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Th is text provides evidences of sea salt exploitation in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula during the Bronze Age. Th is took place between the late 3rd millennium and early 2nd millennium BCE, in the archaeological site of Carreço beach, in Viana do Castelo, using removable sinks excavated in schist, that were heated to enhance the process of evaporation of salt water. Th is type of sink is very common along the northern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Other archaeological evidence of sea salt exploitation exists in the Areias Altas archaeological site in Porto, daring from the fi rst half of the 2nd millennium BCE. In this site ceramic containers have been found that are morphologically similar to those used for evaporation of salt water using the brine process or as moulds for salt in other prehistoric salt extraction contexts in Western and Eastern Europe. On the Northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula there are also countless sinks dug into the rocks, morphologically similar to removable schist sinks. Observation of their manufacturing conditions reveals that these sinks were made by percussion, probably using stone hammers, and polished with rounded pebbles, which gave them rounded corners. Th e absence of evidence of the use of metallic artefacts to make these sinks suggest that they were made before the Iron Age, although they may have still been used during that period. Th e diff erent extraction methods may be related to climate changes that occurred during the 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BCE., Ce texte fournit les premières preuves de l’exploitation de sel marin dans le Nord-Ouest de la pénin- sule Ibérique à l’âge du Bronze. La production du sel s’opérait sur le site archéologique de la plage de Carreço, à Viana do Castelo entre la fi n du IIIe et le début du IIe millénaire avant J.-C. et montre l’uti- lisation d’éviers amovibles creusés dans le schiste et chauff és pour renforcer le processus d’évaporation de l’eau salée. Ce type de puits est très courant sur la côte nord. D’autres preuves de l’exploitation du sel marin se trouvent sur le site archéologique d’Areias Altas à Porto pendant la première moitié du IIe millénaire avant J.-C. Sur ce site, des récipients en céramique, morphologiquement similaires à ceux utilisés pour l’évaporation de l’eau salée par le processus de saumure ou comme moules pour le sel, dans d’autres contextes préhistoriques d’extraction du sel en Europe occidentale et orientale, ont été trouvés. Sur la côte nord-ouest de l’Ibérie, on trouve également d’innombrables puits creusés dans la roche, morphologiquement semblables aux puits de schiste amovibles. Une observation de leurs conditions de fabrication a révélé qu’ils étaient fabriqués par percussion, probablement avec des marteaux en pierre, et polis avec des galets roulés, ce qui leur donne une forme de coins arrondis. Ainsi, l’absence de preuves d’artéfacts métalliques dans leur fabrication indique qu’ils seraient antérieurs à l’âge du Fer, bien qu’ils aient pu être utilisés durant cette période. Les diff érentes méthodes d’extraction peuvent être liées aux changements climatiques qui se sont produits au cours des IIIe et IIe millénaires avant J.-C., Esta publicação foi apoiada através do Financiamento Plurianual do Laboratório de Paisagens, Património e Território (Lab2PT), Ref.ª UID/04509/2020, financiado por fundos nacionais (PIDDAC) através da FCT/MCTES.

The purpose of this paper is the dissemination of the Rock Art Virtual Corpus of the Northwest of Portugal (CVARN), a database dedicated to the theme of Post- Palaeolithic rock art in the Northwest of Portugal, which has been available online since the end of September 2014. This software tool is being built and developed under the ENARDAS project, a scientific project financed by the Thematic Factors of Competitiveness Operational Programme and by the European Regional Development Fund, and has been on-going since 2011, but is now open to the entire scientific community. Apart from being a first compilation of different “styles” of rock arts that occur between the western façade of Iberia, between the basins of the Minho and Vouga rivers, it will have both social and scientific functions. In social terms, the results obtained may contribute to regional development, especially regarding development from the perspective of tourism. In scientific terms, it will allow us to promote scientific research in this field of knowledge and to enable scientifically validated arguments for the integration of rock art sites into tourism evaluation projects., info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Fernández Freire, Carlos; Parcero-Oubiña, César y Uriarte González, Antonio (eds.).-- Cadernos de Arqueoloxía e Patrimonio (CAPA), This monograph presents the background, context and technical details of an Application Schema for the inclusion of cultural heritage spatial data into the INSPIRE framework. Nowadays, INSPIRE provides the most relevant framework for the dissemination and exchange of geographical data, covering many different thematic fields, particularly relevant for envi-ronmental datasets. Although cultural heritage elements are partially addressed within INSPIRE, there is no specific documentation on how these data should be considered, structured and published. This text aims to provide technical guidelines for decision makers, public administrations and the scientific community for the definition and implementation of harmonized datasets for cultural heritage, according to the interoperability principles of INSPIRE. This monograph presents in full detail a data model and an application schema, some of whose aspects have been previously published in brief (Fernández Freire et al. 2013, Parcero-Oubiña et al. 2013, Uriarte González et al. 2013)., This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Government through the projects “Investigación en tecnologías para la valoración y conservación del Patrimonio Cultural” (CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00058) and SPATRIAL-“Definición de un Modelo para la Representación de Aspectos Espaciales del Patrimonio” (HAR2009-1226. Programa Nacional de I+D+I, Ministry of Science). Editorial funding: INCIPIT.

Human societies established productive strategies in order to obtain the material resources needed for their day‑to‑day life, including firewood and timber. These strategies were determined by the environmental supply, and also by the cultural characteristics and technical capacities of these communities. This paper presents charcoal analysis data from four Chalcolithic and Bronze Age open‑air settlements located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula and occupied during the third and second millennia BC. These results contribute to the knowledge of the exploitation of wooden resources, of the territories where these resources were collected, and of the firewood and timber production process. The identified wood taxa point to a diversified exploitation of the territory, where firewood and timber were collected and/or felled in the deciduous woodland, the river banks and scrubland areas. The characteristics of the wood elements used, the degree of growth ring curvature, the minimum diameter of twigs or logs, etc., as well as other data from archaeological contexts, such as the length of the postholes, were all taken into account to establish hypotheses related to the operative chaine of forest resources. The wooden resources consumed in each site allowed us to hypothesize about the territory of each community., As sociedades humanas estabelecem toda uma série de estratégias produtivas destinadas a obter os meios materiais necessários para a sua existência, entre elas, o aprovisionamento de lenha e de madeira. Estas estratégias, além de estarem condicionadas pela oferta ambiental, são igualmente resultantes das características culturais e das capacidades técnicas das comunidades. Os dados arqueobotânicos que se apresentam procedem de vários lugares de habitação do Calcolítico e da Idade do Bronze da fachada ocidental do Noroeste peninsular com cronologias que abarcam o 3º e parte do 2º milénios AC. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar uma exploração diversificada dos recursos lenhosos que combinava a recolha de lenha e de madeira da floresta climácica com a proveniente das áreas de mato. As formações arbóreas situadas nas margens dos cursos de água também constituíram fonte de aprovisionamento de combustíveis e, provavelmente, de madeira. A análise dendrológica das amostras registando o grau de curvatura dos anéis de crescimento anual, o diâmetro mínimo dos ramos ou troncos consumidos, entre outras características, em inter‑relação com determinados contextos arqueológicos (dimensões dos buracos de poste, por exemplo), proporcionaram hipóteses relacionadas com a cadeia técnica‑operativa dos recursos florestais. A caracterização dos recursos usados em cada um dos casos de estudo permitiu, igualmente, colocar hipóteses sobre o território de vivência, de circulação e de exploração de cada comunidade., This research was developed under the projects: Forest and scrubland management from Iron Age to roman period in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula: firewood consumption and wooden manufacture production; IDEPatri ‑Design and development of a data model for an archaeological SPI during the Galician Iron Age – 09SEC002CT; Bronze Age Landscapes in the West of Iberian Peninsula – SFRH/BSAB/986/10 and Geoindicators of natural and anthropogenic palaeoenvironmental evolution in the Portuguese NW, during de Holocene – 2010/CGUP/CCT/UM., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Human societies established productive strategies in order to obtain the material resources needed for their day‐to‐day life, including firewood and timber. These strategies were determined by the environmental supply, and also by the cultural characteristics and technical capacities of these communities. This paper presents charcoal analysis data from four Chalcolithic and Bronze Age open‐air settlements located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula and occupied during the third and second millennia BC. These results contribute to the knowledge of the exploitation of wooden resources, of the territories where these resources were collected, and of the firewood and timber production process. The identified wood taxa point to a diversified exploitation of the territory, where firewood and timber were collected and/or felled in the deciduous woodland, the river banks and scrubland areas. The characteristics of the wood elements used, the degree of growth ring curvature, the minimum diameter of twigs or logs, etc., as well as other data from archaeological contexts, such as the length of the postholes, were all taken into account to establish hypotheses related to the operative chaine of forest resources. The wooden resources consumed in each site allowed us to hypothesize about the territory of each community., As sociedades humanas estabelecem toda uma série de estratégias produtivas destinadas a obter os meios materiais necessários para a sua existência, entre elas, o aprovisionamento de lenha e de madeira. Estas estratégias, além de estarem condicionadas pela oferta ambiental, são igualmente resultantes das caraterísticas culturais e das capacidades técnicas das comunidades. Os dados arqueobotânicos que se apresentam procedem de vários lugares de habitação do Calcolítico e da Idade do Bronze da fachada ocidental do Noroeste peninsular com cronologias que abarcam o 3º e parte do 2º milénios AC. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar uma exploração diversificada dos recursos lenhosos que combinava a recolha de lenha e de madeira da floresta climácica com a proveniente das áreas de mato. As formações arbóreas situadas nas margens dos cursos de água também constituíram fonte de aprovisionamento de combustíveis e, provavelmente, de madeira. A análise dendrológica das amostras registando o grau de curvatura dos anéis de crescimento anual, o diâmetro mínimo dos ramos ou troncos consumidos, entre outras características, em inter‑relação com determinados contextos arqueológicos (dimensões dos buracos de poste, por exemplo), proporcionaram hipóteses relacionadas com a cadeia técnica‑operativa dos recursos florestais. A caracterização dos recursos usados em cada um dos casos de estudo permitiu, igualmente, colocar hipóteses sobre o território de vivência, de circulação e de exploração de cada comunidade., Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia

As sociedades humanas estabelecem toda uma série de estratégias produtivas destinadas a obter os meios materiais necessários para a sua existência, entre elas, o aprovisionamento de lenha e de madeira. Estas estratégias, além de estarem condicionadas pela oferta ambiental, são igualmente resultantes das características culturais e das capacidades técnicas. Os dados arqueobotânicos que se apresentam procedem de vários lugares de habitação do Calcolítico e da Idade do Bronze da fachada ocidental do Noroeste peninsular com cronologias que abarcam o III e parte do II milénios AC (Martin em preparação; Martín et al. no prelo; Figueiral e Bettencourt 2007). Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar uma exploração diversificada dos recursos lenhosos que combinava a recolha de lenha e de madeira das áreas da floresta climácica com a proveniente das áreas de mato. As formaçãos arbóreas situadas nas margems dos cursos de água também constituíram fonte de aprovisionamento de combustíveis e, provavelmente, de madeira. A caracterização dos recursos usados em cada um dos casos de estudo permitiu-nos, igualmente, colocar hipóteses sobre o território de vivência, de circulação e de exploração de cada comunidade. A análise dendrológica das amostras registando o grau de curvatura dos anéis de crescimento anual, o diâmetro mínimo dos ramos ou troncos consumidos, a presença de tiloses e de depósitos de resina, a presença de madeira de reação, a conservação do floema e ou da casca, a presença ou a ausência de cicatrizes ou de anéis sinuosos, as mudanças no ritmo de crescimento, entre outras características, em inter-relação com determinados contextos arqueológicos (dimensões dos buracos de poste, por exemplo), proporcionaram, também, hipóteses relacionadas com a cadeia técnica-operativa dos recursos florestais. Ou seja, sobre a sucessão de operações realizadas pelas comunidades humanas desde a extração da matéria até à sua utilização final., This research was developed under the projects: A xestión do bosque e do monte dende a Idade do Ferro a época romana no noroeste da península Ibérica: consumo de combustibles e produción de manufacturas en madeira / Forest and scrubland management from Iron Age to roman period in the Northwest of the Iberian peninsula: firewood consumption and wooden manufacture production, IDEPatri-Deseño e desenvolvemento dun modelo de datos para unha IDE arqueolóxica da Idade do Ferro en Galicia /IDEPatri- Design and development of a data model for an archaeological SPI during the Galician Iron Age: (IDEPatri) 09SEC002CT. Xunta de Galicia, Paisagens da Idade do Bronze no ocidente peninsular / Bronze Age Landscapes in the West of Iberian Peninsula - SFRH/BSAB/986/10 e Geoindicators of natural and anthropogenic palaeoenvironmental evolution in the Portuguese NW, during de Holocene – 2010_CGUP/CCT/UM.