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Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Approximately 10-40% of patients with solid tumors develop brain metastases, with non-small cell lung cancer accounting for approximately 50% of all cases of patients with brain metastases. Many management options are available which can include surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy. A variety of factors go into the selection of management of brain metastases. In this review, we will focus on the treatment strategies and optimizing the management of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

IntroductionKRAS mutation is a common occurrence in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) and is a driver mutation for disease development and progression. KRAS wild-type PDA may constitute a distinct molecular and clinical subtype. We used the Foundation one data to analyze the difference in Genomic Alterations (GAs) that occur in KRAS mutated and wild-type PDA.MethodsComprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) data, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) and PD-L1 by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were analyzed.Results and discussionOur cohort had 9444 cases of advanced PDA. 8723 (92.37%) patients had KRAS mutation. 721 (7.63%) patients were KRAS wild-type. Among potentially targetable mutations, GAs more common in KRAS wild-type included ERBB2 (mutated vs wild-type: 1.7% vs 6.8%, p 10 mut/mB (mutated vs wild-type: 1% vs 6.3%, p 20 mut/mB (mutated vs wild-type: 0.5% vs 2.4%, p

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors developing from neural crest cells, with numerous sites of origin, commonly the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. NETs of the genitourinary tract are more common in women. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate or testicular carcinoid are the NETs in male. In this article, we present a rare case of NET of the scrotum. Our patient was a 47-year-old male with a history of complicated pilonidal cysts resulting in chronic scrotal wounds. Biopsy of a large nonhealing scrotal wound revealed a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with features most suggestive of small cell carcinoma. Presenting with advanced disease at diagnosis, he was started on systemic therapy and unfortunately progressed through multiple lines of treatment, including CAPTEM (capecitabine and temozolomide). Unfortunately, due to multiple logistical reasons, the patient was unable to receive the then off-label immunotherapy based on DART (Dual Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Blockade in Rare Tumors) trial. He, unfortunately, succumbed to his disease within months of diagnosis.

New approaches are needed for understanding and treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MicroRNAs (miRs) are important regulators of gene expression in all cells and disruption of their normal expression can lead to changes in phenotype of a cell, in particular the emergence of a leukemic clone. We collected peripheral blood samples from 10 adult patients with newly diagnosed AML, prior to induction chemotherapy, and 9 controls. Two and a half ml of whole blood was collected in Paxgene RNA tubes. MiRNA was purified using RNeasy mini column (Qiagen). We sequenced approximately 1000 miRs from each of 10 AML patients and 9 controls. In subset analysis, patients with NPM1 and FLT3 mutations showed the greatest number of miRNAs (63) with expression levels that differed from control with adjusted p-value of 0.05 or less. Some of these miRs have been described previously in association with leukemia, but many are new. Our approach of global sequencing of miRs as opposed to microarray analysis removes the bias regarding which miRs to assay and has demonstrated discovery of new associations of miRs with AML. Another strength of our approach is that sequencing miRs is specific for the 5p or 3p strand of the gene, greatly narrowing the proposed target genes to study further. Our study provides new information about the molecular changes that lead to evolution of the leukemic clone and offers new possibilities for monitoring relapse and developing new treatment strategies.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the thyroid. Majority of the PTC carries an excellent prognosis. However, patients with tall cell variant (TCV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma have a worse prognosis than those with the classic variant. On the other hand, squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (SCT) is an unusual neoplasm thought to arise as a primary tumor or as a component of an anaplastic or undifferentiated carcinoma. We report a patient with TCV of PTC presenting years later with squamous transformation. In addition, the patient was found to have BRAF mutation. Such dedifferentiation is considered to be a rare phenomenon and has been reported only in the form of case reports in the literature. The relationship between BRAFV600E mutation and squamous cell transformation of papillary thyroid cancer is unknown at this time. Meticulous pathology is needed to identify such variants. Our patient responded to treatment with concurrent chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel along with radiation.