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A comprehensive review of technologies and approaches for active safety systems designed to reduce ground vehicle crashes, as well as the associated severity of injuries and fatalities, is provided. Active safety systems are commonly referred to as systems that can forewarn a driver of a potential safety hazard, or automatically intervene to reduce the likelihood of an accident without requiring driver intervention. The data from naturalistic drivers has shown that such systems are instrumental in improving vehicle safety in various conditions, particularly at higher speeds and under adverse road conditions. The increased integration of sensors, electronics, and real-time processing capabilities has served as one of the critical enabling elements in the widespread integration of active safety systems in modern vehicles. The emphasis is placed on control approaches for active safety systems and their progression over the years from antilock brakes to more advanced technologies that have nearly enabled semiautonomous driving. A review of key active safety control approaches for antilock braking, yaw stability, traction control, roll stability, and various collision avoidance systems is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling of a rotational inverted pendulum is considered as a challenging problem, mainly due to the system's inherent nonlinear and unstable dynamics. In fact, the goal of this control is to maintain the pendulum vertically upward regardless of external disturbances. This paper aims to optimally design a model reference adaptive proportional integral derivative (PID) control for rotary inverted pendulum system based on a novel hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm, combining sine cosine algorithm and levy flight distribution. Evaluation of the performance quality of the proposed adaptive controller is accomplished based on the stabilization and tracking control of rotary inverted pendulum system. In addition, two other PID controllers are designed to get a better understanding of the performance and robustness of the proposed controller. To make a complete comparison, the performance of the hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm is examined against two other optimization techniques known as simple particle swarm optimization and whale optimization algorithm. Finally, the obtained simulation results demonstrate that the proposed optimal adaptive controller is superior to the other controllers, especially in terms of the transient response characteristics and the magnitude of control output signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Participation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as Fuel Cell (FC) in Daily Market is one of the main Problems of these resources. Uncertain nature of market price and power system parameters can be affected to economic performance of DERs and is caused deviation penalties during market settlements. This article introduces an optimal combined sharing strategy of fuel cell/wind turbine/battery storage unit and demand response as microgrid to improve all of them profit in market participation. In order to adjust of contracted power and reduce the imbalanced energy, the Adjusted Market (AM) is considered 3–7 h before the delivered time, which the offered power could be updated in this time. Uncertainty of markets and DERs generations is considered using an optimal stochastic optimization approach. The probabilistic scenarios are generated using forecast error database in daily, adjusted and imbalance market as production of DERs. Uncertain variables are predicted by a neuro-fuzzy model. Finally, to demonstrate of the proposed joint model strategy, a test system contain fuel cell/wind turbine/battery storage unit and demand response is considered and the results is calculated during one week, month, and year period in joint and separated conditions. Highlights • Improving of fuel cell profit for wide expanding of related energy in the world. • Demand response considering to prevent damage of producers and load in microgrid. • Economical analysis of each considered factors such as adjusted market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]