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Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) represent a promising beyond-lithium technology for energy storage due to their high energy and power densities. However, developing suitable electrolytes compatible with both electrodes and exhibiting high thermal and electrochemical stabilities remains a significant challenge for RMBs. In this study, we present the development of a novel electrolyte for RMBs based on a eutectic mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. This electrolyte demonstrates a high ionic conductivity of ~ 6.7 mS.cm−1 at room temperature and a wide electrochemical stability window (> 4.5 V vs. Mg/Mg2+). We demonstrate that the present electrolyte enables the reversible operation of an Mg-graphite cell with a discharge capacity of ~ 120 mAh.g−1 for over 500 cycles while maintaining a Coulombic efficiency of > 95%. Furthermore, the distinctive dual-ion transport behavior of the electrolyte is substantiated through the fabrication of a symmetric graphite cell, where both anions and cations exhibit bidirectional movement during the charge and discharge processes. This cell manifests an equivalent discharge capacity to that of Mg-graphite cells. These findings underscore the potential of further optimizing RMBs utilizing this electrolyte, offering prospects for superior energy density and enhanced performance across diverse application domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores the impact of two different imidazolium based ionic liquids, having diverse side chains and anions: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIm]Cl) and 1‑butyl‑3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIm]Br) on the thermodynamic and transport properties of sodium salicylate. This inquiry examines the sodium salicylate's density, sound velocity, and viscosity within aqueous solutions of these ionic liquids across a temperature range of 283.15 K to 313.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Various parameters, including apparent molar volume (Vϕ), limiting apparent molar volume (Voϕ), transfer volume (ΔtrV∘ϕ), limiting apparent molar expansibility (E∘∅), Hepler's constant, apparent molar isentropic compression (Kϕ,s), limiting apparent molar isentropic compression (K∘ϕ,s), transfer parameter of isentropic compression (ΔtrK∘ϕ,S), and viscosity B-coefficient, were computed from experimental values. Additionally, we have analyzed the trends in computed parameters, considering the interactions between `solute and solvent along with solute-solute interactions in the systems under investigation. Our results suggest a predominance of hydrophilic-hydrophilic and ion-hydrophilic interactions within studied systems. The observed magnitudes of these parameters affirm a stronger interaction between sodium salicylate and [BMIm]Br in comparison to those with [EMIm]Cl.

Lignin-containing nanocellulose (LNC) is a compelling alternative to traditional nanocellulose (NC), it offers enhanced yields and a reduction in the demand for toxic chemicals. This research involves the isolation of LNC from date palm waste using a green hydrolysis process and its subsequent characterization. The potential of using ionic liquids (ILs) as green solvents to isolate LNC has not yet been explored. Our findings suggest that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim]Cl) can hydrolyze partially delignified and unbleached lignocellulose, achieving LNC synthesis. The obtained LNC showed a higher yield than its NC counterpart and exhibited rod-shaped fibers with nanoscale diameters and micrometer lengths, indicating a high aspect ratio. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) results indicate average particle sizes of 143.20 nm for NC and 282.30 nm for LNC, with a narrow particle size distribution conforming their monodisperse behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry revealed high thermal stability (initial degradation temperature = 222.50 °C and glass transition temperature = 84.45 ° C) of LNC. Moreover, the obtained LNC fibers were crystalline (crystallinity index = 52.76 %). Their activation energy (124.95 kJ/mol) was determined using the Coats–Redfern method by employing eight solid-state diffusion models. Overall, this study motivates the use of ILs as green solvents to produce lignocellulose derivatives that are suitable for various applications. • This study presenting green hydrolysis synthesis for lignin-containing nanocellulose (LNC). • Successful extraction of LNC from date palm waste using ionic liquid ([Emim]Cl) assisted hydrolysis. • Sustainable treatment pathway, minimizing energy and chemical consumption. • LNC with residual lignin shows high yield, thermal stability, and narrow size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) have recently received an enormous attraction due to their ability to produce higher power density without compromising the durability. Producing cheaper, safer, and more durable devices obviously brings more benefits to the modern world applications. This investigation was carried out to optimize an ionic liquid (IL)–based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), to fabricate an EDLC using the optimized electrolyte with natural graphite electrodes, and to characterize the performance of the device. Electrolyte was prepared with the IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (1E3MICl); the polymer poly(vinylidenefluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-co-HFP); and the salt, zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The electrochemical properties of the electrolyte were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), DC polarization test, and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and the EDLC was characterized by EIS, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) test. The optimum composition was found to be 26% PVdF-co-HFP:52% ZnCl2:22% 1E3MICl (weight percentages) with the room temperature conductivity of 1.85 × 10−3 S cm−1 and ionic transference number of 0.72. EDLC exhibited a single-electrode specific capacitance of 4.92 F g−1 with 65% retention over 1000 cycles as per CV test. In the GCD results, the EDLC was able to held discharge capacitance of 3 F g−1 for complete 1000 cycles. The durability of the EDLC with this IL-based GPE shows a great potential in the energy applications with further enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used a mixture of organic liquid propane-1,3-diol and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([emim]Cl) as the entrainer to separate tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) + water. We measured the isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the quaternary system TBA + water + propane-1,3-diol + [emim]Cl at 101.3 kPa, and found the VLE data to be well correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid model. These results show that the mixed solvent of propane-1,3-diol + [emim]Cl can increase the relative volatility of TBA to water and break the azeotropic point. We found no notable synergetic effect between them, and observed that the liquid mixed solvent of propane-1,3-diol and [emim]Cl had lower viscosity than [emim]Cl, which makes it a promising entrainer for separating the TBA + water azeotrope in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid is introduced into triple-cation perovskite. • The modified perovskite film increases crystallinity, decreases pinholes and reduces defects density. • The target device acquires an efficiency of 21.54%, which is higher than that of the control device (18.12%). Although perovskite solar cells have made remarkable progress, the record device efficiency still lags far behind the theoretical limit efficiency. In this work, the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, is introduced into the triple-cation perovskite light absorption layer. The perovskite film with optimal amount of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride increases crystallinity, decreases pinholes and reduces defects density. As a result, the nonradiative recombination loss is efficiently restrained, accelerating the carrier extraction. The device modified with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride acquires a power conversion efficiency of 21.54%, which is considerably higher than that of the control device (18.12%). This work demonstrates that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is a promising ionic liquid additive for high-performance perovskite solar cells. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Isobaric heat capacity of EmimCl was determined. • Melting parameters of EmimCl and BmimCl were measured. • Enthalpies of dissolution of EmimCl and BmimCl in water were obtained. • Functions of formation were calculated for crystal and liquid phases. • Enthalpies of EmimCl and BmimCl formation in the gaseous state were defined. A comprehensive thermodynamic study of two ionic liquids EmimCl and BmimCl were carried out by experimental and calculation methods. Isobaric heat capacity of crystal and liquid EmimCl was determined by low-temperature vacuum adiabatic calorimetry in the temperature range from 8 to 376 K. Experimental heat capacity curve of crystal EmimCl and literature data of BmimCl were fitted by linear combination of Einstein's functions and were integrated; as a result, the following thermodynamic functions for EmimCl and BmimCl were calculated: standard entropy S m 0 (T) , heat content H m 0 (T)– H m 0 (0) and Gibbs energy G m 0 (T)– H m 0 (0). Melting parameters of these substances were measured by DSC and adiabatic calorimetry. Standard enthalpies of dissolution of crystal EmimCl and BmimCl in water at 298.15 K were measured by isothermal solution calorimetry. Based on these data, standard enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies of formation were calculated for crystal and liquid phases of EmimCl and BmimCl at 298.15 K. Standard enthalpies of EmimCl and BmimCl formation in the gaseous state at 298.15 K were defined via quantum chemistry methods. The analysis and comparison of the obtained thermodynamic characteristics with the literature data was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical changes in various morphological regions of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) upon treatment with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which preferentially dissolves cellulose, have been investigated by Raman microscopy. The reactivity of polysaccharides and lignin with [C2mim][Cl] differed depending on the types of wood tissues. Chemical components in parenchyma cells showed higher resistance to degradation upon [C2mim][Cl] treatment than wood fiber and vessel. In addition, the lignin structure was partially degraded or modified by [C2mim][Cl] treatment, and its binding mode was complicated; nevertheless, lignin was stable in [C2mim][Cl]. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We investigated the reaction behavior of milled wood lignin (MWL) obtained from Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica) and Japanese beech ( Fagus crenata) in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]). This solvent can liquefy wood. The sample was treated with [C2mim][Cl] at 120 °C using an oil bath or microwave irradiation. MWL easily dissolved in [C2mim][Cl]. Although solubilized, MWL was slightly depolymerized and it retained its high molecular weight after 96 h of treatment. Only small amounts of low molecular weight compounds such as vanillin, coniferylaldehyde, syringaldehyde and sinapylaldehyde were produced. As the treatment time was extended the chlorine from [C2mim][Cl] reacted with the MWL. These results indicate that MWL is stable in [C2mim][Cl] although limited depolymerization and modification by [C2mim][Cl] occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica) was treated with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which is a solvent for cellulose, and the changes in the chemical components and their distribution in wood cell walls have been investigated by Raman microscopy. Raman spectra, recorded from various areas of the cell walls, showed that lignin in the compound middle lamellae (CML) and cell corners (CC) was resistant to the reaction with [C2mim][Cl], but its molecular structure changed partially. The reactivity of cellulose and hemicelluloses with [C2mim][Cl] was higher than that of lignin in the cell wall, and the cell wall structure was maintained even in an advanced state of the reactions. The effects of [C2mim]-[Cl] on cellulose and hemicelluloses in the cell wall were homogeneous, whereas that of lignin was inhomogeneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detailed reaction behavior of cellulose in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), was investigated. Glucose is a component of cellulose; its oligomerization was studied during treatment with [C2mim][Cl] at around 100 °C. Glucose was polymerized to produce oligosaccharides such as disaccharides and trisaccharides. These oligosaccharides, however, disappeared upon prolonging the treatment time. Maltose, nigerose, kojibiose, laminaribiose, isomaltose, and gentiobiose were identified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer in the disaccharides produced. The yield of these disaccharides increased as the initial concentration of glucose in [C2mim][Cl] increased. [C2mim][Cl], therefore, is a reagent capable of producing various oligosaccharides from glucose in the absence of a catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium metal chloride batteries, also called as ZEBRA batteries, possess many merits such as low cost, high energy density and high safety, but their high operation temperature (270–350 °C) may cause several issues and limit their applications. Therefore, decreasing the operation temperature is of great importance in order to broaden their usage. Using a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) catholyte composed of sodium chloride buffered 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride–aluminum chloride and a dense β″-aluminates solid electrolyte film with 500 micron thickness, we report an intermediate temperature sodium copper chloride battery which can be operated at only 150 °C, therefore alleviating the corrosion issues, improving the material compatibilities and reducing the operating complexities associated with the conventional ZEBRA batteries. The RTIL presents a high ionic conductivity (0.247 S cm −1 ) at 150 °C and a wide electrochemical window (−2.6 to 2.18 vs. Al 3+ /Al). With the discharge plateau at 2.64 V toward sodium and the specific capacity of 285 mAh g −1 , this intermediate temperature battery exhibits an energy density (750 mWh g −1 ) comparable to the conventional ZEBRA batteries (728–785 mWh g −1 ) and superior to commercialized Li-ion batteries (550–680 mWh g −1 ), making it very attractive for renewable energy integration and other grid related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the decomposition of cellulose upon heating in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), in air and we studied the reactions of various cellulose decomposition compounds such as cellobiose, cellobiosan, glucose and levoglucosan. We propose two possible decomposition pathways for cellulose during [C2mim][Cl] treatment in air. One pathway is the hydrolysis of cellulose to cellobiose and glucose because [C2mim][Cl] can retain water even at higher than 100 °C, the boiling point of water. The other pathway is the depolymerization of cellulose to cellobiosan by a reaction of the hydroxy group at the C6 position in the glucose residue to form a glycosidic bond. The obtained cellobiosan is then depolymerized to two molecules of levoglucosan by a similar reaction of the hydroxy group at the C6 position. The levoglucosan produced is further hydrolyzed to glucose. Therefore, several products from cellulose decomposition are converted to glucose, which is the final hydrolyzed product. Furthermore, the obtained glucose can be further dehydrated to 5-HMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three hardwoods of varying vessel arrangement were treated with the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which can dissolve cellulose, to investigate its influence on wood tissue morphology. Characterization was carried out by light and scanning electron microscopy. The wood fibers of all species swelled significantly during [C2mim][Cl] treatment. The swelling behavior varied according to wood species and differed from other cell types such as ray parenchyma cells. Morphological changes of the pits also varied between wood species. Treatment with [C2mim][Cl] affects wood tissues differently depending on wood species and cell type. These differences are not due to the vessel arrangement and its presence, but possibly from the chemical component and the microfibril angle of various wood tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological changes in wood tissues of Japanese beech ( Fagus crenata) upon treatment with the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which can dissolve cellulose, were investigated. Treatment with [C2mim][Cl] induced significant swelling of all wood tissues. However, the swelling behavior of wood fibers was different from that of vessels. Intervascular pits were occluded, and pit membranes in ray-vessel pits were broken after treatment with [C2mim][Cl]. No significant differences in swelling behavior were found between latewood and earlywood, although different morphological changes for latewood and earlywood during [C2mim][Cl] treatment were seen in our previous studies on sugi ( Cryptomeria japonica). We have found that the effects of [C2mim][Cl] on Japanese beech tissues are inhomogeneous and different from those found for other wood species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the reaction behavior of cellulose in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which can dissolve cellulose. The cellulose samples were treated with [C2mim][Cl] at 100, 120 and 140 °C. At the beginning of the treatment, the solubilized cellulose in [C2mim][Cl] is depolymerized into various low molecular weight compounds such as cellobiose, cellobiosan, glucose, levoglucosan and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. As the treatment continued, some of the low molecular weight compounds reacted with the ionic liquid to form new polymers, which were black and contained nitrogen. [C2mim][Cl] is, therefore, not only a solvent for cellulose, but also a reagent for both depolymerization to produce various low molecular weight compounds, and subsequent polymerization of those compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, the results relating to the mean activity coefficient measurements for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIm]Cl) in the (formamide+water) mixed solvent system using the potentiometric method have been reported. The electromotive force (emf) measurements were performed on the galvanic cell of the type: Ag|AgCl|[EMIm]Cl (m), formamide (wt.%), H2O (1−wt) %|EMIm-ISE, in various mixed solvent systems containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% mass fractions of formamide over ionic strength ranging from 0.0010 to 2.5000mol·kg−1 at T=298.2K. The modeling of this ternary system was made based on the Pitzer ion-interaction model. The values of the mean activity coefficients, the osmotic coefficients, the excess Gibbs free energy and the solvent activity together with Pitzer ion-interaction parameters (β(0), β(1) and ) for the series under investigated system were determined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We investigated morphological changes in wood tissues of sugi ( Cryptomeria japonica) resulting from treatment with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]), which dissolves cellulose. Treatment with [C2mim][Cl] caused dissociation and distortion of tracheids in latewood, but not in earlywood. This difference was due to the difference in swelling behavior of the cell wall between earlywood and latewood. Many pit membranes in bordered pits were broken by treatment with [C2mim][Cl]. In addition, some chemical changes in wood components, such as cellulose and lignin, occurred before significant disruption or destruction of the cell wall. Our results show that the reaction of wood liquefaction by [C2mim][Cl] treatment is not homogeneous, both from chemical and morphological viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Vapour–liquid equilibrium data (water activity, vapour pressure, osmotic coefficient, and activity coefficient) of the mixed electrolyte aqueous solutions, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, (EmimCl) + tri-potassium phosphate, EmimCl + potassium carbonate, EmimCl + potassium chloride and their corresponding binary aqueous solutions have been measured by the isopiestic method at a temperature of 298.15 K. The osmotic coefficients for binary aqueous solutions were correlated to the Pitzer, modified Pitzer and TCPC models. The osmotic coefficient of mixed electrolyte with common anion was correlated to the Pitzer model. From these data, the corresponding mean activity coefficients, , have been calculated. The activity coefficients of mixed electrolytes were calculated by Scatchard’s neutral electrolyte method. A modified Pitzer model has been used to predict the osmotic and activity coefficients of mixed electrolyte solution with common anion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Western red cedar and Japanese beech are studied concerning their liquefaction behavior with an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]). Significant differences in liquefaction behavior were observed in terms of solubility and the lignin content of the insoluble residues. Thioacidolysis analysis of the residues confirmed that β-O-4 bonds in lignin were cleaved preferentially by the treatment with [C2mim][Cl]. The differences in liquefaction behavior can be explained by structural differences between softwood and hardwood lignins. Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography and GC-MS analyses revealed that cellulose and hemicelluloses were decomposed partly to monomeric sugars such as glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extensive range of ionic liquids (ILs) used in industry, an efficient recovery method is needed. In this study, the effectiveness of a simultaneous concentration and recovery method was investigated for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim]Cl), an IL that was recovered using electrodialysis (ED). The optimal operational parameters for electrodialytic recovery were determined empirically. The variables that were investigated included the concentration of IL, applied voltage, linear flow velocity and the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio. The recovery of [Emim]Cl, the concentration degree, the [Emim]Cl flux across membranes, the current efficiency, as well as the energy consumption were determined. The results of the experiments confirmed that [Emim]Cl concentration and recovery can be achieved using ED. The highest ED efficiency was obtained when a 2 V electric potential per one membrane pair was applied, using a 2 cm/s linear flow velocity, and by adjusting to 0.2 M IL in the feed solution. By using ED, a 2.35-fold concentration of [Emim]Cl with a recovery of 90.4% could be achieved when the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio was 2. On the other hand, a 3.35-fold concentration of [Emim]Cl with a recovery of 81.7% could be obtained when the diluate-to-concentrate volume ratio was increased to 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study which examined the morphological changes in wood following ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride treatment. The study utilized wood specimens from sugi (Crystomeria japonica) that were extracted with ethanol/benzene. Study authors found that cell walls in latewood swelled following treatment.