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Climate change is a global issue that requires collective action to address. One of the most pressing concerns is reducing emissions resulting from combustion processes. The use of renewable energy sources and green energy has become a trend worldwide. Solar energy is one of the most promising sources due to its abundance and simplicity of implementation. The city of Aswan, located in the South of Egypt, has a high solar radiation that makes it ideal for utilizing solar power. The current study investigates the optimal design for a sustainable building electricity system at the Aswan Campus of the Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport (AASTMT) in Egypt. The campus has four electricity sources: a utility grid, PV panels, batteries, and a diesel generator, along with a weather station. Experimental investigations have been carried out in this research paper to study the performance characteristics of solar power. Moreover, HOMER pro software is used to model various configurations of the campus grid, including different photovoltaic (PV) panel types and tracking systems. The simulations are compared with real-world data collected from a weather station on campus. Additionally, CO2 and NO2 emissions are measured to assess the environmental impact of different scenarios. The total net cost over the life cycle is also calculated for different cases. The results demonstrate that the addition of a PV renewable system can reduce traditional grid usage by 38% and emissions by 50%. A decrease in the Levelized Cost of Energy (LOCE) from USD 0.0647 to USD 0.0535 is reported. Moreover, the difference in NCP cost between dual-axis tracking and fixed zero angle is USD 143,488. The dual degree tracker for PV panels can further enhance energy production by 30% more, compared with fixed panels, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions by more than 20%. The simulation results reveal that tracking systems provide greater energy generation, and that a cost–benefit analysis may prioritize fixed panels in some cases. The results from the HOMER software simulations closely match those of the experimental data, which is that the total presentation error does not exceed 8%, demonstrating the software's effectiveness for optimizing renewable energy systems. This study demonstrates that a comprehensive analysis and optimization of a building's energy sources can significantly reduce costs, lower emissions, and promote the use of renewable energy, particularly solar power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphase drives exhibit remarkable advantages (e.g., fault tolerance) over three-phase ones. Six-phase drives are particularly attractive, given their moderate complexity and suitability for off-the-shelf three-phase converters. Regarding the stator winding arrangement, the symmetrical one offers superior postfault capabilities in most scenarios. On the other hand, resistance asymmetry in the stator phases or connections may arise due to different causes. The conventional full-range minimum-loss strategy (FRMLS) generates stator-current references under open-phase (infinite resistance) faults so that torque ripple is prevented while minimizing the losses for each torque ($\boldsymbol{d}$ - $\boldsymbol{q}$ current) value and maximizing the torque range; however, this method is unsuitable for unequal resistances of finite value. This article proposes an FRMLS for setting the current references to reach these goals in symmetrical six-phase drives with any resistance asymmetry. The optimum references are found online depending on the resistances, without lookup tables. The phase currents are individually limited by an iterative algorithm, so that minimum stator copper loss (SCL) is achieved over the maximum admissible torque range. In this manner, unlike the conventional FRMLS, minimum SCL and maximum torque range are attained even for finite resistance imbalance. The currents in phases affected by high resistances are suitably reduced. Experimental results are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault‐tolerant drives have been gaining increasing attention due to the need to enhance the reliability and robustness of electric drive systems, particularly for safety critical applications. However, in postfault control, it is often necessary to derate the machine, that is to reduce the torque and/or flux currents, to satisfy the current constraints of the power electronic devices. For induction motors, there are different approaches to quantify the current components in postfault operation while maintaining a stable operation within the current constraints. The efficiency enhancement of a faulted drive through flux current reduction is one of the methods reported in literature, however, the details of power components, that is, achievable torque and speed, are not addressed. This study broadly investigates the effect of flux and/or torque current partitioning on postfault capability of polyphase (three and more phases) induction machines in terms of achievable torque and speed. It is demonstrated that the magnetising inductance characteristics, which depend on the machine design and its power rating, have a profound effect on the choice of postfault current partitioning, and hence the machine performance. Theoretical discussion is supported with experimental verification using three‐phase and symmetrical six‐phase induction motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine-Switch inverter (NSI) has been recently introduced for independent control of dual ac motors. Although this topology reduces the number of active switches by 25% compared to conventional inverters, it has a main conceptual shortcoming due to voltage gain limitations. In NSI, the voltage gains of both outputs are relatively low, while their maximum achievable magnitudes depend on the phase angle between the two sets. In order to mitigate this problem, this article introduces a new dual output nine-switch boost inverter (NSBI) topology with a minimum number of passive elements. The detailed analysis of NSBI is presented, while the required modifications to conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies of the NSI are explained to ensure an acceptable voltage boosting ratio while a high-quality voltage output is obtained. Among different PWM schemes, a modified discontinuous PWM scheme is found optimum with this proposed topology to minimize the voltage stress across switches and improve the input current and output voltage quality. The proposed topology is also validated under both common-frequency and different-frequency modes of operations. Moreover, a clear picture of the NSBI performance compared with other possible counterparts is introduced. The theoretical findings have been corroborated using simulation and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the postfault control of a nine-phase six-terminal induction machine (IM) during single open-line fault, which was recently proposed for high-power medium-voltage applications as a promising alternative to conventional six-phase IMs. The required optimal reference currents to provide prefault loading conditions under one-line open are derived using the two most common optimization criteria employed in multiphase drives, namely, maximum torque and minimum loss modes. A postfault controller, based on conventional decoupling Clarke's transformation, is then used to ensure the same controller structure under all conditions. Consequently, the machine characteristic curves, achievable torque, and stator copper losses under these different modes are compared. A comparison with a conventional asymmetrical six-phase winding is also given. A 1.5-Hp prototype IM is used for experimental verification. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In multiphase machine drives, accuracy of the estimated machine parameters is crucial for effective performance prediction and/or control. While a great amount of work has been done on parameter estimation for three-phase machines, corresponding discussions for six-phase machine remain scarce. It has been proven in the literature that the effect of mutual leakage inductance between different winding layers has a significant impact on the equivalent machine reactance, which challenges the standard separation method of stator and rotor leakage inductances from the measured locked-rotor impedance. In this paper, parameter identification of an asymmetrical six-phase induction machine using six-phase no-load and locked-rotor tests is discussed. A zero-sequence test using an improved equivalent circuit is proposed to improve the accuracy of the estimated parameters. The concept is verified using experimental results obtained from a low-power prototype asymmetrical six-phase machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steady-state modeling of multiphase induction machines (IMs) with m phases under open-line fault conditions is usually carried out based on symmetrical component theory. Hence, the estimation of the machine characteristic curves usually involves complex mathematical calculations and inversion of high-order matrices, which complicates the analysis. Moreover, the effect of the different subspaces’ impedances on the machine performance cannot be easily recognized using this modeling technique. Instead, this paper presents the first attempt to derive a simple equivalent circuit for a five-phase IM under open-line conditions that includes the effect of all subspaces in a single circuit. The derivation is carried out for both star and pentagon connections. The equivalent circuit can be a simple technique to explain the advantages obtained from a pentagon connection compared to the star connection under open-circuit faults. It can also be used to derive a simple expression for torque gain and torque ripple magnitude for different stator connections based on the circuit parameters. The derived equivalent circuits are verified using a 1-kW five-phase prototype machine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Voltage source converter (VSC)-based high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission is considered the future of offshore power transmission. This paper aims at providing a reliable VSC-HVDC transmission system architecture between offshore wind farms and onshore grids. In this paper, a large-capacity, low-speed flywheel energy storage system (FESS) based on a squirrel cage induction machine is applied in parallel with the VSC-HVDC at the grid side converter. The FESS is dedicated for surge power (due to power flow imbalance during fault) absorption instead of being dissipated in the form of resistive losses. Since the duration of these surges is relatively small, it has been shown that the flywheel can effectively mitigate this problem. In addition to the fault ride-through support during fault conditions, the FESS is employed for power leveling functionality during normal operation. The performance parameters of the proposed approach are investigated via both simulation and experimental results. A 132-kV, 100-MW HVDC system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink during normal and fault conditions. The proposed architecture is substantiated experimentally through a scaled down test rig with a 2-kW FESS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine equipped with a fractional-slot concentrated winding (FSCW) has met an increasing interest in electric vehicle applications due to its higher power density and efficiency. Torque production is due to both PM and reluctance torques. However, one of the main challenges of FSCWs is their inability to produce a high-quality magnetomotive force (MMF) distribution, yielding undesirable rotor core and magnet eddy-current losses. Literature shows that the reduction of low-order space harmonics significantly reduces these loss components. Moreover, it has been previously shown that by employing a higher number of layers, although causing some reduction in the winding factor of the torque-producing MMF component, both machine saliency and reluctance torque components are improved. Recently, a dual three-phase winding connected in a star/delta connection has also shown promise to concurrently enhance machine torque of a surface-mounted PM machine while significantly reducing both rotor core and magnet losses. In this paper, a multilayer winding configuration and a dual three-phase winding connection are combined and applied to the well-known 12-slot/10-pole IPM machine with v-shaped magnets. The proposed winding layout is compared with a conventional double-layer winding, a dual three-phase double-layer winding, and a four-layer winding. The comparison is carried out using 2-D finite-element analysis. The comparison shows that the proposed winding layout, while providing similar output torque to a conventional double-layer three-phase winding, offers a significant reduction in core and magnet losses, correspondingly a higher efficiency, improves the machine saliency ratio, and maximizes the reluctance toque component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main drawbacks of nonoverlapped coils in fractional slot concentrated winding permanent magnet (PM) machines are the high eddy current losses in both rotor core and permanent magnets induced by the asynchronous harmonics of the armature reaction field. It has been shown in the literature that the reduction of low space harmonics can effectively reduce the rotor eddy current losses. This paper shows that employing a combined star-delta winding to a three-phase PM machine with fractional slot windings and with a number of slots equal to 12, or its multiples, yields a complete cancellation to the fundamental magneto-motive force (MMF) component, which significantly reduces the induced rotor eddy current. Besides, it offers a slight increase in machine torque density. A case study on the well-known 12-slot/10-pole PM machine is conducted to explore the proposed approach. With the same concept, the general $n$ -phase PM machine occupying $4n$ slots and with a dual $n$ -phase winding is then proposed. This configuration offers a complete cancelation of all harmonics below the torque producing MMF component. Hence, the induced eddy currents in both rotor core and magnets are significantly reduced. The winding connection and the required number of turns for both winding groups are also given. The concept is applied to a 20-slot/18-pole stator with a dual five-phase winding, where the stator winding is connected as a combined star/pentagon connection. The proposed concept is assessed through a simulation study based on 2-D finite element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a new architecture of flywheel energy storage system (FESS) which can be implemented at generating unit (GU) level (e.g. wind turbine) or scaled up for application in grid‐side converter (GSC) stations of a multi‐terminal direct current (MTDC) system. The proposed architecture suppresses DC voltage leaps under grid faults, and performs power levelling duty at grid connection points. When implemented at GU level, the proposed FESS features a doubly‐fed induction machine (DFIM) – the flywheel machine – where its six stator winding terminals are connected in series between the grid and the GSC. The flywheel converter is of partial power rating, and is connected to the DFIM rotor. When employed at an MTDC GSC station, several submodules are connected to build an FESS station. The study proposes the control concept and the general topology of the FESS station. The performance parameters of the system are tested under normal and abnormal operating conditions. Results and analyses indicate smooth dynamic operation, the economic advantage and the improved fault ride‐through capability because of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a nontriplen multiphase induction machine when fed with harmonic current injection with different sequences for an open loop optimized flux distribution that produce a quasi-square wave in the machine air gap. This maximizes iron utilization, giving more torque per ampere. The relation between the fundamental and other harmonic components can be determined for the best iron utilization using genetic algorithms where optimum flux distribution with different injected harmonic order can be obtained. This means, the target is to optimize the flux distribution during no-load to determine the optimum constants that guarantee approximate square wave air-gap flux. The paper focuses on an 11-phase machine that can be excited with harmonics up to the ninth. The technique is assessed using both winding function and finite element analysis methods. The prototype machine is fed from an 11-phase inverter. The system DSP control using genetic algorithm produces an optimum flux distribution by using winding sequence and harmonic current injection. Simulation results for the 11-phase dq model and prototype drive experimental results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]