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3. Baseline values of immunologic parameters in the lizard Salvator merianae (Teiidae, squamata)

Author

Mestre, Ana Paula, Amavet, Patricia Susana, and Siroski, Pablo Ariel

Subjects
Ciencias Veterinarias, Biomarkers, Immune system, Reptilian, Salvator merianae, Sentinel model, Reptilian, Immune system, QL1-991, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Otras Ciencias Veterinarias, Immune System, Salvator Merianae, Original Article, Sentinel model, Sentinel Model, purl.org/becyt/ford/4.3 [https], Zoology, Biomarkers, purl.org/becyt/ford/4 [https], Salvator merianae
Abstract

The genus Salvator is widely distributed throughout South America. In Argentina, the species most abundant widely distributed is Salvator merianae. Particularly in Santa Fe province, the area occupied by populations of these lizards overlaps with areas where agriculture was extended. With the aim of established baseline values for four immunologic biomarkers widely used, 36 tegu lizards were evaluated tacking into account different age classes and both sexes. Total leukocyte counts were not different between age classes. Of the leucocytes count, eosinophils levels were higher in neonates compared with juvenile and adults; nevertheless, the heterophils group was the most prevalent leukocyte in the peripheral blood in all age classes. Lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils, azurophils and basophils levels did not differ with age. Natural antibodies titres were higher in the adults compared with neonates and juveniles lizards. Lastly, complement system activity was low in neonates compared with juveniles and adults. Statistical analysis within each age group showed that gender was not a factor in the outcomes. Based on the results, we concluded that S. merianae demonstrated age (but not gender) related differences in the immune parameters analyzed. Having established baseline values for these four widely-used immunologic biomarkers, ongoing studies will seek to optimize the use of the S. merianae model in future research. Fil: Mestre, Ana Paula. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales. Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA); Argentina. Laboratorio de Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Amavet, Patricia Susana. Laboratorio de Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Siroski, Pablo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales. Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA); Argentina

Published
2017

4. Phenotypic variability and heritability of the cephalic region of Caiman latirostris

Author

Imhoff, Carolina Guadalupe, Giri, Federico, Siroski, Pablo Ariel, and Amavet, Patricia Susana

Subjects
Ciencias Biológicas, BROAD-SNOUTED CAIMAN, PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, MORPHOLOGY, QUANTITATIVE GENETICS, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

The study of the cephalic shape of crocodilian is relevant in the fields of ecology, systematics, evolution, and conservation. Therefore, the integration of geometric analysis within quantitative genetics allows the evaluation of the inheritable shape components. In this study, the dorsal cephalic region of 210 Caiman latirostris hatchlings was analyzed from seven populations in Santa Fe, Argentina, to detect intra-, and inter-population phenotypic variability, and to determine the heritability of biological shape and size, using newly available geometric morphometric tools. The principal component analysis showed two configurations of cephalic shape that could be related to sexual dimorphism. In the canonical variate analysis, Procrustes distances between groups indicated that there are differences in shape among populations. Furthermore, the method of partial least squares indicated a covariation between cephalic shape and environmental variables. Regarding to CS of the skull we found significant differences among populations, moreover the partial least squares was also significant. Estimates of the heritability of shape and size were high, indicating that the components of these features are susceptible to the selection. Fil: Imhoff, Carolina Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Giri, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Siroski, Pablo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Amavet, Patricia Susana. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Published
2016

5. Characterization of the Genetic Diversity of Trachemys dorbigni and Phrynops hilarii

Author

Guidetti, Brenda Yamile, Siroski, Pablo Ariel, and Amavet, Patricia Susana

Subjects
Ciencias Biológicas, molecular markers, variability, RAPD, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, ISSR, fresh water turtles, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

The utilization of RAPD and ISSR molecular markers is proposed to initiate studies of genetic variability in Phrynops hilarii (Chelidae) and Trachemys dorbigni (Emydidae), two species of fresh water turtles distributed in South America. Three primers of RAPD and four of ISSR were selected and the amplified products of these markers were evaluated by electrophoretic runs in agarose and polyacrylamide gels. The levels of heterozygosity, Shannon index and different allele numbers were slightly higher in P. hilarii for both types of markers. Levels of polymorphism were also higher in P. hilarii than T. dorbigni and both were elevated compared to those recorded for other species. The fact that similar results were obtained with both types of markers for all estimates of diversity highlights the usefulness and validity of the RAPD technique. The molecular markers used were found potentially useful for analysing future temporal and spatial distribution of genetic diversity in both species, expanding scales work. Fil: Guidetti, Brenda Yamile. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de Comunidades del Desierto; Argentina Fil: Siroski, Pablo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Amavet, Patricia Susana. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina

Published
2015

6. Characterization of genetic diversity of Trachemys dorbigni and Phrynops hilarii

Author

Guidetti, Brenda Yamile, Siroski, Pablo Ariel, and Amavet, Patricia Susana

Subjects
Ciencias Biológicas, VARIABILITY, RAPD, ISSR, MOLECULAR MARKERS, FRESH WATER TURTLES, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Conservación de la Biodiversidad
Abstract

The utilization of RAPD and ISSR molecular markers is proposed to initiate studies of genetic variability in Phrynops hilarii and Trachemys dorbigni, two species of fresh water turtles distributed in South America. Three primers of RAPD and four of ISSR were selected and the amplified products of these markers were evaluated by electrophoretic runs in agarose and polyacrylamide gels. The levels of heterozygosity, Shannon index and different allele numbers were slightly higher in P. hilarii for both types of markers. Levels of polymorphism were also higher in P. hilarii than T. dorbigni and both were elevated compared to those recorded for other species. The fact that similar results were obtained with both types of markers for all estimates of diversity highlights the usefulness and validity of the RAPD technique. The molecular markers used were found potentially useful for analysing future temporal and spatial distribution of genetic diversity in both species, expanding scales work. Fil: Guidetti, Brenda Yamile. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Siroski, Pablo Ariel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Cs.naturales. Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (fhuc-unl/maspyma); Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Amavet, Patricia Susana. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Published
2015

7. Reptiles as Animal Models: Examples of their Utility in Genetics, Immunology and Toxicology

Author

Poletta, Gisela Laura, Siroski, Pablo Ariel, Amavet, Patricia Susana, Ortega, Hugo Hector, Mudry, Marta Dolores, and Lutterschmidt, William

Subjects
complemento, Ciencias Biológicas, Reptiles, toxicologia, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Conservación de la Biodiversidad
Abstract

Historically, animals used as experimental models have contributed to the knowledgeof multiple aspects of organisms? biology and wildlife, providing valuable informationabout physiological processes, events, environmental situations, and even humaninteractions. Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays orexperiments with cells/organs cultures, typically far more sophisticated and specific thanin vivo approaches. However, the whole organism allows for inferences about particularspecies and its situation in natural habitats. Sometimes, it is not possible to study directlythe species of interest, making it necessary to identify the closest related species that canbe used as a model organism. Reptiles may be good and interesting models as theyrespond both behaviorally and physiologically to environmental or experimentalconditions. This chapter specifically describes the utility of crocodiles, lizards, and turtlesas animal models in studies of genetics, immunology, and toxicology. The increasedinterest in reptile genomics is evident by newly sequenced genomes, by the establishmentof significant genomic resources for some reptile groups, and by the awareness thatgenomic diversity in Reptiles is substantially greater than that of mammals. Reptiles alsodemonstrate immune components with an apparently higher activity than othervertebrates. Their ability to resist serious injuries makes them interesting models toelucidate mechanisms within the defense system. In the same way, interesting studieswere performed to propose immune components to be used as indicators of toxicsexposure. Environmental contaminants can significantly affect many reptiles. However,these species are often excluded from toxicology studies and ecological risk assessments,even though they are important elements of ecosystems and show similar sensitivity tothat reported for birds and mammals. Genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and oxidative stresscompounds in reptile species, serving as early-warning signals of populationsenvironmentally exposed. Fil: Poletta, Gisela Laura. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Siroski, Pablo Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Amavet, Patricia Susana. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Ortega, Hugo Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Mudry, Marta Dolores. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Published
2013

8. The broad-snouted caiman population recovery in Argentina. A case of genetics conservation.

Author

Amavet, Patricia Susana, Rueda, Eva Carolina, Vilardi, Juan César, Siroski, Pablo, Larriera, Alejandro, and Saidman, Beatriz Ofelia

Subjects
*BROAD-nosed caiman, *GENETIC drift, *POPULATION genetics, *MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, *MICROSATELLITE repeats
Abstract

Caiman latirostris wild populations have suffered a drastic reduction in the past, and for that reason, a management andmonitoring plan was applied since 1990 in Santa Fe, Argentina in order to achieve population recovery. Although ranching system has a noteworthy success in terms of population size recovering, there is no information about the estimation of population genetic parameters. In particular, the consequence of the bottleneck underwent by these populations has not been assessed. We evaluated variability and genetic structure of C. latirostris populations from Santa Fe through time, using microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA. Population genetic parameters were compared among four sites and three different periods to assess the impact of management activities, and effective population size was estimated in order to detect bottleneck events. We observed an increase in microsatellite variability and low genetic variability in mitochondrial lineages through time. Variability estimates are similar among sites in each sampling period; and there is scarce differentiation among them. The genetic background of each sampling site has changed through time; we assume this fact may be due to entry of individuals of different origin, through management and repopulation activities. Moreover, taking into account the expected heterozygosity and effective population size values, it can be assumed that bottleneck events indeed have occurred in the recent past. Our results suggest that, in addition to increasing population size, genetic variability of the species has been maintained. However, the information is still incomplete, and regular monitoring should continue in order to arrive to solid conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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9. Mating system and population analysis of the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) using microsatellite markers.

Author

Amavet, Patricia Susana, César Vilardi, Juan, Rueda, Eva Carolina, Larriera, Alejandro, and Saidman, Beatriz Ofelia

Subjects
*BROAD-nosed caiman, *REPTILE reproduction, *SPECIES diversity, *MICROSATELLITE repeats, *REPTILE populations, *ANIMAL sexual behavior
Abstract

The knowledge about reproductive strategies of a species contributes to their conservation. Multiple paternity is a reproductive behavior increasing effective population size, which could increase genetic diversity particularly in populations submitted to bottlenecks events. In Argentina, wild populations of Caiman latirostris are subject of a management plan devoted to their preservation and sustainable utilization based on its commercial interest. This program started in response to the evident numeric reduction of the populations, as a consequence of hunting pressure and habitat modification; it had a remarkable success in population recovery allowing the commercial use of C. latirostris. Data on reproductive behavior of C. latirostris are limited because mating occurs in the water and the information about their genetic diversity is scarce too. Our specific aims were to study the mating system and population genetic structure applying microsatellite markers in twelve C. latirostris families. The obtained results showed highly significant difference among populations and a lack of correspondence between geographical distance and genetic differentiation suggesting that populations of C. latirostris represent unstable metapopulations. In the paternity analysis was detected more than one father in two nests, which could be explained by capacity of storage sperm, proposed in females of a related species. The behavior of multipaternity could contribute to maintain viable populations of C. latirostris, since the maintenance of genetic variability within populations could help increase their capacity to respond to selective pressure. Further studies employing genetic and behavioral framework are needed to better understand the reproductive biology of C. latirostris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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10. Isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers for application in population genetic studies of Caiman latirostris and related species.

Author

Amavet, Patricia Susana, Rueda, Eva Carolina, Siroski, Pablo Ariel, Larriera, Alejandro, and Saidman, Beatriz Ofelia

Subjects
*MICROSATELLITE repeats, *BROAD-nosed caiman, *ANIMAL population genetics, *BIOINFORMATICS, *DNA primers
Abstract

Wild populations of Caiman latirostris are subject to sustainable use programs in Argentina, becoming a species with important impact in the regional economy, based in their skin and meat. Genetic studies are fundamental to acquire information on important parameters for conservation and management, which may be obtained from analysis of molecular markers. Some microsatellites have been previously isolated in this species, but due to some difficulties in using them, we obtained new ones using Next Generation Sequencing approach. This study reports eight new microsatellites for C. latirostris and tests their utility in a related species, Caiman yacare, with successful application in population genetics and mating systems studies. In addition, we shared data about a novel and fast bioinformatics tool to find microsatellites and to design their corresponding primers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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11. Mating system and population analysis of the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) using microsatellite markers.

Author

Amavet, Patricia Susana, Vilardi, Juan César, Rueda, Eva Carolina, Larriera, Alejandro, and Saidman, Beatriz Ofelia

Subjects
*BROAD-nosed caiman, *SEXUAL cycle, *POPULATION statistics, *MICROSATELLITE repeats, *BIOLOGICAL tags
Abstract

The knowledge about reproductive strategies of a species contributes to their conservation. Multiple paternity is a reproductive behavior increasing effective population size, which could increase genetic diversity particularly in populations submitted to bottlenecks events. In Argentina, wild populations of Caiman latirostris are subject of a management plan devoted to their preservation and sustainable utilization based on its commercial interest. This program started in response to the evident numeric reduction of the populations, as a consequence of hunting pressure and habitat modification; it had a remarkable success in population recovery allowing the commercial use of C. latirostris. Data on reproductive behavior of C. latirostris are limited because mating occurs in the water and the information about their genetic diversity is scarce too. Our specific aims were to study the mating system and population genetic structure applying microsatellite markers in twelve C. latirostris families. The obtained results showed highly significant difference among populations and a lack of correspondence between geographical distance and genetic differentiation suggesting that populations of C. latirostris represent unstable metapopulations. In the paternity analysis was detected more than one father in two nests, which could be explained by capacity of storage sperm, proposed in females of a related species. The behavior of multipaternity could contribute to maintain viable populations of C. latirostris, since the maintenance of genetic variability within populations could help increase their capacity to respond to selective pressure. Further studies employing genetic and behavioral framework are needed to better understand the reproductive biology of C. latirostris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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12. Effects of glyphosate, cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos on hematological parameters of the tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) in different embryo stages.

Author

Mestre, Ana Paula, Amavet, Patricia Susana, van der Sloot, Imreël Stefanus, Carletti, Julieta Verónica, Poletta, Gisela Laura, and Siroski, Pablo Ariel

Subjects
*GLYPHOSATE, *CHLORPYRIFOS, *CYPERMETHRIN, *LEUKOCYTE count, *EMBRYOS, *ANIMAL development, *INSECTICIDES, *HERBICIDES
Abstract

Different studies have demonstrated effects of pesticides during embryo development in vertebrates and stage-dependent effects, but there is no information concerning this for Salvator merianae. We evaluated the effects of the herbicides Glyphosate Roundup (GLY-RU) and Glyphosate Panzer Gold (GLY-PZ); and the insecticides Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and Cypermethrin (CYP), and their complex mixtures, at different concentrations in hematological parameters of S. merianae embryos at two different development stages. The analyzed parameters were Total and Differential White Blood Cells Count, Heterophils/Lymphocytes index (H/L), Lobularity index, and Natural Antibodies (Nabs titres), as well as growth, embryo mortality and birth delay. Heterophils decreased in the intermediate concentrations tested of CYP and GLY-RU, in animals exposed at 33-days development. Lymphocytes increased in the intermediate concentration tested of GLY-RU, and the H/L index decreased in the maximum concentration tested of GLY-RU. NAbs titres increased in those animals exposed to the maximum CYP concentration tested. However, animals exposed at 3/5-days development showed no differences among treatments in most of the analyzed parameters, suggesting a stage-dependent response. Nevertheless, those animals exposed to GLY-PZ showed lower Nabs titres in relation to negative control. These results suggest effects on different hematological parameters related to the immune system of S. merianae , according to the used pesticide (herbicide or insecticide), its concentration and commercial formulation (GLY-RU or GLY-PZ), and the stages of development of the exposed animals. Our results reveal the importance of carrying out studies that evaluate the effects of permanent exposure of living beings and their environments to these toxics. Image 1048 • Pesticide applied in areas occupied by Salvator merianae affect their immune systems. • Immunotoxic effects were found according to stage of development of Salvator meriane. • Glyphosate Panzer Gold formulation induced hematological effects in Salvator merianae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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13. Baseline values of immunologic parameters in the lizard Salvator merianae ( Teiidae , Squamata).

Author

Mestre AP, Amavet PS, and Siroski PA

Abstract

The genus Salvator is widely distributed throughout South America. In Argentina, the species most abundant widely distributed is Salvator merianae . Particularly in Santa Fe province, the area occupied by populations of these lizards overlaps with areas where agriculture was extended. With the aim of established baseline values for four immunologic biomarkers widely used, 36 tegu lizards were evaluated tacking into account different age classes and both sexes. Total leukocyte counts were not different between age classes. Of the leucocytes count, eosinophils levels were higher in neonates compared with juvenile and adults; nevertheless, the heterophils group was the most prevalent leukocyte in the peripheral blood in all age classes. Lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils, azurophils and basophils levels did not differ with age. Natural antibodies titres were higher in the adults compared with neonates and juveniles lizards. Lastly, complement system activity was low in neonates compared with juveniles and adults. Statistical analysis within each age group showed that gender was not a factor in the outcomes. Based on the results, we concluded that S. merianae demonstrated age (but not gender) related differences in the immune parameters analyzed. Having established baseline values for these four widely-used immunologic biomarkers, ongoing studies will seek to optimize the use of the S. merianae model in future research.

Published
2017
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