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In this work, we have fabricated a novel electrochemical biosensor based on TiO2/PS. Heterostructure by sol–gel assisted with spin-casting technique. XRD profile showed the tetragonal phase of TiO2 thin films. SEM images observed the nanoporous-like surface morphology. The film has 78 nm of grain size calculated from AFM analysis. The PL spectrum recorded a strong emission peak at 485 nm, 530 nm, and 545 nm due to blue and green emission. The enhancement of the electrochemical reaction was analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The fabricated electrode has shown the sensitive and stable detection of carbohydrates. The more consistent results showed that TiO2/PS electrode is a promising material for the carbohydrates biosensor. Most importantly, the TiO2/PS electrode achieved a correlation between the coefficient (R2) and sensitivity 0.99 and 26 μA mM−1 cm−2 of glucose. Similarly, 0.98 & 16 μA mM−1 cm−2 for sucrose and 0.96 & 11 μA mM−1 cm−2 for starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat energy storage is pivotal in modern times. However, the technology to efficiently stored heat energy is still in the research stage. Heat energy storage is possible through phase change material, exothermic chemical reactions, and solar ponds. The latter uses a natural phenomenon that relies on solar Energy and convective heat transfer. Solar ponds can store more heat energy throughout the day than other processes and meet higher energy demands. The working principle of a typical solar pond can be adopted to develop a compact setup that can store sufficient heat energy to meet the heat energy demand of a small family. Salinity gradient solar ponds are used for heat storage to meet the demand of rural and urban communities in arid and semiarid zones around the globe. Often the solar ponds are constructed on the ground by storing a large volume of salt water. The performance of the solar pond is affected by the intensity of solar radiation. In this study, a compact solar pond is constructed using aluminum plates and a glass cover. Sea water was used to store solar radiation in this experiment. The experiment was carried out in South India during the winter season when the intensity of solar radiation was minimum. The study aims to determine the performance of the solar pond and its thermal properties under low sunshine. Heat storage mediums comprising paraffin wax and additives of nanoparticles of graphene and carbon nanotubes were used to enhance the heat storage capacity of the solar pond. It was found that compared to the simple salinity gradient solar pond, the heat storage medium with carbon nanotube nanoparticles increased the maximum temperature attained by 26.5%. The carbon nano tubes infused phase change material increased the heat transfer, heat transfer coefficient, and the heat stored in the saline water by 244%, 713%, and 83.3%, respectively. It is concluded that the carbon nano tubes and phase change material augmented the performance of the solar pond even while the intensity of solar radiation was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the evaluation of the potential of conical strip inserts in absorber tube. Results of these experiment help in enhancing the heat transfer, friction, and thermal properties of parabolic trough collector. The novel design of conical strip insert produces swirl flows that boost the thermal properties of the parabolic trough collector. The heat transfer effect was found to be twist ratio dependent. Minimum enhancement in pressure drop due to the inclusion of inserts is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parallel flow heat exchanger containing conical sectional inserts with three different pitch ratio (i.e., 1, 2, and 3) in a different orientation to the flow direction of the working fluid had been fabricated. Al2O3 with different volume concentration, i.e., 0%, 2%, and 4% nanoparticles (90 nm size) were added to De-ionized water as the working fluid. The combined effect of the Nanofluid and the inserts in different orientations was studied. It was concluded that the insert, flow direction, and Nanofluid volume concentration provided most augmented heat transfer and enhanced the thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regenerator used in Stirling cryocoolers is the crucial component, which has a flow conduit through the porous matrix material. Various parameters affect the performance of the regenerator, of which pressure drop is the main parameter needs detailed analysis. Theoretical analysis of pressure drop across the length of Stirling cryocooler regenerator has been carried out at various mass flow rates (ranging from 0.4 g/s to 1.2 g/s) and at various charge pressures (ranging from 18 to 24 bar), using ANSYS 16.0 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and REGEN 3.3 numerical program for Regenerators. The paper mainly focuses on the pressure drop analysis of porous cryocooler regenerator in evaluating the optimized porosity value for the regenerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article provides the results obtained from comparative studies on the technical performance of some selected rice milling machines. There is a continuous and increasing demand for high quality rice production. This can be achieved by optimization of the rice milling process. Hence, we have studied the wear patterns in major machine components of three different brands of rice polishers. Here we have carried out a wear analysis and studied the processing mechanisms of rice milling machines. We have attempted to set a benchmark for wear resistance to design alternative materials, which can improve the wear life of cam, which acts as the major component in rice mills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a significant enhancement of the heat transfer rate with the usage of nanofluid. This article describes a study of the combination of using nanofluid with inserts, which has proved itself in attaining higher benefits in a heat exchanger, such as the radiator in automobiles, industries, etc. Nanofluids are emerging as alternative fluids for heat transfer applications due to enhanced thermal properties. In this paper, the thermal hydraulic performance of ZrO2, awater-based nanofluid with various volume concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%, and staggered conical strip inserts with three different twist ratios of 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 in forward and backward flow patterns were experimentally tested under a fully developed laminar flow regime of 0–50 lphthrough a horizontal test pipe section with a length of 1 m with a constant wall heat flux of 280 W as the input boundary condition. The temperatures at equidistant position and across the test section were measured using K-type thermocouples. The pressure drop across the test section was measured using a U-tube manometer. The observed results showed that the use of staggered conical strip inserts improved the heat transfer rates up to that of 130.5%, 102.7%, and 64.52% in the forward arrangement, and similarly 145.03%, 116.57%, and 80.92% in the backward arrangement with the twist ratios of 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 at the 0.5% volume concentration of ZrO2 nanofluid. It was also seen that the improvement in heat transfer was comparatively lower for the other two volume concentrations considered in this study. The twist ratio generates more swirl flow, disrupting the thermal hydraulic boundary layer. Nanofluids with a higher volume concentration lead to higher heat transfer due to higher effective thermal conductivity of the prepared nanofluid. The thermal performance factor (TPF) with conical strip inserts at all volume concentrations of nanofluids was perceived as greater than 1. A sizable thermal performance ratio of 1.62 was obtained for the backward-arranged conical strip insert with 2.5 as the twist ratio and a volume concentration of 0.5% ZrO2/deionized water nanofluid. Correlations were developed for the Nusselt number and friction factor based on the obtained experimental data with the help of regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]