004 [1690]. The Second Treatise of Government . Jospeh Carrig ed. New York: Barnes & Noble. Loftis, John. ed. 1967. Introduction. Nathaniel Lee, Lucius Junius Brutus . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, xi-xxiv. MacDonald, Michael. 1981. Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety and Healing in Seventeenth Century England . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Machiavelli, Niccolo. 1962 [1532]. Il Principe e altri scritti . Vittorio De Caprariis (a cura di). Bari: Laterza. Machiavelli, Niccolo. 2000 [1531]. Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di Tito Livio . Corrado Vivanti (a cura di). Torino: Einaudi. Natali, Ilaria. 2016. “Remov’d from human eyes”: Madness and Poetry 1676-1774 . Firenze: Firenze University Press. Nicoll, Allardyce. 1952 [1923]. A History of Restoration Drama 1600-1700 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Porter, Roy. 2000. Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World . London: The Penguin Press. Porter, Roy. 2002. Madness: A Brief History . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Scull, Andrew T. 2015. Madness and Civilization. A Cultural History of Insanity from the Bible to Freud, from the Madhouse to Modern Medicine . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Verdurmen, Peter. 1989. Lucius Junius Brutus and Restoration Tragedy: The Politics of Trauma. Journal of European Studies , 19, 2: 81-98. Vieth, David M. 1975. Psychological Myth as Tragedy: Nathaniel Lee’s Lucius Junius Brutus . Huntington Library Quarterly , 39, 1: 57-76. Ward, William Adolphus. 1875. A History of English Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Anne (Vol. 2). London: Macmillan & Co. Willis, Thomas. 1683. Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes . London: Thomas Dring. Willis, Thomas. 1685 [1681]. The London Practice of Physick . London: Thomas Basset et al . Wilmot John, Earl of Rochester. 1800 [1675]. An Allusion to the Tenth Satire of the First Book of Horace. Samuel Johnson ed. The Works of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland (Vol. II). London: Andrew Miller, 16-17. Wilson, John Harold. 1968. A Preface to Restoration Drama . Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.

This article takes up film and imagination via the problem of empathy. Proposing a different entry into contemporary polemics over empathy, the ‘empathic imagination’ is reconceptualized as a problematic of form rather than psychological experience. That is, instead of adopting a pre-given notion of empathy to illuminate the relation between film and the spectator's moral imagination, this article considers how that imagination is constituted in and through the image to begin with. After tracing the genealogy of empathy ( Einfühlung) in German aesthetics, the concept is put into play through readings of ‘#Look Beyond Borders’, an online video produced by Amnesty International, and two documentaries by Johan van der Keuken – Face Value (1991) and Herman Slobbe (1966). In these works, the facial image is read as the imaginary terrain in which to explore very different notions of what might count as empathy and the empathic imagination in film and media.

This article explores the history and politics of American-funded food demonstration buses (“kitchen cars”) in postwar Japan. Their express mission was to transform the Japanese national diet. I make two primary arguments. First, at least in the short to medium term, the kitchen cars were a win-win for both the United States and Japan. On the one hand, Japan benefited because the kitchen cars taught Japanese women how to cook cheap, nutritious, mostly easy dishes to improve the health of their families and the nation. On the other hand, these menus were planned specifically to increase consumption of American agricultural products, especially wheat, soy, and corn. For US agricultural and political interests, in addition to supporting the economic recovery and political stability of a Cold War ally, the kitchen cars – along with the school lunch program – were instrumental in teaching Japan to accept and consume American produce. My second argument concerns the reasons for the kitchen cars’ success. I identify the following two factors: staffing by mostly female professional nutritionists, who combined authority with approachability for the kitchen cars’ main audiences of middle-aged, married women; and the kitchen cars’ mobility, which allowed them to reach even remote villages and hamlets., Published online: 16 Oct 2020 ファイル公開：2022/03/16

Picking up on John Forrester’s (1949–2015) disclosure that he felt ‘haunted’ by the suspicion that Thomas Kuhn’s (1922–96) interests had become his own, this essay complexifies our understanding of both of their legacies by presenting two sites for that haunting. The first is located by engaging Forrester’s argument that the connection between Kuhn and psychoanalysis was direct. (This was the supposed source of his historiographical method: ‘climbing into other people’s heads’.) However, recent archival discoveries suggest that that is incorrect. Instead, Kuhn’s influence in this regard was Jean Piaget (1896–1980). And it is Piaget’s thinking that was influenced directly by psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis then haunts Kuhn’s thinking through Piaget, and thus Piaget haunts Forrester through Kuhn. To better understand this second site of the haunting—which is ultimately the more important one, given the intent of this special issue—Piaget’s early psychoanalytic ideas are uncovered through their interaction with his early biology and subsequent turn to philosophy. But several layers of conflicting contemporary misunderstandings are first excavated. The method of hauntology is also developed, taking advantage of its origins as a critical response to the psychoanalytic discourse. As a result of adopting this approach, a larger than usual number of primary sources have been unearthed and presented as evidence (including new translations from French originals). Where those influences have continued to have an impact, but their sources forgotten, they have thus been returned. They can then all be considered together in deriving new perspectives of Forrester’s cases/Kuhn’s exemplars/Piaget’s stages.

ZusammenfassungDie Humanembryologische Dokumentationssammlung Blechschmidt, entstanden an der Universität Göttingen im Zeitraum von 1942 bis etwa 1970, stellt eine einmalige Kombination histologischer Schnittserien menschlicher Embryonen und darauf aufbauender, großformatiger und öffentlich zugänglicher Modelle dar. Nicht nur erfolgte diese Sammlungsgründung für die Disziplin der Humanembryologie erstaunlich spät, sondern ist auch in einer zweiten Hinsicht bemerkenswert: Während an anderen Standorten Modelle primär als Forschungsobjekte verstanden wurden und mit einem Lehreinsatz eine Umnutzung stattfand, war für den Göttinger Embryologen Erich Blechschmidt (1904–1992) von Beginn an ein pädagogischer Impetus maßgeblich. Im Beitrag werden die eigenwilligen Merkmale der Blechschmidt’schen Unternehmung vor ihrem disziplinären Hintergrund herausgearbeitet. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf den beiden für die Humanembryologie zentralen Praktiken des Sammelns und Modellierens und den dadurch in Göttingen geschaffenen Objektbeständen. Diese waren schon im Entstehungsprozess von einem besonderen Spannungsverhältnis von Individualität und Universalität geprägt, das sich auch in der späteren Nutzung der Sammlung spiegelt. Diese führt durch eine spezifische Individualisierung zuvor anonym gemachter Präparate weit aus der ursprünglichen fachwissenschaftlich-anatomischen Bestimmung in die breite gesellschaftliche Debatte um den ethischen Status menschlicher Embryonen und den Schwangerschaftsabbruch.

We give an overview of the seventh volume of series IVA of the Birkhäuser edition of Leonhard Euler’s complete works and correspondence. This volume contains Euler’s correspondence in French with ten of his Swiss countrymen: Louis Bertrand, Charles Bonnet, Marc-Michel Bousquet, Jean de Castillon, Gabriel Cramer, Philibert Cramer, Gaspard Cuentz, Albrecht von Haller, Georges-Louis Lesage and Johan Caspar Wettstein. A letter of the German Johann Michael von Loën to Euler, mentioned in the Euler-Bertrand letter exchange is also included as well as the recently rediscovered first letter of Euler to Jean le Rond d’Alembert in supplement. The letters cover a large range of topics also outside Euler’s mathematical and physical interests giving a new insight into his non-scientific activities, and thus casting also a new light on this great scientist as a person.

Artykuł przedstawia fakty dotyczące nierozpatrzonego dotąd „Wniosku o korektę punktacji czasopisma Studia Historiae Scientiarum z 20 punktów na 70 punktów” (z 9 września 2019 i 15 stycznia 2020 r.) skierowanego do Komisji Ewaluacji Nauki MNiSW. Analizuje on publicznie dostępne informacje na temat obecności polskich czasopism z dyscyplin „historia”, „historia nauki” oraz „historia i filozofia nauki” w bazach indeksacyjnych lub biblioteach czasopism i ich wskaźników bibliometrycznych. Informacje te są porównane z przyznanymi punktami w ministerialnej ewaluacji czasopism z 2019 r. Ponieważ ministerialna punktacja nie ma związku z rzeczywistym dorobkiem czasopisma Komisji Historii Nauki PAU, podniesiono kwestię pilnej zmiany punktacji tego czasopisma. The case of the “Complaint calling for a correction of the score given to the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum from 20 to 70 points” The article presents facts about the hitherto pending “Complaint calling for a correction of the score given to the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum from 20 to 70 points” (of September 9, 2019 and of January 15, 2020) addressed to the Science Evaluation Commission of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Polish Government. It analyzes publicly available information on the presence of Polish journals on ‘history’, ‘history of science’ and ‘history and philosophy of science’ in indexation databases or journal libraries and their bibliometric indicators. This information is compared with the scoring awarded in the ministerial evaluation of journals in 2019. Since the ministerial scoring is not related to the actual achievements of the journal of the Commission on the History of Science, Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, urgent change in the scoring of this journal has been demanded.

Naszkicowano siódmy etap rozwijania czasopisma Studia Historiae Scientiarum (wcześniejsza nazwa Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU). Podano m.in. informacje o realizacji ministerialnego programu „Wsparcie dla czasopism naukowych 2019–2020”, ewaluacji czasopisma w „ICI Master Journal List 2018” (z końca 2019 r.), Scimago Journal Ranks 2019 (z 11 czerwca 2020 r.), CWTS Journal Indicators (z początku czerwca 2020) oraz Scopus (z 6 czerwca 2020), sytemowej przeszkodzie w dalszym rozwijaniu czasopisma związanej z zaniżoną oceną czasopisma w „Wykazie czasopism MNiSW 2019” (z 31 lipca 2019 r. i 18 grudnia 2020 r.), indeksacji czasopisma w bazie Scopus (od września 2019), pracach nad aktualizacją strony internetowej czasopisma w OJS (3.1.2.) oraz liczbie zagranicznych autorów i recenzentów bieżącego tomu czasopisma. Evolutionary transformation of the journal. Part 7 The article outlines the seventh phase of the development of the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum (previous name Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU / Proceedings of the PAU Commission on the History of Science). The information is provided on the following matters: the realization of the ministerial program “Support for scientific journals 2019–2020”, the evaluation of the journal in “ICI Master Journal List 2018” (published at the end of 2019), in Scimago Journal Ranks 2019 (published on 11 June 2020), in CWTS Journal Indicators (published on the beginning of June 2020) and in Scopus (published on 6 June 2020), a systemic obstacle in the further developing of the journal related to the journal’s underrated rating in the “List of journals of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Polish Republic 2019” (published on 31 July 2019 and 18 December 2020), the indexation of the journal in the Scopus database (from September 2019), the works on updating the journal’s website in OJS (3.1.2.), and the number of foreign authors and the number of reviewers of the current volume of the journal.

Większość ze zgłoszonych w latach 1945–1950 oddolnych propozycji reform Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności (PAU) miała na celu dostosowanie Akademii do pogłębiającej się specjalizacji w świecie nauki. Omawiana w artykule, nieznana dotąd, inicjatywa filozofa Romana Ingardena miała charakter odmienny. Projektowany przez niego Instytut miał być ośrodkiem służącym stałej współpracy naukowej między uczonymi reprezentującymi nauki przyrodnicze i humanistyczne. Korzystając ze źródeł archiwalnych i publikacji, omówiono również okoliczności powstania tego pomysłu. Opisano także powody, dla których inicjatywa ta nie została wdrożona. Ingarden uważał, że badania prowadzone w ramach pracowni eksperymentalnych Instytutu powinny objąć podstawowe zagadnienia praktyczne, zarówno odnośnie do całych zbiorowości, jak i poszczególnych ludzi. Miały dotyczyć m.in. natury człowieka, jego roli na świecie, odrębności i pokrewieństwa w stosunku do innych istot żywych. Ingarden proponował także przetestowanie w ramach Instytutu nowych metod badań i wyszkolenie w ich stosowaniu licznych naukowców. W praktyce idea powołania Instytutu Nauk o Człowieku PAU była sprzeczna z ówczesną polityką władz państwowych. In the face of threat. The Attempt to appoint in 1950. interdisciplinary Institute of Human Research of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences Most of the proposals for reforms at the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, submitted in 1945–1950, concerned the adaptation of the Academy to further specialization in the world of science. Discussed in the article, the previously unknown, initiative of the eminent philosopher Roman Ingarden was of a different nature. The institute, he was designing, was to be the center of permanent scientific cooperation between scientists from natural and humanities sciences. Using the archive sources and publications, the circumstances of this idea creation were also discussed. The reasons why this initiative was not implemented were also described. Ingarden believed that research conducted as part of the Institute’s experimental labs should cover basic practical issues both for entire communities and individual people. They were to concern, i.a. the nature of man, his role in the world; separateness and kinship to other living beings. The philosopher also proposed testing new research methods at the Institute and training numerous scientists in their application. In practice, the idea of establishing the Institute of Human Sciences of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences was contrary to the policy of the state authorities at that time.

In the last five years there has been a resurgence of scholarly research and museum exhibitions on the history of HIV and AIDS. This work has called into question some of the conventions of archiving and interpreting the history of the pandemic. It is increasingly clear that a narrow range of materials have been saved. As historians and curators turn to these holdings for analysis and exhibition, they find they inadequately represent the impact of AIDS across diverse groups as well as the range of local, national, international responses. This essay considers some of the factors that shape collection of the material culture, particularly the heritage of public health, and the consequences for our understanding of lessons from the past.

Resumo O artigo aborda o tema dos eventos científicos. Argumenta que os eventos científicos constituem uma estratégia de comunicação que afeta a comunidade científica de forma social, espacial e cognitiva. O texto operacionaliza conceitos e teorias sociológicas como forma de analisar os eventos científicos. Para isso, baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e histórica. Está dividido em cinco partes principais: i. uma introdução com a problematização sociológica dos eventos científicos; ii. uma análise do processo de formação e desenvolvimento dos eventos científicos; iii. uma revisão crítica da abordagem sociológica do Programa Normativo de análise da atividade científica; iv. uma revisão do Programa Discursivo dos eventos científicos; v. uma conclusão, que oferece subsídios para desenvolvimento da abordagem sociológica dos eventos científicos. O artigo conclui que os eventos científicos podem ser vistos como espaços que refletem a estratificação da comunidade científica, mas também como arenas de persuasão que são mobilizadas no processo de construção do conhecimento. Abstract The paper addresses the topic of scientific meetings. It argues that scientific meetings are a communication strategy that affects the scientific community socially, spatially, and cognitively. The text employs sociological theories as a way of analyzing scientific events. For this, is based on bibliographic and historical research. It is divided in five sections: i. an introduction on the sociological approach on scientific meetings; ii. an account on the rise and development of scientific meetings; iii. a critical review on the Normative Program sociological approach of scientific activities; iv. a critical review on the Discursive Program of scientific meetings; v. a conclusion section, with elements for a sociological approach of scientific meetings. The paper concludes that scientific meetings are spaces that reflect the stratification within the scientific community, but also as persuasion arenas mobilized for knowledge construction.

This article aims to trace the mobility of scholars and sciences between France and Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland in the 14th and 15th centuries, seen from the perspective of prosopography. These exchanges were concentrated in only three oldest French universities of Montpellier, Orléans and Paris, albeit with significant variations, and in the newly-founded universities north of the Alps in the 14th century, namely those in Prague and Kraków. Mobility was less important and intensive at the end of the Middle Ages because of the policy in favour of establishing national universities. The names of 143 scholars from Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland, who were enrolled in the 14th and 15th centuries in French universities, have been found so far. Several of them played important roles in the history of science in these countries.

The article outlines the seventh phase of the development of the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum (previous name Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU / Proceedings of the PAU Commission on the History of Science). The information is provided on the following matters: the realization of the ministerial program “Support for scientific journals 2019–2020”, the evaluation of the journal in “ICI Master Journal List 2018” (published at the end of 2019), in Scimago Journal Ranks 2019 (published on 11 June 2020), in CWTS Journal Indicators (published on the beginning of June 2020) and in Scopus (published on 6 June 2020), a systemic obstacle in the further developing of the journal related to the journal’s underrated rating in the “List of journals of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Polish Republic 2019” (published on 31 July 2019 and 18 December 2020), the indexation of the journal in the Scopus database (from September 2019), the works on updating the journal’s website in OJS (3.1.2.), and the number of foreign authors and the number of reviewers of the current volume of the journal.

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia biografię naukową Tadeusza Konrada Przypkowskiego (1905–1977), wybitnego eksperta w dziedzinie gnomoniki – jest to pierwsze w literaturze tak obszerne opracowanie tego tematu. Był on z wykształcenia historykiem sztuki i nauki, doktoryzował się w 1929 roku na podstawie pracy o XVII-wiecznym rzeźbiarzu małopolskim Janie Pfisterze, a habilitował w 1965 roku na podstawie pracy Naukowe pojęcie deklinacji magnetycznej w Polsce. Od najmłodszych lat interesował się gnomoniką, rekonstruował i tworzył nowe zegary słoneczne, restaurował zabytkowe. Prowadził badania, publikując na ten temat artykuły w czasopismach naukowych i popularnonaukowych. Jego pasja, którą była gnomonika, sprawiła, że stał się wybitnym specjalistą znanym i cenionym w kraju i na świecie. Wielokrotnie pełnił rolę konsultanta i wykonawcy zegarów słonecznych. Brał udział w sympozjach i konferencjach naukowych, na których wygłaszał odczyty, entuzjastycznie przyjmowane przez uczestników. Do dnia dzisiejszego jego prace można oglądać i podziwiać w wielu miastach w Polsce i za granicą. Tadeusz Konrad Przypkowski (1905–1977) – a gnomonist from Jędrzejów (Poland) This article presents the scientific biography of Tadeusz Konrad Przypkowski (1905–1977), an outstanding expert in the field of gnomonics. This is the first such comprehensive study of this subject in literature. T.K. Przypkowski was a historian of art and science, and obtained his doctorate in 1929 based on the work of Jan Pfister, a 17th century sculptor, and he received a tenure in 1965 based on the work Scientific concept of magnetic declination in Poland. From an early age, he was interested in gnomonics, and would reconstruct and create new sundials, as well as restore antique ones. He conducted research, published articles in scientific and popular scientific journals. His passion for gnomonics made him an outstanding specialist known and appreciated at home and in the world. He was a consultant and a sundial maker many times. He participated in symposia and scientific conferences at which he delivered papers enthusiastically received by participants. To this day his works can be sees and admired in many cities in Poland and abroad.

Tracing the pathways of cooperation in health in sub-Saharan Africa from hesitant exchanges to institutionalized dimensions from the 1920s to the early 1960s, this article addresses regional dynamics in health diplomacy which have so far been under-researched. The evolution thereof from early beginnings with the League of Nations Health Organization to the Commission for Technical Assistance South of the Sahara and the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Africa, shows how bilateral dimensions were superseded by WHO’s multilateral model of regional cooperation in health. Alignments, divergences, and outcomes are explored with respect to the strategies and policies pursued by colonial powers and independent African states regarding inter-regional relations, and their implications for public health and epidemiological interventions. Resumo Trilhando os caminhos da cooperação sanitária na África subsaariana, de intercâmbios incertos a dimensões institucionalizadas dos anos 1920 até início dos anos 1960, este artigo aborda a dinâmica regional na diplomacia sanitária que, até o momento, carece de pesquisas. A evolução, desde os primórdios da Organização da Saúde da Liga das Nações até a Cooperação Técnica na África Subsaariana e o Escritório Regional da África da OMS, demonstra como dimensões bilaterais foram substituídas pelo modelo multilateral da OMS de cooperação sanitária regional. São analisados alinhamentos, divergências e resultados de estratégias e políticas empregados por potências coloniais e Estados africanos independentes em relações inter-regionais, bem como suas implicações em intervenções epidemiológicas e de saúde pública.

Displacing the physiological model that had held sway in 19th-century medical thinking, early 20th-century hormone research promoted an understanding of the body and sexual desires in which variations in sex characteristics and non-reproductive sexual behaviours such as homosexuality were attributed to anomalies in the internal secretions produced by the testes or the ovaries. Biotypology, a new brand of medical science conceived and led by the Italian endocrinologist Nicola Pende, employed hormone research to study human types and hormone treatments to normalise individuals who did not conform to accepted medical norms. Latin American medical doctors, eugenicists, and sexologists took up biotypology with enthusiasm. This article considers the case studies of Italy, Argentina, and Brazil, and analyses the work of medical doctors who adopted a biotypological mode of reasoning and employed to various extents hormone therapies in their practice. By focusing on hormone therapies that aimed to normalise secondary sexual characteristics and the sexual instinct, the article suggests that while the existence of normality was contested to the point that a number of medical scientists argued that no such thing existed, the pursuit of normality was carried out in very practical terms through the new medical technologies hormone research had introduced.

RESUMO O artigo rastreia as ocorrências do termo “sentido” em diferentes textos vigotskianos sobre arte, bem como no capítulo “Pensamento e palavra”, de A Construção do Pensamento e da Linguagem. Diferentes formulações e uma terminologia pouco precisa fornecem indícios da distinção que o autor faria em sua obra final entre significado e sentido. ABSTRACT This paper traces the term “sense” in several Vygotskian texts about art as well as in “Thought and word”, chapter of Thinking and Speech. Various formulations and an imprecise terminology offer traces of the distinction that the author would crystalize in his final work between meaning and sense.

The history of 20th-century American psychology is often depicted as a history of the rise and fall of behaviorism. Although historians disagree about the theoretical and social factors that have contributed to the development of experimental psychology, there is widespread consensus about the growing and (later) declining influence of behaviorism between approximately 1920 and 1970. Because such wide-scope claims about the development of American psychology are typically based on small and unrepresentative samples of historical data, however, the question arises to what extent the received view is justified. This article aims to answer this question in two ways. First, we use advanced scientometric tools (e.g., bibliometric mapping, cocitation analysis, and term co-occurrence analysis) to quantitatively analyze the metadata of 119,278 articles published in American journals between 1920 and 1970. We reconstruct the development and structure of American psychology using cocitation and co-occurrence networks and argue that the standard story needs reappraising. Second, we argue that the question whether behaviorism was the "dominant" school of American psychology is historically misleading to begin with. Using the results of our bibliometric analyses, we argue that questions about the development of American psychology deserve more fine-grained answers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

This article considers the sexual politics of animal evidence in the context of German sexology around 1920. In the 1910s, the German-Jewish geneticist Richard B. Goldschmidt conducted experiments on the moth Lymantria dispar, and discovered individuals that were no longer clearly identifiable as male or female. When he published an article tentatively arguing that his research on ‘intersex butterflies’ could be used to inform concurrent debates about human homosexuality, he triggered a flurry of responses from Berlin-based sexologists. In this article, I examine how a number of well-known sexologists affiliated with Magnus Hirschfeld, his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, and later his Institute of Sexology attempted to incorporate Goldschmidt’s experiments into their sexological work between 1917 and 1923. Intersex butterflies were used to discuss issues at the heart of German sexology: the legal debate about the criminalisation of homosexuality under paragraph 175; the scientific methodology of sexology, caught between psychiatric, biological, and sociological approaches to the study of sexual and gender diversity; and the status of sexology as natural science, able to contribute knowledge about the sexual Konstitution of the organism. This article thus shows that butterfly experiments function as important and politically charged evidence for a discussion at the heart of the sexological project of those involved in the founding of the Institute of Sexology: the question of the nature and naturalness of homosexuality (and sexual intermediacy more broadly) and its political consequences. In doing so, this article makes a case for paying attention to non-human actors in the history of sexology.

The aim of this article is to shed some light on the situation that occurs when scholarly knowledge, once highly valued, is successively undermined, while elements of the same learning live on as attractive resources to other stakeholders. More accurately, the research question relates to the process that starts with many ethnologists who, over time, come to increasingly view formerly important materials as less relevant to their own academic issues. For the sake of the argument, the Nordic Museum’s extensive collection of excerpts concerning folk customs and beliefs is used as an eye-opening case study. During the 1960s and 1970s, folklore researchers and ethnologists retreated from researching those lingering traces of the past—of which the Nordic Museum’s excerpt collection constitutes a powerful material centre—and thus this field was left free for others to claim. By drawing attention to both the productive force of the Nordic Museum’s collection of excerpts, and a number of contemporary and popular representations of ancient folklore, this article actualises a set of questions that deal with the relationship between new and old knowledge; for what becomes of previously sought after academic learning, once treasured in the Nordic Museum Archive, when the vast majority of the discipline heads for new materials, methods and theories?

Summary This article explores the public engagement work of the Cultural History of the National Health Service (NHS) project, conducted at the University of Warwick between 2016 and 2019 and aiming to explore the meanings attached to Britain’s NHS over its 70-year history. The article situates public engagement as a critical methodology for social historians of medicine, exploring how events deepened this project’s understandings of post-war welfare, childhood treatments and activist cultures. Through reflection on these themes, the article emphasises that public engagement can generate rich new forms of qualitative testimony, complementing archival documents; point us towards ‘hidden archives’; and challenge cultural visions of historical research as ‘condemning’ or ‘celebrating’ its subjects. Finally, the article provides critical reflection on the challenges of such work and argues that engagement around health makes visible the broader research challenges of emotional intensity, personal and professional boundaries, and the hierarchies ingrained in academic research.

The lnstitute «Bernardino de Sahagún», of the High Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), was the main official center for research in anthropology and ethnology during the Franco periord. This paper analyzes the main lines of enquiry laid clown by its director J. Pérez de Barradas, and the political and ideological constrains that led CSIC's cultural anthropology to a deadlock. El Instituto «Bernardino de Sahagún», perteneciente al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), fue el principal centro oficial de investigación en antropología y etnología durante buena parte de la etapa franquista. En el presente artículo se estudian las líneas de investigación potenciadas por su director, J. Pérez de Barradas, y los condicionantes políticos e ideológicos que limitaron su actividad y condujeron a un estancamiento de la antropología cultural en el seno del CSIC.

Misconceptions about energy conservation abound due to the gap between physics and secondary school chemistry. This paper surveys this difference and its relevance to the 1690s–2010s Leibnizian argument that mind-body interaction is impossible due to conservation laws. Justifications for energy conservation are partly empirical, such as Joule’s paddle wheel experiment, and partly theoretical, such as Lagrange’s statement in 1811 that energy is conserved if the potential energy does not depend on time. In 1918 Noether generalized results like Lagrange’s and proved a converse: symmetries imply conservation laws and vice versa. Conservation holds if and only if nature is uniform. The rise of field physics during the 1860s–1920s implied that energy is located in particular places and conservation is primordially local: energy cannot disappear in Cambridge and reappear in Lincoln instantaneously or later; neither can it simply disappear in Cambridge or simply appear in Lincoln. A global conservation law can be inferred in some circumstances. Einstein’s General Relativity, which stimulated Noether’s work, is another source of difficulty for conservation laws. As is too rarely realized, the theory admits conserved quantities due to symmetries of the Lagrangian, like other theories. Indeed General Relativity hasmoresymmetries and hence (at least formally)moreconserved energies. An argument akin to Leibniz’s finally gets some force. While the mathematics is too advanced for secondary school, the ideas that conservation is tied to uniformities of nature and that energy is in particular places, are accessible. Improved science teaching would serve the truth and enhance the social credibility of science.

Resumo Marta Vannucci é considerada uma das mais importantes cientistas brasileiras. O artigo explora a trajetória internacional da pesquisadora, destacando sua atuação na Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (Unesco) no âmbito do projeto regional sobre mangues na Ásia e no Pacífico. Produto da sua atuação nesse programa, a autora publicou Os manguezais e nós, que é objeto de análise crítica neste artigo. Abstract Marta Vannucci is held to be one of Brazil’s most important scientists. Her international trajectory is explored, highlighting her work with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) in the ambit of the regional project on mangroves in Asia and the Pacific. As a result of her work for this program, Vannucci published The mangroves and us, which is the object of critical analysis in this article.

ArgumentNineteenth-century Prussia was deeply entrenched in philhellenism, which affected the ideological framework of its public institutions. At Berlin’s Friedrich Wilhelm University, philhellenism provided the rationale for a persistent elevation of the humanities over the burgeoning experimental life sciences. Despite this outspoken hierarchy, professor of physiology Emil du Bois-Reymond eventually managed to increase the prestige of his discipline considerably. We argue that du Bois-Reymond’s use of philhellenic repertoires in his expositions on physiology for the educated German public contributed to the rise of physiology as a renowned scientific discipline. Du Bois-Reymond’s rhetorical strategies helped to disassociate experimental physiology from clinical medicine, legitimize experimental practices, and associate the emerging discipline with the more esteemed humanities and theoretical sciences. His appropriation of philhellenic rhetoric thus spurred the late nineteenth-century change in disciplinary hierarchies and helped to pave the way for the current hegemonic position of the life sciences.

Most historians and philosophers of philosophy and history of mathematics hold one interpretation or the other of the nature of method of analysis and synthesis in itself and in its historical development. In this paper, I am trying to prove – through three points – that, in fact, there were two understandings of that method in Greek mathematics and philosophy, and which were reflected in Arabic mathematical science and philosophy; this reflection is considered as proof also of this double nature of that method. Thus, we have to rethink the nature of Arabic philosophy systems.

In this article, I discuss how returns of Ancestral Remains of Indigenous Australian communities from overseas museums and other scientific institutions since the early 1990s have occurred in the context of changing Australian government repatriation policies and practices. The article then highlights how the past three decades have seen numerous instances of the return of Ancestral Remains to their community proving difficult and stressful because of the loss of ancestral lands, life-ways and the experience of colonial subjugation. As I explain, returning the dead has challenged the living by requiring them to address questions of authority, power and historical legacies of colonialism, notably in the case of those communities seeking the restoration of ownership of their ancestral country within the framework of Australia’s current national and state land laws.

Placenta, the organ on which great attention is concentrated during pregnancy, represents an ineffective barrier to the transfer of hazardous heavy metals, mainly lead, into the foetus. The presence of lead in the placenta is an environmental hazard for a person’s future. Due to hormonal changes, lead is released during pregnancy into the bloodstream of the mother from deposits in the bones and in the teeth, where it has accumulated for years as a result of a contaminated environment. Since lead is a neurotoxic metal, exposure to lead during prenatal and postnatal development can cause serious neurocognitive damage and hence the development of an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a developing human. Our work provides an overall picture of the “toxic pathway“ of lead through the mother’s body, the risks arising from its transplacental transfer and its accumulation in the developing foetus as well as effective prevention to protect all newborns.

Harry Harlow, famous for his experiments with rhesus monkeys and cloth and wire mothers, was visited by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby and by child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim in 1958. They made similar observations of Harlow’s monkeys, yet their interpretations were strikingly different. Bettelheim saw Harlow’s wire mother as a perfect example of the ‘refrigerator mother’, causing autism in her child, while Bowlby saw Harlow’s results as an explanation of how socio-emotional development was dependent on responsiveness of the mother to the child’s biological needs. Bettelheim’s solution was to remove the mother, while Bowlby specifically wanted to involve her in treatment. Harlow was very critical of Bettelheim, but evaluated Bowlby’s work positively.

BackgroundMany freshwater fish species that were earlier appreciated by consumers have disappeared in the central, north and west European foodways. Although they were regarded as healthy and tasty, commercially captured marine species and highly processed products have nowadays replaced these fishes. The global transformations of the food system contribute to the erosion of many local foodstuffs. Habitual tastes disappear.MethodsThe article is based on a vast amount of scattered original data found in sources such as in local ethnographical studies, fishing reports, topographic literature, zoological literature, archaeological fish reports, and cookery booksResults and discussionThis article discusses how Eurasian ruffe,Gymnocephalus cernua(L., 1758), once was used, and the reason for its disappearance, as foodstuff in some parts of Europe. Actually, it is a fish with potential for a revival as fine food. The authors discuss the chances of its rediscovery as a foodstuff, which could be used for instance within the concept of the New Nordic Cuisine and beyond. There are also environmental reasons to increase the use of local biodiversity not to mention making tastier food.ConclusionRuffe is a common species in many waters and nowadays a non-used potential food resource.

This article explores Rawls's evolving orientation to “the tradition of political philosophy” over the course of his academic career, culminating inJustice as Fairness: A Restatement(2001). Drawing on archival material, it argues that Rawls's fascination with tradition arose out of his own pedagogical engagement with the debate around the “death of political philosophy” in the 1950s. Throughout, I highlight the significance of Rawls's teaching—beginning with his earliest lectures on social and political philosophy at Cornell, to his shifting views on “the tradition” in his published works, culminating in the increasingly contextually minded and irenic approach on display inPolitical Liberalism(1993) andJustice as Fairness. This neglected aspect of the “historical Rawls” offers insight into how Rawls himself might have read “John Rawls” as a figure in the history of political thought—and reveals that he spent a lot more time contemplating that question than one might think.

International audience; This study is based on a set of six tablets dated to the Old-Babylonian period in Mesopotamia, written in cuneiform script, and relating to problems on the areas of squares. Their content is very similar, except for the length measurement of the side of the square. The issue of hypothetical pedagogical issues involved in the choice of numerical values in the statements is addressed by detailing the tasks they imply in the process of problem solving.

This paper presents an analysis of a hitherto barely known conceptual problem in the foundations of arithmetic. An unknown type of number, so-called complex numbers, first emerged in 18th century France and became connected with the claim of non-commutativity of their multiplication. These first French practitioners are here analysed, along with examination of the impact of the introduction of the metric decimal system. International dissemination of the notion is then analysed, in particular in the case of Brazil. The paper concludes by looking at the mathematical foundations of multiplying (physical) quantities. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

International audience; How was missionary knowledge received and interpreted by scholars and church historians in Europe and Russia? Many late nineteenth and early twentieth-century academics utilised knowledge production from Christian missions, notably by way of scholarly Orientalism. However, the history of this knowledge is also a history of representations: while missionary knowledge helped showcase the cultural and religious traditions of Eastern Christianity, what were the underlying motives and especially the consequences? This article examines the formulation and circulation of Eastern Christian knowledge on either side of the Mediterranean, especially on the basis of Catholic missionary archives and academic productions, the study of which is sometimes rooted in non-Anglophone academic traditions. The aim is to shed light on how knowledge relating to Eastern Christianity was assimilated in Europe, as well as the role missions played in this process, especially from the last third of the nineteenth century, when the institutions and instruments for the circulation of knowledge emerged. Another objective is to address the circulations and transformations of this knowledge on either side of the Mediterranean: collected and developed in major European libraries and universities, it was integrated by the governance structures of churches, but quite often also returned to the space it originated from, where it was reappropriated and gave rise to patrimonial processes, notably alongside the sometimes tragic experiences of certain communities during the end of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of new states. Christian missions, at the intersection of East and West, were at the heart of this dynamic .

What is Leucippus and Democritus’ theory of the beginning of life? How, if at all, did Leucippus and Democritus distinguish different kinds of living things? These questions are challenging in part because these Atomists claim that all living beings – including plants – have a share of reason and understanding. We answer these questions by examining the extant evidence concerning their views on embryology, the soul and respiration, and sense perception, thereby giving an overview of life and lifeforms in early Greek atomism. We show, first, that the generation of all living beings happens through the combining of miniature copies of their parents’ atomic structures. Second, we argue that the Atomists take respiration to mark the beginning of life. Yet they do not consider respiration nor being ensouled to distinguish humans, animals, and plants from each other. Finally, because Leucippus and Democritus make little distinction between sense perception and thought, these too cannot sharply distinguish between different kinds of living beings. We conclude that Leucippus and Democritus advocated a less anthropocentric and more holistic view of the cosmos.

This article argues that the movement of dogs from pounds to medical laboratories played a critically important role in debates over the use of animals in science and medicine in the United States in the twentieth century, not least by drawing the scientific community into every greater engagement with bureaucratic political governance. If we are to understand the unique characteristics of the American federal legislation that emerges in the 1960s, we need to understand the long and protracted debate over the use of pound animals at the local municipal and state level between antivivisectionists, humane activists, and scientific and medical researchers. We argue that the Laboratory Animal Care Act of 1966 reflects the slow evolution of a strategy that proved most successful in local conflicts, and which would characterize a “new humanitarianism”: not the regulation of experimental practices but of the care and transportation of the animals being provided to the laboratory. Our analysis is consistent with, and draws upon, scholarship which has established the productive power of public agencies and civil society on the periphery of the American state.