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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) may be successfully used to comprehensively monitor and determine the scale and dynamics of some infections in the community. We monitored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in raw wastewater samples from Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. The samples were collected and analyzed every week between May 2020 to May 2021. Meanwhile, different social restrictions were applied according to the number of hospitalized patients in the region. Weekly samples were obtained from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), named Navegantes and Serraria. To determine the SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers in wastewater, we performed RT-qPCR analysis targeting the N gene (N1). The highest titer of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed between epidemiological weeks (EWs) 33–37 (August), 42–43 (October), 45–46 (November), 49–51 (December) in 2020, and 1–3 (January), 7–13 (February to March) in 2021, with viral loads ranging from 1 × 106–3 × 106 genomic copies/Liter. An increase in positive confirmed cases followed such high viral loads. Depending on the sampling method used, positive cases increased in 6–7 days and 15 days after the rise of viral RNA titers in wastewater, with composite sampling methods showing a lower time lag and a higher resolution on the analyses. The results showed a direct relation between strict social restrictions and the loads of detected RNA reduction in wastewater, corroborating the number of confirmed cases. Differences in viral loads between different sampling points and methods were observed, as composite samples showed more stable results during the analyzed period. Besides, viral loads obtained from samples collected at Serraria WWTP were consistently higher than the ones obtained at Navegantes WWTP, indicating differences in local dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread in different regions of Porto Alegre. In conclusion, wastewater sampling to monitor SARS-CoV-2 is a robust tool to evaluate the viral loads contributing to hospitalized patients’ data and confirmed cases. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 detection in sewage may inform and alert the government when there are asymptomatic or non-tested patients.

ABSTRACT Paubrasilia echinata is a widely cultivated endangered tree species with small populations restricted to a narrow strip of habitats along the Brazilian coast. The potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of P. echinata have yet to be investigated, and so it remains unknown whether protected areas will ensure the persistence of the species in the future. Here, we estimate the impacts of climate change on the distribution of P. echinata inside and outside of protected areas considering different climate change scenarios and two different sets of presence records: natural distribution and cultivated records. Future scenarios showed a gradual reduction in climatically suitable area both inside and outside of protected areas. Projections indicate a trend for a shift to the highlands of Southeast Brazil, and the loss of several areas throughout the entire distribution of the species. Predicted climatic conditions will be unsuitable for P. echinata inside most protected areas. Information provided here will be relevant in planning future national actions for this species, which is a must to properly protect this long-exploited tree.

Pond systems perform a myriad of ecosystem services and make unique contributions to aquatic biodiversity conservation at the landscape scale. Despite their high conservation value, in Brazil, natural ponds have been lost and degraded at alarming rates. The remaining have become exceptionally vulnerable after the enactment of the recent Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL), whose unsustainable policies threatens to collapse these ecosystems. Although in force since 2012, the regulation of the NVPL is still in course at the state level, offering a unique opportunity to reduce the gap between science and policy. Here, we show why the NVPL threatens ponds and how its inadequacies can be overcome. Finally, we emphasize the need to create a national policy specifically focusing on wetland conservation.

Objetivou-se descrever a diversidade e a estrutura do componente lenhoso de uma floresta brejosa em substrato turfoso no sul do Estado de Santa Catarina, correlacionando dados florísticos com variáveis ambientais. Indivíduos com DAP ≥ 5 cm foram amostrados em 100 parcelas de 10 x 10 m em um quadrado permanente de 1 ha. As variáveis ambientais foram classificadas em topográficas, químicas e texturais do solo e de luminosidade. Correlações espécie-ambiente foram obtidas por Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA). Comparações florísticas foram realizadas por análise de agrupamento (UPGMA) e análise de correspondência. A diversidade específica foi considerada baixa, pois foram amostradas apenas 26 espécies. A CCA evidenciou que as variáveis ambientais mensuradas possuem pouca influência na distribuição das espécies, ressaltando assim sua adaptação ao ambiente anóxico, fortemente limitante. Dados de similaridade demonstraram que o substrato turfoso age como um filtro ambiental adicional, além do estresse hídrico, na composição de espécies nas formações turfosas/brejosas.This study aimed to describe the diversity and structure of woody vegetation of a swamp forests on peat substrate in the southern state of Santa Catarina, correlating floristic data with environmental variables. Individuals with DBH < 5 cm were sampled in 100 plots of 10 x 10 m in one hectare squared plot. Environmental variables are classified in topographical, chemical and soil texture and light availability. Species-environment correlations were obtained by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Floristic comparisons were performed by cluster (UPGMA) and correspondence analysis. Diversity was considered low because of the occurrence only 26 species in the whole sample. The CCA revealed that the measured variables have little influence on the distribution of species, highlighting the adaptation of these strong limiting environment. Similarity data showed that the peat substrate acts as an additional environmental filter beyond water stress to define species composition in Peat formations.

Apresentam-se os resultados de levantamentos florístico e fitossociológico em remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana circunjacente à barragem do rio São Bento, objetivando fornecer dados primários para ações de restauração e conservação destaformação. A área está localizada no Sul de Santa Catarina, município de Siderópolis. Utilizou-se como área amostral um hectare e foram registrados indivíduos com DAP ≥ 5 cm e quantificados seus descritores estruturais. Foram identificadas 107 espécies, pertencentes a 42 famílias botânicas, totalizando 1.715 indivíduos. As espécies com maiores valores de importância (VI) foram Euterpeedulis Mart., Casearia sylvestris Sw. e Bathysa australis (St.-Hil.) K. Schum. Entre as espécies identificadas, encontrou-se elevado índice de zoofilia e zoocoria. Pela característica florística eabundância de serapilheira, a área encontra-se em estádio avançado de regeneração natural.Aiming to provide primary data to be used in restoration programs, data from a floristic and phytosociological survey at a Submontane Ombrophilous Dense Forest remnant around São Bento river dam (Siderópolis municipality, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil) are presented. All tree individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH)≥ 5 cm were recorded (1 ha plot). 1,715 individuals belonging to 107 species and 42 botanical families were identified. Euterpe edulis Mart., Casearia sylvestris Sw. and Bathysa australis (St.-Hil.) K.Schum. were the species with higher values of structural importance.High index of zoophily and zoochory were registered among the identified species. From the floristic composition and litter abundance, it can be assumed that the studied area corresponds to an advanced stage of natural regeneration.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise exploratória de padrões estruturais e de diversidade, relacionando-os com variáveis ambientais em uma área de floresta ribeirinha. A amostra 100 unidades amostrais (UAs), foi alocada nas margens do rio Uruguai, Parque Estadual do Turvo, Rio Grande do Sul (27º09' S e 53º53' W). Todos os indivíduos arbóreos com PAP >15 cm foram registrados. Para a descrição da vegetação foram estimados os principais parâmetros fitossociológicos, além do índice de diversidade de Shannon. Foram mensuradas variáveis ambientais edáficas, topográficas e a cobertura do dossel. As relações entre a abundância das espécies nas UAs e as variáveis ambientais foram avaliadas por meio de análises de correspondência canônica - CCA e CCA "parcial". Foram encontradas 82 espécies pertencentes a 30 famílias. A CCA exibiu um gradiente vegetacional nítido, relacionado hierarquicamente com a cota de elevação e, assim, com a suscetibilidade à inundação dos diferentes sítios. Três grupos de UAs foram delimitados por análise de agrupamento em função da cota de elevação e conseqüentemente suscetibilidade às inundações. Entre os grupos ocorreram diferenças estruturais, com maior área basal e altura máxima medianas nos sítios de elevação intermediária. A seletividade causada pelas inundações freqüentes sobre a composição de espécies modela a estrutura das áreas baixas, sendo a ausência de um dossel florestal típico, com no mínimo 10 m de altura, a característica mais expressiva. As áreas altas assemelham-se estruturalmente à floresta de interflúvio, compondo um trecho de transição. A diversidade medida pela riqueza específica e pelo índice de Shannon foi maior para áreas de elevação média, correspondendo com modelos existentes que associam a presença de um regime de distúrbios moderado, que gera maior heterogeneidade ambiental e, assim, diversificação de oportunidades para as espécies.We carried out an exploratory analysis of structural and diversity patterns and related them to environmental variables in a riverine forest. The sample, divided into 100 subplots, was placed on the banks of the Rio Uruguai, Turvo State Park, Southern Brazil (27º09' S; 53º53' W). All trees with the perimeter at breast height >15 cm were recorded. Vegetation description was based on phytosociological parameters and Shannon's diversity index. We measured edaphic and topographic environmental variables as well as canopy coverage. The relationship between species abundance in the subplots and environmental variables was assessed by canonical correspondence analysis - CCA and "partial" CCA. We found 82 species belonging to 30 families. The CCA showed a clear gradient, related hierarchically to mean elevation and thus to flooding susceptibility at different sites. Three groups of subplots were identified by cluster analysis based on mean elevation and flooding susceptibility. There were structural differences among these groups, with the highest basal area and maximum height medians at the middle elevation sites. Selectivity caused by frequent flooding on the species pool affects structure at the lower sites, with the most surprising difference being the lack of a typical forest canopy at least 10 m tall. On the other hand, the upper sites are structurally similar to interfluvial forest, thus constituting a transitional section. Diversity measured by species richness and by Shannon's index was higher for middle elevation sites. This pattern fits proposed models that relate moderate disturbance regime to the generation of environmental heterogeneity, and thus, opportunities of diversification for species.

Diásporos são as unidades de dispersão das plantas e sua morfologia está relacionada a adaptações às estratégias de dispersão e estabelecimento. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas características morfológicas de diásporos de 64 espécies de árvores e arvoretas adaptadas ao consumo por vertebrados, no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, sul do Brasil, com o objetivo de relacionar características relevantes para a dispersão, como tamanho, formato e cor dos diásporos, com aspectos relacionados ao estabelecimento de plântulas, como massa e quantidade de sementes. Foram considerados dispersos por vertebrados aqueles diásporos que apresentaram estruturas carnosas. O comprimento médio dos diásporos das espécies analisadas foi 1,7 ± 1,67 cm (N = 1.402). Baseando-se em um diagrama de ordenação, produzido com o comprimento e massa dos diásporos e número e massa de sementes por diásporo, as espécies foram separadas em quatro grupos morfológicos. Espécies com poucas sementes por diásporo foram associadas à dispersão por aves, mamíferos ou estratégias mistas; a presença de muitas sementes de massa elevada foi associada à síndrome de mamaliocoria; e grande número de sementes de pequena massa e tamanho, à síndrome mista. O grupo com maior riqueza (35 espécies) foi aquele com diásporos pequenos e poucas sementes, potencialmente aptos à dispersão por aves e com maior proporção em massa de sementes por diásporo.Diaspores are the dispersal units of plants and their morphology is linked to dispersal and establishment strategies. In this study we evaluated diaspore morphology in 64 tree and treelet species adapted to vertebrate consumption at Parque Estadual de Itapuã, southern Brazil. Our aim was to relate features crucial to dispersal, such as diaspore length, shape and color, to features limiting establishment success, like mass and number of seeds. We considered vertebrate-dispersed diaspores to be those with fleshy structures. Average diaspore length for the species analyzed was 1.7 ± 1.67 cm (N = 1,402). Based on an ordination diagram using length and mass of diaspores plus number and mass of seeds per diaspore, we separated the species into four morphological groups. Species with few seeds per diaspore were linked to bird, mammal, or mixed dispersal strategies; species with high mass and many seeds per diaspore was an indication of mammal dispersal; and a high number of small, light seeds was associated with mixed syndrome strategists. The group with highest species richness (35 species) presented small diaspores and few seeds, most of them red or black in color, potentially adapted to bird dispersal and with a greater proportion of seed mass per diaspore.

Seneciose é a principal intoxicação por planta no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Neste trabalho apresentam-se os dados de 24 surtos de seneciose em bovinos e de um em eqüinos, diagnosticados pelo Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, no período de 1998 a 2000. Adicionalmente são avaliados os dados epidemiológicos de 54 surtos ocorridos no período 1978-1997. Os dados epidemiológicos e clínicos do período 1998-2000 foram coletados em visitas às propriedades onde estavam ocorrendo os surtos. Em 11 (45,83%) surtos os animais tinham até 3 anos de idade e, em 13 (54,16%), 3 anos ou mais. Quanto ao sexo, 9 (37,5%) surtos atingiram fêmeas e 15 (62,5%) afetaram machos. Em relação à época de ocorrência, 10 (41,66%) surtos ocorreram na primavera, 4 (16,66%) no verão, 5 (20,83%) no outono, e 5 (20,83%) no inverno. A morbidade foi estimada em 4,92% e a letalidade em 95,59%. As espécies de Senecio que predominaram nas propriedades visitadas foram S. brasiliensis em 12 (57,14%), S. selloi em 10 (47,61%), S. oxyphyllus em 6 (28,57%), S. heterotrichius em 3 (14,28%), e S. leptolobus em 1 (4,76%) propriedade. Os sinais clínicos mais freqüentes foram emagrecimento progressivo, incoordenação, diarréia, tenesmo, prolapso retal e agressividade. O curso clínico da intoxicação, levando em consideração somente os animais necropsiados ou os observados durante as visitas às fazendas, foi de 24 a 96 horas em 4 (16,66%) surtos, de 4 a 7 dias em 7 (29,16%), de 1 a 2 semanas em 4 (16,66%), de 2 a 3 semanas em 2 (8,33%), de 1 a 2 meses em 2 (8,33%), e de 2 a 3 meses em 1 (4,16%) surto. Em quatro (16,66%) surtos o período de manifestação clínica não foi observado. Nos surtos em que o curso clínico foi mais prolongado, alguns animais apresentaram fotossensibilização. Os achados de necropsia mais comuns foram fígado aumentado de tamanho e endurecido, vesícula biliar aumentada, edema no mesentério e abomaso e líquido nas cavidades. No fígado, a histopatologia revelou fibroplasia, megalocitose e proliferação de células dos ductos biliares e, no cérebro, degeneração da substância branca. Em amostras das diferentes espécies de Senecio, coletadas em diferentes épocas do ano, foi determinada a concentração de alcalóides pirrolizidínicos (APs) e seus N-óxidos através de cromatografia de camada delgada e espectrofotometria. Retrorsina foi encontrada em Senecio brasiliensis, S. heterotrichius, S. selloi e S. oxyphyllus. Além deste, S. brasiliensis e S. heterotrichius registraram mais um e dois alcalóides não identificados, respectivamente. A maior concentração de AP reduzido (AP livre + N-óxido) foi encontrada em S. brasiliensis no inverno (0,25%). Nessa mesma época quantidades decrescentes de AP reduzidos foram encontradas em S. heterotrichius (0,19%), S. oxyphyllus (0,03%) e S. selloi (0,03%). Em S. leptolobus não foram detectados alcalóides. Esses dados demonstraram que S. brasiliensis é a espécie mais importante como causa de seneciose no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Adicionalmente, foram analisados dados de arquivo do LRD sobre 54 surtos de intoxicação por AP no período 1978-1997. Nesse período, 7 (12,96%) surtos afetaram bovinos menores de 3 anos, 39 (72,22%) afetaram bovinos de 3 anos ou mais, 3 (5,55%) afetaram bovinos de várias idades e, em 5 (9,25%) surtos a idade não foi informada. Trinta e nove (72,22%) surtos afetaram fêmeas, 7 (12,96%) afetaram machos, 3 (5,55%) afetaram ambos os sexos e, em 5 (9,25%), o sexo não foi informado. Vinte e três (42,59%) surtos ocorreram na primavera, 9 (16,66%) no verão, 9 (16,66%) no outono, e 13 (24,07%) no inverno. O maior número de surtos da intoxicação no período 1998-2000 (24 surtos em 3 anos) em relação ao período 1978-1997 (54 surtos em 20 anos) pode estar relacionado à diminuição em mais de 50% da população ovina no Estado.Seneciosis is the main cause of livestock mortality due to poisonous plants in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This paper presents epidemiological data of 24 outbreaks in cattle and one in horses, diagnosed by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory at Pelotas University in southern Rio Grande do Sul, from 1998 to 2000. Additionally, data of 54 outbreaks which occurred in 1978-1997 were analyzed. The farms where outbreaks occurred in 1998-2000 were visited to obtain clinical and epidemiological data and to verify the presence of Senecio spp. Eleven outbreaks (45.83%) affected cattle up to 3 years of age, and 13 (54.16%) cattle over 3 years. Nine (37.5%) outbreaks affected females and 15 (62.5%) males. Ten (41.66%) outbreaks occurred in spring, 4 (16.66%) in summer, 5 (20.83%) in autumn, and 5 (20.83%) in winter. Morbidity rate was estimated with 4.92% and case fatality with 95.59%. The predomionating Senecio species were S. brasiliensis on 12 farms (57.14%), S. selloi on 10 (47.61%), S. oxyphyllus on 6 (28.57%), S. heterotrichius on 3 (14.28%), and S. leptolobus on 1 farm (4.76%). The main clinical signs were progressive emaciation, incoordination, diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse and aggressiveness. The clinical manifestation periods of affected cattle observed during the farm visits, or of cattle sent for post-mortem examination,were 24-96 hours in 4 outbreaks (16.66%), 4-7 days in 7 (29.16%), 1-2 weeks in 4 (16.66%), 2-3 weeks in 2 (8.33%), 1-2 months in 2 (8.33%), and 2-3 months in 1 outbreak (4.16%). In 4 outbreaks (16.66%) the clinical manifestation period was not established. In outbreaks with longer clinical manifestation periods some animals showed photosensitization. The main necropsy findings were a hard and enlarged liver, distended gall bladder, edema of the mesenterium and abomasum, and increased amount of liquid in the cavities. Histopathological findings were fibroplasia, megalocytosis and biliary ductal proliferation of the liver, and spongy degeneration of the cerebral white matter. Samples of different Senecio species, in different seasons, were analyzed for detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by thin layer chromatography. Retrorsine was found in Senecio brasiliensis, S. heterotrichius, S. selloi and S. oxyphyllus. In S. brasiliensis and S. heterotrichius one and two more non-identified PAs were detected, respectively. The total PAs concentration by spectrophotometric method was 0.25% for S. brasiliensis, 0.19% for S. heterotrichius, 0.03% for S. oxyphyllus, and 0.03% for S. selloi. The highest PAs concentration occurred in winter (June/July). No alkaloids were found in samples of S. leptolobus. These results show that S. brasiliensis is the most important cause of seneciosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul. Additional data obtained dealt with 54 outbreaks of PAs poisoning in 1978-1997. During this period, 7 outbreaks (12.96%) affected cattle up to 3 years of age, 39 (72.22%) cattle over 3 years, and 3 outbreaks (5.55%) affected cattle of different ages. In 5 outbreaks (9.25%) the age was not informed. Seven outbreaks (12.96%) affected males, 39 (72.22%) females, 3 (5.55%) both sexes, and in 5 outbreaks (9.25%) the sex was not informed. Twenty-three outbreaks (42.59%) occurred in spring, 9 (16.66%) in summer, 9 (16.66%) in autumn, and 13 (24.07%) in winter. The greater number of outbreaks during 1998-2000 (24 outbreaks in 3 years) in regard to 1978-1997 (54 outbreaks in 20 years) is probably due to a decrease of more than 50% in the number of sheep in the region.

Apresentam-se os resultados de levantamentos florístico e fitossociológico em remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana circunjacente à barragem do rio São Bento, objetivando fornecer dados primários para ações de restauração e conservação desta formação. A área está localizada no Sul de Santa Catarina, município de Siderópolis. Utilizou-se como área amostral um hectare e foram registrados indivíduos com DAP ≥ 5 cm e quantificados seus descritores estruturais. Foram identificadas 107 espécies, pertencentes a 42 famílias botânicas, totalizando 1.715 indivíduos. As espécies com maiores valores de importância (VI) foram Euterpe edulis Mart., Casearia sylvestris Sw. e Bathysa australis (St.-Hil.) K. Schum. Entre as espécies identificadas, encontrou-se elevado índice de zoofilia e zoocoria. Pela característica florística e abundância de serapilheira, a área encontra-se em estádio avançado de regeneração natural

Eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida das proteínas solúveis extraídas de sementes de doze espécies da tribo Diocleae, apresenta padrão qualitativo semelhante no que diz respeito às bandas correspondentes às lectinas, sugerindo a possibilidade de seu uso como marcadores taxonômicos.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the soluble proteins extracted from seeds of twelve species belonging to the tribe Diocleae showed substantive qualitative pattern similiarities between the bands correspondent to the lectins.

Abstract Some grasslands in ecotones with forests tend to be encroached by woody species, because of changes in climate and land use. Such structural changes in vegetation can be facilitated when the grassland community presents an autochthonous arboreal component, like Butia palms. We aim to identify the responses of taxonomic and functional diversity on grassland community with the occurrence of arborescent/arboreal species (autochthonous and encroaching) to palm density and grazing intensity. The study was conducted in a Butia odorata palm grove under cattle management, in Southern Brazil. To assess the taxonomic and functional composition we performed ordinations analysis with the vegetational data and using path analysis we assessed the causal relationships between variables of interest. Density of Butia odorata and woody plants were strongly positive related, suggesting a facilitation process in the establishment of arborescent plants on the grassland matrix. The abundance of less palatable plants and grazing pressure were inversely related, indicating a selection process induced by higher grazing intensity. We suggest that the grazing intensity management must be based on the autochthonous tree density, applying higher grazing intensity in areas with higher density of encroaching plants, in addition to maintaining other regions conducive to Butia palm regeneration through fallows.

Abstract This study assessed the impact of altitude, precipitation, and soil conditions on species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and functional diversity (FD) standardized effect sizes in subtropical Brazilian Atlantic Forest tree communities. We considered specific trait information (FDs) for FD, reflecting recent adaptive evolution, contrasting with deeper phylogenetic constraints in FD. Three functional traits (leaf area‐LA, wood density‐WD, and seed mass‐SM) were examined for their response to these gradients. Generalized least squares models with environmental variables as predictors and diversity metrics as response variables were used, and a fourth‐corner correlation test explored trait‐environmental relationships. SR decreased with altitude, while PD increased, indicating niche convergence at higher altitudes. Leaf area and seed mass diversity also decreased with altitude. For LA, both FD and FDs were significant, reflecting filtering processes influenced by phylogenetic inheritance and recent trait evolution. For SM, only the specific trait structure responded to altitude. LA and SM showed significant trait‐environmental relationships, with smaller‐leaved and lighter‐seeded species dominant at higher altitudes. Soil gradients affect diversity. Fertile soils have a wider range of LA, indicating coexistence of species with different nutrient acquisition strategies. WD variation is lower for FDs. SM diversity has different relationships with soil fertility for FDs and FD, suggesting phylogeny influences trait variation. Soil pH influences WD and LA under acidic soils, with deeper phylogenetic constraints (FD). Environmental factors impact tree communities, with evidence of trait variation constraints driven by conditions and resources. Subtropical Atlantic forests' tree assemblies are mainly influenced by altitude, pH, and soil fertility, selecting fewer species and narrower trait spectra under specific conditions (e.g., higher altitudes, pH). Functional diversity patterns reflect both phylogenetic and recent evolution constraints, with varying strength across traits and conditions. These findings highlight the intricate processes shaping long‐lived species assembly across diverse environments in the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest.