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In this research, kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by iron filings was investigated through a batch study in seven different soils. Chromate reduction experiments were carried out for initial Cr(VI) concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mgkg−1and iron filings dosage of 0 to 5% w/w. The experimental data were analyzed using various kinetic models including zero-order, pseudo first-order, power function, Elovich, and diffusion parabolic. Results showed that the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency in the presence of all studied soils increased with increasing iron filings dosage and decreased with increasing the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The reaction rates considerably depended on pH and were higher in acidic soils. The diffusion parabolic model was the best kinetic model as evidenced by the highest determination coefficient (r2) and the lowest standard error of the estimate (SE). The rate-limiting step(s) may be transport of chromate anions across a liquid film at the interface of soil-liquid, transport in liquid-filled macropores of iron filings aggregates, or diffusion in micropores and along the particle's surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the factors explaining the results of our previous study revealing that selenium (Se) may enhance the nodulation of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) via improved carbohydrate metabolism. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic alfalfa plants were cultivated without or with low (1 µM) Se addition at low (2 mM) and adequate (10 mM) N supply levels. The plants were analyzed for root nodulation, photosynthesis and growth parameters. The antioxidative defense and glutathione (GSH) redox state were also investigated. In the inoculated low-nitrogen (N) plants, Se markedly increased the number and fresh weight (FW) of the nodules without any effect on nitrogenase activity. Particularly in the nodulated low-N plants, it also significantly increased the net assimilation rate and soluble sugars, and enhanced protein synthesis. Though Se generally diminished the activity of antioxidative enzymes, the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2• –) remained constant or even significantly diminished. This gives evidence that Se enhanced the protection of plants against oxidative damage. Se tended to increase GSH particularly in the leaves, and significantly increased the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) particularly in the low-N plants. We suggest that Se exerts its positive effect on the carbohydrate metabolism via modulation in the glutathione redox state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals, but its role in plants remains unclear. Selenium enters the food chain via crops, and thus, plants constitute an essential source of Se in human nutrition. As a N 2-fixing plant of high nutritive value, alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage legume for sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the effects of Se on carbohydrate metabolism, nodulation and growth in alfalfa. In addition, the impact of Se on fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (F1,6-BPase), a key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism, as well as on nitrogenase activity in N-metabolism was examined. Methods: Alfalfa was grown either in perlite or nutrient solution at different Se (0, 1, 5, 10 and 15 μmol L −1 Na 2SeO 4) and N (2 and 10 mmol L −1) concentrations. Plants in perlite were inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti and used for studies on nodulation, growth and nitrogenase activity. Plants grown in nutrient solution were used for studies on carbohydrate metabolism. Results: Selenium applications (5 and 15 μmol L −1) increased soluble sugars (SS) in the leaves, on average, by 44 % in both adequate-N and low-N-plants respectively. At the low-N level, Se (10 and 15 μmol L −1) increased SS in the stems and roots, on average, by 29 % and 45 % respectively. In adequate-N-plants, Se increased SS in the stems, on average, by 46 % but had no effect in the roots. Selenium (10 and 15 μmol L −1) enhanced starch accumulation in the leaves about 55 % in low-N-plants. At the adequate-N level, Se (15 μmol L −1) increased starch accumulation about 36 %. However, the starch concentrations in the roots were inconsistent. Selenium also increased F1,6-BPase activity in the upper leaflets. In addition, in low-N-plants, the low Se (1 μmol L −1 and 5 μmol L −1) applications increased nodule number (NN) about 40 % and 62 % respectively, but NN decreased with plant growth. In symbiotic plants, Se did not significantly affect nodule fresh weight (NFW), nitrogenase activity and N concentrations. Selenium also had a slightly negative effect on dry matter accumulation in shoots and roots of alfalfa. Conclusions: The results indicate that, Se up-regulates carbohydrate metabolism via altered redox potential which may have some stimulatory effects on nodulation. These effects were, however, dependent on the Se concentration and the developmental stage of the plant. More detailed studies are needed to fully understand the role of Se in N 2 fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]