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In cases of severely damaged teeth with limited coronal tooth structure and remaining hard dental tissues subgingivally, a custom‐made post‐and‐core restoration is required. Teeth with non‐circular canal space also require this type of restoration because the build‐up with pre‐fabricated posts could lead to thick cement layer. The development of CAD/CAM technologies widens the range of the materials that can be used for prosthetic restorations. Along with base dental alloys, newly developed materials may be applied. The aim of the article is to present four clinical cases of severely damaged teeth which utilize different materials and different production techniques for custom post‐and‐core fabrication. In the first clinical case, a metal post‐and‐core restoration was fabricated by direct metal laser sintering. In the second clinical case, digital technologies were used to produce a 3D‐printed resin prototype for further investing and casting from base metal dental alloy. In the third clinical case, fibre‐reinforced composite was used for fabrication of the custom post‐and‐core by milling. In the fourth clinical case, the restoration is produced by milling of lithium disilicate ceramics IPS emax CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein). The bond between the fibre‐reinforced composite post‐and‐core and the hard dental tissues offered possibility to compensate—to some extent—the shape of the preparation which was not optimal. CAD/CAM technologies applied in these clinical cases provided combination of high accuracy of fitting with good stability and individual shape of the restorations. © 2023 Australian Dental Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural variability of regional climatic conditions poses certain difficulties in detecting global climate change at a local scale. The question about the ratio between the contribution of human forcing, induced by the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and the contribution of natural variability in atmospheric and oceanic circulation arises in each particular case. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to evaluate the contribution of the North Atlantic Oscillation to the decrease in the climate continentality of Moscow during the period of 1951–2000. The results show that a significant part of the decrease in continentality could be attributed to the increase in the North Atlantic Oscillation index observed during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heteronuclear complex [Fe4Li2(O)2(Piv)10(H2O)2] (1, Piv is the pivalic acid anion) was obtained by refluxing FeIII pivalates with LiI pivalates in toluene and isolated as the 1•PhCH3 solvate with a toluene molecule. According to X-ray diffraction data, complex 1 contains the {Fe4Li2O2} core. The Mössbauer spectroscopy data indicate that the core comprises para magnetic FeIII ions in the high-spin state located in the symmetric octahedral environment of oxygen atoms. Thermolysis of 1 studied by simultaneous thermal analysis demonstrated thermal stability of the complex up to 225 °С. The main end product of thermolysis at 600 °С is the mixed oxide LiFe5O8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis of this research consists of conceptual developments of a methodological nature that allow one to diagnose and assess the limitations, threats and challenges of an economic, social, environmental, resource-technical, administrative and legal nature across the vertical of the economic levels of an integral national system. The purpose of the paper is to formulate an original methodological approach to the research of economic security, considering the causal connection between the elements of the totality of individual determinants and conditions characterizing threats and challenges. The peculiarity of the proposed approach lies in the fact that the authors consider the enterprise as the initial level of the economic system. The economic security of an enterprise largely determines the economic security of other levels of this system. They represent the business environment that can be a carrier of external threats that negatively affect the economic security of the enterprise. We believe that without ensuring economic security at all levels of the economic hierarchy, it is impossible to ensure the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The use of the matrix principle justifiably allows the authors to solve the evaluation problem within a single methodological approach. It allows identifying the determinants that most affect economic security. It is assumed that the diagnostic results will allow developing specific measures to eliminate or reduce the role of negative factors and motivational and stimulating measures that ensure the resolution of contradictions arising from the presence of restrictions, including environmental and social, on entrepreneurial activity.

The discrepancy between simulated and observed globally averaged monthly atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide could be attributed either to deficiencies in the observation network or to inadequacies in the global carbon cycle models. This paper shows that model results could be brought closer to observations by improving model components that describe the seasonal changes in the storage of quickly decaying fractions of litter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that every Banach space with a norming Markushevich basis has a strong Markushevich basis. It is also shown that the converse is false. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The insertion product [WCl 5 {N(Et)C(O)OC(NEt)N(Et)C(O)Cl}] ( I ) is obtained by the room-temperature reaction of WCl 6 with an excess of EtNCO in dichloroethane. The structure of the chain ligand in I is deduced from an IR study and the results of X-ray diffraction analyses of crystals of an oxo-complex, ( II) , which is obtained by partial hydrolysis of I . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

abstract The quantitative formulation of the fertilization effect of CO2 enrichment on net primary production (NPP) introduced by Keeling and Bacastow in 1970s (known as Keeling's formula) has been recognized as a summary of experimental data and has been used in various assessments of the industrial impact on atmospheric chemistry. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the formula's key coefficient, the so-called growth factor, has remained open to question. Some of the global carbon cycle modelers avoid this question by tuning growth factor and choosing the value that fits the observed course of atmospheric CO2 changes. However, for mapping terrestrial sinks induced by the CO2 fertilization effect one needs a geographical pattern of the growth factor rather than its globally averaged value. The earlier approach to this problem involved formulating the climate dependence of the growth factor and the derivation of its global pattern from climatic variables (whose geographical distribution is known). We use a process-based model (TsuBiMo) for this purpose and derive the values of growth factor for major biomes for comparison our approach with the earlier studies. Contrary to the earlier prevailing opinion, TsuBiMo predicts that these values decrease with mean annual temperature (excluding biomes of limited water supply). We attribute this result to the effect of light limitation caused by mutual shading inside a canopy, which was considered earlier as unimportant, and conclude that current hypotheses about CO2 fertilization effect (and thus projections of the related carbon sink) are very sensitive to the choice of driving forces taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the simulation of photosynthesis at higher carbon dioxide concentrations. Increase in the total terrestrial net primary production; Assumption of turnover time of the biological cycle; Estimation of the sink induced by carbon dioxide fertilization.

In accordance with the Russian Federation consistent transition to sustainable development, which material basis consists in not so much quantitative but rather qualitative transformations in the factors of real economy production, the authors hereby focus on the regional aspect of territorial entity environments affecting favorably the investment attractiveness of industrial enterprises. Special attention is paid to the fact that following the sustainable development paradigm implies a balanced solution of economic, social and environmental problems. The conceptual considerations presented are taken as the basis for an original universal method to diagnose and assess restrictions, threats, and challenges of an economic, administrative and legal, resource and technical, social and environmental nature that occur at the regional level and affect the investment attractiveness of enterprises. In practice, the approach considers the diagnostics possibility to develop, firstly, specific measures to offset or reduce the negative impacts determining the investment attractiveness of regional investment objects and, secondly, motivational and stimulating measures to resolve the conflicts arising due to environmental and social restrictions on economic activity in order to ensure, as we move towards sustainable development, a balanced solution to three tasks: ensuring economic growth, achieving social progress, and improving the quality of the environment.

Following the paradigm of sustainable development presupposes a balanced solution of three tasks: ensuring economic growth, achieving social progress and improving the quality of the environment. However, the solution of environmental and social problems causes restrictions on economic activities. In this regard, there is a need to develop methodological approaches to the formation of organizational and economic relations and mechanisms in order, firstly, to resolve the contradictions between the economic and socio-environmental, and, secondly, to provide motivation to activate investment processes in a direction conducive to achieving goals of sustainable development of subsoil use. The problem of investment attractiveness becomes even more urgent, taking into account the special nature of industrial relations developing in subsoil use, which must be taken into account when implementing the concept of sustainable development.

The purpose of this study involves the development of new methodological approaches to solving the urgent problem of implementing the concept of sustainable development in the country, its regions, industries and enterprises. It is clear, that the specifics of the mining activity predetermines both the special nature of interests, contradictions and industrial relations, developing in this area, and the adequacy of the approach to setting and solving the tasks of achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). They consist, firstly, in determining the influence of investment processes on the formation of a balanced system of sustainable development of the region, in which financial and economic goals would be harmonized with environmental and social processes, and, secondly, in developing a methodology and a specific method of diagnostics and assessment systems of factors, that manifest themselves as barriers and restrictions, threats and challenges. At the end, the obtained results of the study should contribute to significant progress in solving the problem of attracting investments and implementing the concept of sustainable development of mining regions.

It should be noted, that today the world scientific community try to find new ways of economic development, which are aimed at refusing to absolutize economic growth at the expense of solving social and ecological problems and ensuring the vital requirements of future generations. In this regard, the authors have proposed a methodological technique, that allows to systematize the factors of investment attractiveness of the business environment of the region, which are considered in terms of implementing the goals of sustainable development and increasing innovative activity. At the same time, we consider it necessary to emphasize, that the use of the obtained research results will allow, in our opinion, to significantly advance both in theoretical and practical terms in solving the development and implementation of reasonable interim measures to advance the region towards achieving sustainable development goals.

This publication examines the implementation of the concept of sustainable development, which are increasingly becoming the object of research by scientists and practitioners. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the important fact, that, in practical terms, the solution of this problem is largely due to the formation of an economically safe and, as a consequence, favorable from the standpoint of the interests of entrepreneurs, an eco-environment, that provides their motivation for sustainable development. The study pays mainly attention to the development of an algorithm for solving methodological issues concerning, firstly, the essence and relationship of such concepts, as sustainable development and an economically safe business environment, favorable for investing in innovative processes. Secondly, the analysis of the ecological environment, as a systemic education and positioning in this system of the regional business environment. Thirdly, the development of approaches to the creation of a method for diagnosing the ecological environment, identifying and assessing the factors, that determine its economic security. Fourthly, the assessment of these factors in the form of an unsystematic component of investment risk. And, fifthly, which is important in practical terms, justifying the possibility in the reverse order, relying on the diagnostic results obtained, to determine, develop and implement specific measures to eliminate various kinds of factors, that negatively affect the formation of an economically safe ecological environment and, accordingly, on the development of an innovative activities and revitalization of investment processes, leading to the achievement of the SDGs.

In this study, we consider the highly relevant and, to a large extent, the debatable problem of the investment attractiveness of the subsoil use sphere and, above all, the investment attractiveness of mining enterprises. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that the development of mineral resources, unlike any other type of production activity, has its own specifics. It consists primarily in the fact that, along with such factors of production as capital and labor, which constitute the material basis of all production, the most important factor of production inherent in subsoil use is the subsoil itself. And it is their qualitative condition that determines to a large extent the results of the economic activity of mining enterprises. It is clear that without a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the role of the natural factor in the production process, as well as other objective and subjective factors, it is practically impossible to create a reliable theoretical basis for the development of practical measures, the implementation of which could significantly improve the investment attractiveness of extractive activities. Particular attention is paid to the methodology and methods for identifying and differentiating by specific signs specific barrier and restrictive factors that are considered in the investment process in the form of an unsystematic component of investment risk. It is shown that the results of a study of the nature of the influence of industry-specific factors on investment attractiveness are the basis for the development of specific measures to eliminate or minimize barriers to investment.

Last month I happened to be in a sanatorium in the Moscow suburbs. There I was in daily contact with people in various professions and fields of endeavor: workers and collective farmers, Party functionaries, scientists and technicians. Every evening movies were shown. For the most part these were recent releases from various studios in our own country. And not infrequently after a showing dozens of eyes would be trained on me, the film expert, and what I saw in the faces around me was incredulousness, doleful surprise and outright reproach. The films did not live up to the viewers' expectations, they did not create the mood which my new friends had expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that the problem of rental regulation of more and more becomes the object of scientists and practitioners attention, however, with regard to the results of the study of mining still cannot serve as a robust theoretical basis for the development of practical steps towards the establishment of organizational and economic relations and mechanisms, which would be able to determine the investment attractiveness of extractive activities and, consequently – the motivation to sustainable development. This is largely due to the fact that economic relations in mineral extracting industries, unlike other fields of activity are special. Their determinant is the existence of two types of band property relations, folding, firstly, regarding the ownership and administration of mineral resources, and, secondly, with regard to their use by entrepreneur as object of management. Therefore, between the owner of the subsoil and economic entity, there are special, rental relations in which inherently embedded contradiction in interests. It must and can be resolved solely on the principles of consensus and, we believe, through the institutionalization of these relations, their regulation and administration.

This article aims, first, to consider the conceptual question about the place and role of rental relations in subsoil use, particularly in the extractive industries and secondly, to determine the basics of scientific analysis of the essence and forms of rent and rent relations, generally, and mining rents in particular in aspect of their influence on the formation of a favourable investment climate in the extractive industry. Article is largely introductory in nature, so far as in theory and in practical terms, the problems of relationship rent relations and investment attractiveness of the extractive industries have not adequately attention. In this direction has never appeared in any relevant studies, the results of which could serve as the basis for formulating practical solutions, such as formation of adequate economic policies, rent relations regulatory frameworks, their organizational and legal security underlying the investment attractiveness of extractive activities.

In this article, as determinants in the system factors underlying the investment attractiveness of the peat industry is considered a rental factor, which predetermines the significant differences and peculiarities of the investment climate in the mining business and, in particular, in the sphere of peat mining. In contrast to modern studies treated the essence and role of rents in the economic mechanism, is proposed for a new approach to solving the problems of its formation. Our approach differs in that it, firstly, adequate rental relations, objectively in extractive industries, secondly, provides consensus in the interests of the owner of peat deposits and entrepreneurs, businesses in these deposits and, thus, thirdly, contributes to the creation of a favourable investment climate in the peat extraction industry. In practical terms, in accordance with the proposed approach, we have proposed specific allocation algorithm of mining rents from the profits of peat extraction enterprises.

Abstract The International Year of Forests, declared by the UN, is a good occasion to discuss approaches to reducing forest degradation in developing countries. The articles collected in Thematic Forest Series form a diversity of ideas which is essential for setting the levels below which the countries' reduced emissions could be measured and credited. This editorial calls attention to the use of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change models.

Abstract The dominant model of journal evaluation emerged at the time when there were no open-access journals, and nobody has assessed yet whether this model is able to cope with this modern reality. This commentary attempts to fill the gaps in the common understanding of the role that 'impact factor' should play in evaluation of open-access journals.

Abstract Background The biosphere models of terrestrial productivity are essential for projecting climate change and assessing mitigation and adaptation options. Many of them have been developed in connection to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) that backs the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In the end of 1990s, IGBP sponsored release of a data set summarizing the model outputs and setting certain norms for estimates of terrestrial productivity. Since a number of new models and new versions of old models were developed during the past decade, these normative data require updating. Results Here, we provide the series of updates that reflects evolution of biosphere models and demonstrates evolutional stability of the global and regional estimates of terrestrial productivity. Most of them fit well the long-living Miami model. At the same time we call attention to the emerging alternative: the global potential for net primary production of biomass may be as high as 70 PgC y-1, the productivity of larch forest zone may be comparable to the productivity of taiga zone, and the productivity of rain-green forest zone may be comparable to the productivity of tropical rainforest zone. Conclusion The departure from Miami model's worldview mentioned above cannot be simply ignored. It requires thorough examination using modern observational tools and techniques for model-data fusion. Stability of normative knowledge is not its ultimate goal – the norms for estimates of terrestrial productivity must be evidence-based.

Abstract The 50-year global CO2 record led the way in establishing a scientific fact: modern civilization is changing important properties of the global atmosphere, oceans and biosphere. The evidence on which this scientific fact is based will be refined further, but the next challenge for scientists is broader. In addition to its traditional role in providing discovery, diagnosis, and prediction of the changes that are taking place on our planet, science has now also a role in helping society mitigate emissions by objectively quantifying them, and in helping adaptation by providing environmental forecasts on regional scales. Science is also expected to provide new options for society to tackle the transition to a new energy system, and to provide thorough environmental evaluation of all such options. This is what the meeting recognized as planetary responsibilities for scientists in the next 50 years.

Abstract Background Understanding the relationship between the age of a forest stand and its biomass is essential for managing the forest component of the global carbon cycle. Since biomass increases with stand age, postponing harvesting to the age of biological maturity may result in the formation of a large carbon sink. This article quantifies the carbon sequestration capacity of forests by suggesting a default rule to link carbon stock and stand age. Results The age dependence of forest biomass is shown to be a power-law monomial where the power of age is theoretically estimated to be 4/5. This theoretical estimate is close to the known empirical estimate; therefore, it provides a scientific basis for a quick and transparent assessment of the benefits of postponing the harvest, suggesting that the annual magnitude of the sink induced by delayed harvest lies in the range of 1–2% of the baseline carbon stock. Conclusion The results of this study imply that forest age could be used as an easily understood and scientifically sound measure of the progress in complying with national targets on the protection and enhancement of forest carbon sinks.

Abstract This editorial provides a subject index from published articles, active researchers, and published papers in the field of carbon balance and management.

Abstract First scientific journals were simply a way of informing colleagues about new research findings. In due course, they started filtering out unreasonable claims, and introduced a peer-review system. The purpose of peer reviewing changed with time. Since the middle of the past century, commercial publishers have owned a large number of scientific journals and as a result, the marketable value of a submitted manuscript has become an increasingly important factor in publishing decisions. Recently some publishers have developed business schemes which may stop this tendency. In the case of an open-access publication, the marketable value of a manuscript is not the primary consideration, since access to the research is not being sold. This innovation challenges scientists to re-consider the purpose of peer review. This editorial indicates some of the commonly used criteria for publication that consequently should receive less or little emphasis under the open-access model.