Author: "Andreas Mayer" / Language: english - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

86 results on '"Andreas Mayer"'

1. A brief research report on the efficacy of a RAN training in elementary school age children

Author: Joana Wolfsperger and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN), software-based training, elementary school age, reading fluency, reading comprehension, Education (General), L7-991
Abstract: Numerous studies could prove that children with reading disorders show RAN deficits and that RAN is especially strongly connected to the automatization of word recognition. In contrast intervention studies so far have provided little convincing evidence for the trainability of RAN or even a transfer effect on reading competence. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the efficacy of an adaptive, software-based RAN-training in a group of 57 children aged 9.3 years (SD 1.10 years) with a RAN-Deficit and/or difficulties with word-reading-speed and to determine if there is a transfer effect to reading speed of words and pseudowords as well as to reading comprehension on the word-, sentence and text level. The software-based training of RAN letters, numbers and colors is an intervention over 18 training days. Children were encouraged to name visually presented items in a serial format as fast as a red rectangle jumping from item to item. The speed of the red rectangle was successively increased with each successful training session. Univariate ANOVAs with repeated measures showed that children had a significantly higher naming speed for letters and numbers both immediately after completion of the intervention and in the follow-up measures. A transfer of the training effect to reading speed for words, reading comprehension on the word- and sentence-level, but not to reading speed for pseudowords and text comprehension, could be demonstrated. Due to the missing of a control-group comparison, it remains to be proven in subsequent research whether this effect is a maturation-related change or a training effect.
Published: 2024
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2. Uncovering the dynamics and consequences of RNA isoform changes during neuronal differentiation

Author: Jelena Ulicevic, Zhihao Shao, Olga Jasnovidova, Annkatrin Bressin, Martyna Gajos, Alex HM Ng, Siddharth Annaldasula, David Meierhofer, George M Church, Volker Busskamp, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Cell Differentiation, Gene Expression, Multi-omics, Nanopore Sequencing, RNA Isoforms, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Abstract Static gene expression programs have been extensively characterized in stem cells and mature human cells. However, the dynamics of RNA isoform changes upon cell-state-transitions during cell differentiation, the determinants and functional consequences have largely remained unclear. Here, we established an improved model for human neurogenesis in vitro that is amenable for systems-wide analyses of gene expression. Our multi-omics analysis reveals that the pronounced alterations in cell morphology correlate strongly with widespread changes in RNA isoform expression. Our approach identifies thousands of new RNA isoforms that are expressed at distinct differentiation stages. RNA isoforms mainly arise from exon skipping and the alternative usage of transcription start and polyadenylation sites during human neurogenesis. The transcript isoform changes can remodel the identity and functions of protein isoforms. Finally, our study identifies a set of RNA binding proteins as a potential determinant of differentiation stage-specific global isoform changes. This work supports the view of regulated isoform changes that underlie state-transitions during neurogenesis.
Published: 2024
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3. Atg18 oligomer organization in assembled tubes and on lipid membrane scaffolds

Author: Daniel Mann, Simon A. Fromm, Antonio Martinez-Sanchez, Navin Gopaldass, Ramona Choy, Andreas Mayer, and Carsten Sachse
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Autophagy-related protein 18 (Atg18) participates in the elongation of early autophagosomal structures in concert with Atg2 and Atg9 complexes. How Atg18 contributes to the structural coordination of Atg2 and Atg9 at the isolation membrane remains to be understood. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structures of Atg18 organized in helical tubes, Atg18 oligomers in solution as well as on lipid membrane scaffolds. The helical assembly is composed of Atg18 tetramers forming a lozenge cylindrical lattice with remarkable structural similarity to the COPII outer coat. When reconstituted with lipid membranes, using subtomogram averaging we determined tilted Atg18 dimer structures bridging two juxtaposed lipid membranes spaced apart by 80 Å. Moreover, lipid reconstitution experiments further delineate the contributions of Atg18’s FRRG motif and the amphipathic helical extension in membrane interaction. The observed structural plasticity of Atg18’s oligomeric organization and membrane binding properties provide a molecular framework for the positioning of downstream components of the autophagy machinery.
Published: 2023
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4. Single-cell analysis of bronchoalveolar cells in inflammatory and fibrotic post-COVID lung disease

Author: Puja Mehta, Blanca Sanz-Magallón Duque de Estrada, Emma K. Denneny, Kane Foster, Carolin T. Turner, Andreas Mayer, Martina Milighetti, Manuela Platé, Kaylee B. Worlock, Masahiro Yoshida, Jeremy S. Brown, Marko Z. Nikolić, Benjamin M. Chain, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Rachel C. Chambers, Joanna C. Porter, and Gillian S. Tomlinson
Subjects: inflammation, fibrosis, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, scRNAseq, T cell receptor, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract: BackgroundPersistent radiological lung abnormalities are evident in many survivors of acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Consolidation and ground glass opacities are interpreted to indicate subacute inflammation whereas reticulation is thought to reflect fibrosis. We sought to identify differences at molecular and cellular level, in the local immunopathology of post-COVID inflammation and fibrosis.MethodsWe compared single-cell transcriptomic profiles and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of bronchoalveolar cells obtained from convalescent individuals with each radiological pattern, targeting lung segments affected by the predominant abnormality.ResultsCD4 central memory T cells and CD8 effector memory T cells were significantly more abundant in those with inflammatory radiology. Clustering of similar TCRs from multiple donors was a striking feature of both phenotypes, consistent with tissue localised antigen-specific immune responses. There was no enrichment for known SARS-CoV-2-reactive TCRs, raising the possibility of T cell-mediated immunopathology driven by failure in immune self-tolerance.ConclusionsPost-COVID radiological inflammation and fibrosis show evidence of shared antigen-specific T cell responses, suggesting a role for therapies targeting T cells in limiting post-COVID lung damage.
Published: 2024
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5. High-sensitive nascent transcript sequencing reveals BRD4-specific control of widespread enhancer and target gene transcription

Author: Annkatrin Bressin, Olga Jasnovidova, Mirjam Arnold, Elisabeth Altendorfer, Filip Trajkovski, Thomas A. Kratz, Joanna E. Handzlik, Denes Hnisz, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Gene transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is under control of promoters and distal regulatory elements known as enhancers. Enhancers are themselves transcribed by Pol II correlating with their activity. How enhancer transcription is regulated and coordinated with transcription at target genes has remained unclear. Here, we developed a high-sensitive native elongating transcript sequencing approach, called HiS-NET-seq, to provide an extended high-resolution view on transcription, especially at lowly transcribed regions such as enhancers. HiS-NET-seq uncovers new transcribed enhancers in human cells. A multi-omics analysis shows that genome-wide enhancer transcription depends on the BET family protein BRD4. Specifically, BRD4 co-localizes to enhancer and promoter-proximal gene regions, and is required for elongation activation at enhancers and their genes. BRD4 keeps a set of enhancers and genes in proximity through long-range contacts. From these studies BRD4 emerges as a general regulator of enhancer transcription that may link transcription at enhancers and genes.
Published: 2023
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6. Inositol pyrophosphates activate the vacuolar transport chaperone complex in yeast by disrupting a homotypic SPX domain interaction

Author: Joka Pipercevic, Bastian Kohl, Ruta Gerasimaite, Véronique Comte-Miserez, Sarah Hostachy, Thomas Müntener, Elia Agustoni, Henning Jacob Jessen, Dorothea Fiedler, Andreas Mayer, and Sebastian Hiller
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Many proteins involved in eukaryotic phosphate homeostasis are regulated by SPX domains. In yeast, the vacuolar transporter chaperone (VTC) complex contains two such domains, but mechanistic details of its regulation are not well understood. Here, we show at the atomic level how inositol pyrophosphates interact with SPX domains of subunits Vtc2 and Vtc3 to control the activity of the VTC complex. Vtc2 inhibits the catalytically active VTC subunit Vtc4 by homotypic SPX–SPX interactions via the conserved helix α1 and the previously undescribed helix α7. Binding of inositol pyrophosphates to Vtc2 abrogates this interaction, thus activating the VTC complex. Accordingly, VTC activation is also achieved by site-specific point mutations that disrupt the SPX–SPX interface. Structural data suggest that ligand binding induces reorientation of helix α1 and exposes the modifiable helix α7, which might facilitate its post-translational modification in vivo. The variable composition of these regions within the SPX domain family might contribute to the diversified SPX functions in eukaryotic phosphate homeostasis.
Published: 2023
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7. Inositol pyrophosphate dynamics reveals control of the yeast phosphate starvation program through 1,5-IP8 and the SPX domain of Pho81

Author: Valentin Chabert, Geun-Don Kim, Danye Qiu, Guizhen Liu, Lydie Michaillat Mayer, Muhammed Jamsheer K, Henning J Jessen, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: SPX domain, phosphate homeostasis, inositol pyrophosphate, PHO pathway, nutrient signaling, Cryptococcus neoformans, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Eukaryotic cells control inorganic phosphate to balance its role as essential macronutrient with its negative bioenergetic impact on reactions liberating phosphate. Phosphate homeostasis depends on the conserved INPHORS signaling pathway that utilizes inositol pyrophosphates and SPX receptor domains. Since cells synthesize various inositol pyrophosphates and SPX domains bind them promiscuously, it is unclear whether a specific inositol pyrophosphate regulates SPX domains in vivo, or whether multiple inositol pyrophosphates act as a pool. In contrast to previous models, which postulated that phosphate starvation is signaled by increased production of the inositol pyrophosphate 1-IP7, we now show that the levels of all detectable inositol pyrophosphates of yeast, 1-IP7, 5-IP7, and 1,5-IP8, strongly decline upon phosphate starvation. Among these, specifically the decline of 1,5-IP8 triggers the transcriptional phosphate starvation response, the PHO pathway. 1,5-IP8 inactivates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Pho81 through its SPX domain. This stimulates the cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85-Pho80 to phosphorylate the transcription factor Pho4 and repress the PHO pathway. Combining our results with observations from other systems, we propose a unified model where 1,5-IP8 signals cytosolic phosphate abundance to SPX proteins in fungi, plants, and mammals. Its absence triggers starvation responses.
Published: 2023
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8. A progeroid syndrome caused by a deep intronic variant in TAPT1 is revealed by RNA/SI‐NET sequencing

Author: Nasrinsadat Nabavizadeh, Annkatrin Bressin, Mohammad Shboul, Ricardo Moreno Traspas, Poh Hui Chia, Carine Bonnard, Emmanuelle Szenker‐Ravi, Burak Sarıbaş, Emmanuel Beillard, Umut Altunoglu, Zohreh Hojati, Scott Drutman, Susanne Freier, Mohammad El‐Khateeb, Rajaa Fathallah, Jean‐Laurent Casanova, Wesam Soror, Alaa Arafat, Nathalie Escande‐Beillard, Andreas Mayer, and Bruno Reversade
Subjects: non‐coding variant, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, RNA‐seq, SI‐NET‐seq, TAPT1, Medicine (General), R5-920, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Abstract Exome sequencing has introduced a paradigm shift for the identification of germline variations responsible for Mendelian diseases. However, non‐coding regions, which make up 98% of the genome, cannot be captured. The lack of functional annotation for intronic and intergenic variants makes RNA‐seq a powerful companion diagnostic. Here, we illustrate this point by identifying six patients with a recessive Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) and neonatal progeria syndrome. By integrating homozygosity mapping and RNA‐seq, we delineated a deep intronic TAPT1 mutation (c.1237‐52 G>A) that segregated with the disease. Using SI‐NET‐seq, we document that TAPT1's nascent transcription was not affected in patients' fibroblasts, indicating instead that this variant leads to an alteration of pre‐mRNA processing. Predicted to serve as an alternative splicing branchpoint, this mutation enhances TAPT1 exon 12 skipping, creating a protein‐null allele. Additionally, our study reveals dysregulation of pathways involved in collagen and extracellular matrix biology in disease‐relevant cells. Overall, our work highlights the power of transcriptomic approaches in deciphering the repercussions of non‐coding variants, as well as in illuminating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases.
Published: 2023
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9. Metabolic Consequences of Polyphosphate Synthesis and Imminent Phosphate Limitation

Author: Geun-Don Kim, Danye Qiu, Henning Jacob Jessen, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, acidocalcisome, phosphate signalling, polyphosphate, SPX domains, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: ABSTRACT Cells stabilize intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) to compromise between large biosynthetic needs and detrimental bioenergetic effects of Pi. Pi homeostasis in eukaryotes uses Syg1/Pho81/Xpr1 (SPX) domains, which are receptors for inositol pyrophosphates. We explored how polymerization and storage of Pi in acidocalcisome-like vacuoles supports Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism and how these cells recognize Pi scarcity. Whereas Pi starvation affects numerous metabolic pathways, beginning Pi scarcity affects few metabolites. These include inositol pyrophosphates and ATP, a low-affinity substrate for inositol pyrophosphate-synthesizing kinases. Declining ATP and inositol pyrophosphates may thus be indicators of impending Pi limitation. Actual Pi starvation triggers accumulation of the purine synthesis intermediate 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), which activates Pi-dependent transcription factors. Cells lacking inorganic polyphosphate show Pi starvation features already under Pi-replete conditions, suggesting that vacuolar polyphosphate supplies Pi for metabolism even when Pi is abundant. However, polyphosphate deficiency also generates unique metabolic changes that are not observed in starving wild-type cells. Polyphosphate in acidocalcisome-like vacuoles may hence be more than a global phosphate reserve and channel Pi to preferred cellular processes. IMPORTANCE Cells must strike a delicate balance between the high demand of inorganic phosphate (Pi) for synthesizing nucleic acids and phospholipids and its detrimental bioenergetic effects by reducing the free energy of nucleotide hydrolysis. The latter may stall metabolism. Therefore, microorganisms manage the import and export of phosphate, its conversion into osmotically inactive inorganic polyphosphates, and their storage in dedicated organelles (acidocalcisomes). Here, we provide novel insights into metabolic changes that yeast cells may use to signal declining phosphate availability in the cytosol and differentiate it from actual phosphate starvation. We also analyze the role of acidocalcisome-like organelles in phosphate homeostasis. This study uncovers an unexpected role of the polyphosphate pool in these organelles under phosphate-rich conditions, indicating that its metabolic roles go beyond that of a phosphate reserve for surviving starvation.
Published: 2023
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10. Large clones of pre-existing T cells drive early immunity against SARS-COV-2 and LCMV infection

Author: Martina Milighetti, Yanchun Peng, Cedric Tan, Michal Mark, Gayathri Nageswaran, Suzanne Byrne, Tahel Ronel, Tom Peacock, Andreas Mayer, Aneesh Chandran, Joshua Rosenheim, Matthew Whelan, Xuan Yao, Guihai Liu, Suet Ling Felce, Tao Dong, Alexander J. Mentzer, Julian C. Knight, Francois Balloux, Erez Greenstein, Shlomit Reich-Zeliger, Corinna Pade, Joseph M. Gibbons, Amanda Semper, Tim Brooks, Ashley Otter, Daniel M. Altmann, Rosemary J. Boyton, Mala K. Maini, Aine McKnight, Charlotte Manisty, Thomas A. Treibel, James C. Moon, Mahdad Noursadeghi, and Benny Chain
Subjects: Biological sciences, Immunology, Immunity, Cell biology, Science
Abstract: Summary: T cell responses precede antibody and may provide early control of infection. We analyzed the clonal basis of this rapid response following SARS-COV-2 infection. We applied T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to define the trajectories of individual T cell clones immediately. In SARS-COV-2 PCR+ individuals, a wave of TCRs strongly but transiently expand, frequently peaking the same week as the first positive PCR test. These expanding TCR CDR3s were enriched for sequences functionally annotated as SARS-COV-2 specific. Epitopes recognized by the expanding TCRs were highly conserved between SARS-COV-2 strains but not with circulating human coronaviruses. Many expanding CDR3s were present at high frequency in pre-pandemic repertoires. Early response TCRs specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus epitopes were also found at high frequency in the preinfection naive repertoire. High-frequency naive precursors may allow the T cell response to respond rapidly during the crucial early phases of acute viral infection.
Published: 2023
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11. The chemistry of branched condensed phosphates

Author: Tobias Dürr-Mayer, Danye Qiu, Verena B. Eisenbeis, Nicole Steck, Markus Häner, Alexandre Hofer, Andreas Mayer, Jay S. Siegel, Kim K. Baldridge, and Henning J. Jessen
Subjects: Science
Abstract: The “anti-branching rule”, introduced in 1950, excludes branched polyphosphates from biological relevance due to their supposedly rapid hydrolysis. Here, the authors synthesize monodisperse branched polyphosphates and demonstrate their unexpected stability in water, as well as provide evidence for their competence in phosphorylation.
Published: 2021
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12. Optimal immune specificity at the intersection of host life history and parasite epidemiology.

Author: Alexander E Downie, Andreas Mayer, C Jessica E Metcalf, and Andrea L Graham
Subjects: Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Hosts diverge widely in how, and how well, they defend themselves against infection and immunopathology. Why are hosts so heterogeneous? Both epidemiology and life history are commonly hypothesized to influence host immune strategy, but the relationship between immune strategy and each factor has commonly been investigated in isolation. Here, we show that interactions between life history and epidemiology are crucial for determining optimal immune specificity and sensitivity. We propose a demographically-structured population dynamics model, in which we explore sensitivity and specificity of immune responses when epidemiological risks vary with age. We find that variation in life history traits associated with both reproduction and longevity alters optimal immune strategies-but the magnitude and sometimes even direction of these effects depends on how epidemiological risks vary across life. An especially compelling example that explains previously-puzzling empirical observations is that depending on whether infection risk declines or rises at reproductive maturity, later reproductive maturity can select for either greater or lower immune specificity, potentially illustrating why studies of lifespan and immune variation across taxa have been inconclusive. Thus, the sign of selection on the life history-immune specificity relationship can be reversed in different epidemiological contexts. Drawing on published life history data from a variety of chordate taxa, we generate testable predictions for this facet of the optimal immune strategy. Our results shed light on the causes of the heterogeneity found in immune defenses both within and among species and the ultimate variability of the relationship between life history and immune specificity.
Published: 2021
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13. Early onset effects of single substrate accumulation recapitulate major features of LSD in patient-derived lysosomes

Author: Gianluca Scerra, Valeria De Pasquale, Luigi Michele Pavone, Maria Gabriella Caporaso, Andreas Mayer, Maurizio Renna, and Massimo D'Agostino
Subjects: Biological sciences, Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Cell biology, Science
Abstract: Summary: Lysosome functions mainly rely on their ability to either degrade substrates or release them into the extracellular space. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are commonly characterized by a chronic lysosomal accumulation of different substrates, thereby causing lysosomal dysfunctions and secretion defects. However, the early effects of substrate accumulation on lysosomal homeostasis have not been analyzed so far. Here, we describe how the acute accumulation of a single substrate determines a rapid centripetal redistribution of the lysosomes, triggering their expansion and reducing their secretion, by limiting the motility of these organelles toward the plasma membrane. Moreover, we provide evidence that such defects could be explained by a trapping mechanism exerted by the extensive contacts between the enlarged lysosomes and the highly intertwined membrane structures of the endoplasmic reticulum which might represent a crucial biological cue ultimately leading to the clinically relevant secondary defects observed in the LSD experimental models and patients.
Published: 2021
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14. Natural climate solutions versus bioenergy: Can carbon benefits of natural succession compete with bioenergy from short rotation coppice?

Author: Gerald Kalt, Andreas Mayer, Michaela C. Theurl, Christian Lauk, Karl‐Heinz Erb, and Helmut Haberl
Subjects: bioenergy, carbon accounting, carbon sequestration, carbon stock change, climate change mitigation, CO2, Renewable energy sources, TJ807-830, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade, HD9502-9502.5
Abstract: Abstract Short rotation plantations are often considered as holding vast potentials for future global bioenergy supply. In contrast to raising biomass harvests in forests, purpose‐grown biomass does not interfere with forest carbon (C) stocks. Provided that agricultural land can be diverted from food and feed production without impairing food security, energy plantations on current agricultural land appear as a beneficial option in terms of renewable, climate‐friendly energy supply. However, instead of supporting energy plantations, land could also be devoted to natural succession. It then acts as a long‐term C sink which also results in C benefits. We here compare the sink strength of natural succession on arable land with the C saving effects of bioenergy from plantations. Using geographically explicit data on global cropland distribution among climate and ecological zones, regionally specific C accumulation rates are calculated with IPCC default methods and values. C savings from bioenergy are given for a range of displacement factors (DFs), acknowledging the varying efficiency of bioenergy routes and technologies in fossil fuel displacement. A uniform spatial pattern is assumed for succession and bioenergy plantations, and the considered timeframes range from 20 to 100 years. For many parameter settings—in particular, longer timeframes and high DFs—bioenergy yields higher cumulative C savings than natural succession. Still, if woody biomass displaces liquid transport fuels or natural gas‐based electricity generation, natural succession is competitive or even superior for timeframes of 20–50 years. This finding has strong implications with climate and environmental policies: Freeing land for natural succession is a worthwhile low‐cost natural climate solution that has many co‐benefits for biodiversity and other ecosystem services. A considerable risk, however, is C stock losses (i.e., emissions) due to disturbances or land conversion at a later time.
Published: 2019
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15. Early life imprints the hierarchy of T cell clone sizes

Author: Mario U Gaimann, Maximilian Nguyen, Jonathan Desponds, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: immune repertoire, power-law scaling, imprinting, T cell immunity, repertoire sequencing, fluctuating fitness, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: The adaptive immune system responds to pathogens by selecting clones of cells with specific receptors. While clonal selection in response to particular antigens has been studied in detail, it is unknown how a lifetime of exposures to many antigens collectively shape the immune repertoire. Here, using mathematical modeling and statistical analyses of T cell receptor sequencing data, we develop a quantitative theory of human T cell dynamics compatible with the statistical laws of repertoire organization. We find that clonal expansions during a perinatal time window leave a long-lasting imprint on the human T cell repertoire, which is only slowly reshaped by fluctuating clonal selection during adult life. Our work provides a mechanism for how early clonal dynamics imprint the hierarchy of T cell clone sizes with implications for pathogen defense and autoimmunity.
Published: 2020
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16. Phosphate Homeostasis − A Vital Metabolic Equilibrium Maintained Through the INPHORS Signaling Pathway

Author: Sisley Austin and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: nutrient signaling, phosphate, acidocalcisome, SPX, polyphosphate, inositol pyrophosphate, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: Cells face major changes in demand for and supply of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Pi is often a limiting nutrient in the environment, particularly for plants and microorganisms. At the same time, the need for phosphate varies, establishing conflicts of goals. Cells experience strong peaks of Pi demand, e.g., during the S-phase, when DNA, a highly abundant and phosphate-rich compound, is duplicated. While cells must satisfy these Pi demands, they must safeguard themselves against an excess of Pi in the cytosol. This is necessary because Pi is a product of all nucleotide-hydrolyzing reactions. An accumulation of Pi shifts the equilibria of these reactions and reduces the free energy that they can provide to drive endergonic metabolic reactions. Thus, while Pi starvation may simply retard growth and division, an elevated cytosolic Pi concentration is potentially dangerous for cells because it might stall metabolism. Accordingly, the consequences of perturbed cellular Pi homeostasis are severe. In eukaryotes, they range from lethality in microorganisms such as yeast (Sethuraman et al., 2001; Hürlimann, 2009), severe growth retardation and dwarfism in plants (Puga et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Wild et al., 2016) to neurodegeneration or renal Fanconi syndrome in humans (Legati et al., 2015; Ansermet et al., 2017). Intracellular Pi homeostasis is thus not only a fundamental topic of cell biology but also of growing interest for medicine and agriculture.
Published: 2020
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17. Importance of polyphosphate in the Leishmania life cycle

Author: Kid Kohl, Haroun Zangger, Matteo Rossi, Nathalie Isorce, Lon-Fye Lye, Katherine L. Owens, Stephen M. Beverley, Andreas Mayer, and Nicolas Fasel
Subjects: polyphosphate, VTC4, Leishmania, life cycle, infectivity, temperature stress, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Protozoan parasites contain negatively charged polymers of a few up to several hundreds of phosphate residues. In other organisms, these polyphosphate (polyP) chains serve as an energy source and phosphate reservoir, and have been implicated in adaptation to stress and virulence of pathogenic organisms. In this study, we confirmed first that the polyP polymerase vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4) is responsible for polyP synthesis in Leishmania parasites. During Leishmania in vitro culture, polyP is accumulated in logarithmic growth phase and subsequently consumed once stationary phase is reached. However, polyP is not essential since VTC4-deficient (vtc4–) Leishmania proliferated normally in culture and differentiated into infective metacyclic parasites and into intracellular and axenic amastigotes. In in vivo mouse infections, L. major VTC4 knockout showed a delay in lesion formation but ultimately gave rise to strong pathology, although we were unable to restore virulence by complementation to confirm this phenotype. Knockdown of VTC4 did not alter the course of L. guyanensis infections in mice, suggesting that polyP was not required for infection, or that very low levels of it suffice for lesion development. At higher temperatures, Leishmania promastigotes highly consumed polyP, and both knockdown or deletion of VTC4 diminished parasite survival. Thus, although polyP was not essential in the life cycle of the parasite, our data suggests a role for polyP in increasing parasite survival at higher temperatures, a situation faced by the parasite when transmitted to humans.
Published: 2018
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18. Magnesium uptake by connecting fluid-phase endocytosis to an intracellular inorganic cation filter

Author: Sandra H. Klompmaker, Kid Kohl, Nicolas Fasel, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Metal bioavailability is frequently limited by sequestering agents which makes them inaccessible to cells. Here the authors show that cells can increase Mg2+ uptake via fluid phase endocytosis and accumulate this metal in their vacuole loaded with polyphosphate, and later can be exported to the cytosol.
Published: 2017
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19. Cumulative material flows provide indicators to quantify the ecological debt

Author: Andreas Mayer and Willi Haas
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Political science
Abstract: There is ample evidence that an unabated growth in material consumption is likely to pass the earth system's source and sink capacities. In the face of limited resources, distributional questions increasingly gain importance. Material flow accounting is a methodological tool to trace biophysical patterns of disproportionate resource consumption across countries and the debt towards the environment, other parts of the world, and towards future generations through the excessive consumption of natural resources. At the core of this article, we address different developments of material use for individual countries and world regions from 1950 to 2010. During this phase, fossil fuel-based industrialization triggered an unprecedented growth in material consumption, mainly in the wealthy world regions of Europe, Australia, North America, and partly in the countries of the former Soviet Union, while low resource consumption persists in other regions. We thus calculated cumulative resource use from 1950 to 2010 to show the extent of this wealth built up upon countries' own resources, or through imports from other countries or world regions. We use the degree of net-import dependency of individual countries as a proxy for the ecological debt, and relate it to the domestic resource extraction in a country. Our observations show that there was a highly uneven distribution of resource extraction and use in the 60 years analyzed, which has important implications for future global resource policies. Keywords: Ecological debt, material flow accounting, international trade, global resource use Résumé Il
Published: 2016
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20. Investigations of emissions of reactive substances NO2 and NH3 from passenger cars

Author: Jan Czerwiński, Pierre Comte, Martin Güdel, Jacques Lemaire, Andreas Mayer, Norbert Heeb, Heinz Berger, and Felix Reutimann
Subjects: exhaust emissions, reactive substances no2 and nh3, Technology
Abstract: Public concern and complaints regarding ambient air in zones of dense traffic pertains to two compounds of nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3); both are toxic and strongly irritant, such that legal limitations are under discussion. This paper contributes to measuring methods as already in part proposed by GRPE subgroup WLTP-DTP (Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedures – Diesel Test Procedures) for NO2. Despite legally lowered NOx emission levels, lumping both, NO2 and NO, levels of NO2 have risen in cities and agglomerations as a result of both, deployed catalytic exhaust after-treatment devices and low sulphur Diesel fuels. In present tests two different combinations of NO2 measuring methods as proposed by WLTP were checked on Diesel cars for practicability in handling and accuracy. These integral, indirect methods (NO2 = NOx – NO) have been found as useful tools for estimate of NO2 and with use of appropriate analyzers a satisfactory accuracy was attained. Furthermore, attention was brought to ammonia (NH3) emitted by gasoline engines with three way catalysts (TWC) which ought not to be ignored while on the other hand SCR systems for Diesel engines are strictly regulated. Emission levels of more recent TWC turned out to be mostly below 20 ppm NH3. Vehicle of older technology exhibited significantly higher levels, about 10 times more. As chemical reactions depend on pressure and temperature (= i.e. flow condition in CVS-tunnel) as well as concentrations, doubts need to be considered on accuracy of results based on chemical reactive substances. Nevertheless, clear tendencies regarding changes of concentrations of NO2 and NH3 along the path-way could not be observed.
Published: 2016
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21. Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation

Author: Karl-Heinz Erb, Christian Lauk, Thomas Kastner, Andreas Mayer, Michaela C. Theurl, and Helmut Haberl
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Safeguarding existing forests is an important ecological concern but constrains the expansion of farmland to feed the growing world population. Here the authors analyse the option space for future changes in agriculture and diets compatible with a no-deforestation goal.
Published: 2016
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22. Greenhouse gas implications of mobilizing agricultural biomass for energy: a reassessment of global potentials in 2050 under different food-system pathways

Author: Gerald Kalt, Christian Lauk, Andreas Mayer, Michaela C Theurl, Katrin Kaltenegger, Wilfried Winiwarter, Karl-Heinz Erb, Sarah Matej, and Helmut Haberl
Subjects: bioenergy, biomass potentials, energy scenario, GHG cost curve, agriculture, energy transition, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Global bioenergy potentials have been the subject of extensive research and continued controversy. Due to vast uncertainties regarding future yields, diets and other influencing parameters, estimates of future agricultural biomass potentials vary widely. Most scenarios compatible with ambitious climate targets foresee a large expansion of bioenergy, mainly from energy crops that needs to be kept consistent with projections of agriculture and food production. Using the global biomass balance model BioBaM, we here present an assessment of agricultural bioenergy potentials compatible with the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (2018) ‘Alternative pathways to 2050’ projections. Mobilizing biomass at larger scales may be associated with systemic feedbacks causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, e.g. crop residue removal resulting in loss of soil carbon stocks and increased emissions from fertilization. To assess these effects, we derive ‘GHG cost supply-curves’, i.e. integrated representations of biomass potentials and their systemic GHG costs. Livestock manure is most favourable in terms of GHG costs, as anaerobic digestion yields reductions of GHG emissions from manure management. Global potentials from intensive livestock systems are about 5 EJ/yr. Crop residues can provide up to 20 EJ/yr at moderate GHG costs. For energy crops, we find that the medium range of literature estimates (∼40 to 90 EJ/yr) is only compatible with FAO yield and human diet projections if energy plantations expand into grazing areas (∼4–5 million km ^2 ) and grazing land is intensified globally. Direct carbon stock changes associated with perennial energy crops are beneficial for climate mitigation, yet there are—sometimes considerable—‘opportunity GHG costs’ if one accounts the foregone opportunity of afforestation. Our results indicate that the large potentials of energy crops foreseen in many energy scenarios are not freely and unconditionally available. Disregarding systemic effects in agriculture can result in misjudgement of GHG saving potentials and flawed climate mitigation strategies.
Published: 2020
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23. A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part I: bibliometric and conceptual mapping

Author: Dominik Wiedenhofer, Doris Virág, Gerald Kalt, Barbara Plank, Jan Streeck, Melanie Pichler, Andreas Mayer, Fridolin Krausmann, Paul Brockway, Anke Schaffartzik, Tomer Fishman, Daniel Hausknost, Bartholomäus Leon-Gruchalski, Tânia Sousa, Felix Creutzig, and Helmut Haberl
Subjects: decoupling, green growth, degrowth, Environmental Kuznets Curve, dematerialization, decarbonization, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: As long as economic growth is a major political goal, decoupling growth from resource use and emissions is a prerequisite for a sustainable net-zero emissions future. However, empirical evidence for absolute decoupling, i.e. decreasing resource use and emissions at the required scale despite continued economic growth, is scarce and scattered across different research streams. In this two-part systematic review, we assess how and to what extent decoupling has been observed and what can be learnt for addressing the sustainability and climate crisis. Based on a transparent approach, we systematically identify and screen more than 11 500 scientific papers, eventually analyzing full texts of 835 empirical studies on the relationship between economic growth (GDP), resource use (materials and energy) and greenhouse gas emissions. Part I of the review examines how decoupling has been investigated across three research streams: energy, materials and energy, and emissions. Part II synthesizes the empirical evidence and policy implications (Haberl et al 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 065003). In part I, we examine the topical, temporal and geographical scopes, methods of analysis, institutional networks and prevalent conceptual angles. We find that in this rapidly growing literature, the vast majority of studies—decomposition, ‘causality’ and Environmental Kuznets Curve analysis—approach the topic from a statistical-econometric point of view, while hardly acknowledging thermodynamic principles on the role of energy and materials for socio-economic activities. A potentially fundamental incompatibility between economic growth and systemic societal changes to address the climate crisis is rarely considered. We conclude that the existing wealth of empirical evidence merits braver conceptual advances than we have seen thus far. Future work should focus on comprehensive multi-indicator long-term analyses, conceptually grounded on the fundamental biophysical basis of socio-economic activities, incorporating the role of global supply chains as well as the wider societal role and preconditions of economic growth.
Published: 2020
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24. A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: synthesizing the insights

Author: Helmut Haberl, Dominik Wiedenhofer, Doris Virág, Gerald Kalt, Barbara Plank, Paul Brockway, Tomer Fishman, Daniel Hausknost, Fridolin Krausmann, Bartholomäus Leon-Gruchalski, Andreas Mayer, Melanie Pichler, Anke Schaffartzik, Tânia Sousa, Jan Streeck, and Felix Creutzig
Subjects: decoupling, economic growth, degrowth, material flow, energy, exergy, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Strategies toward ambitious climate targets usually rely on the concept of ‘decoupling’; that is, they aim at promoting economic growth while reducing the use of natural resources and GHG emissions. GDP growth coinciding with absolute reductions in emissions or resource use is denoted as ‘absolute decoupling’, as opposed to ‘relative decoupling’, where resource use or emissions increase less so than does GDP. Based on the bibliometric mapping in part I (Wiedenhofer et al , 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8429 ), we synthesize the evidence emerging from the selected 835 peer-reviewed articles. We evaluate empirical studies of decoupling related to final/useful energy, exergy, use of material resources, as well as CO _2 and total GHG emissions. We find that relative decoupling is frequent for material use as well as GHG and CO _2 emissions but not for useful exergy, a quality-based measure of energy use. Primary energy can be decoupled from GDP largely to the extent to which the conversion of primary energy to useful exergy is improved. Examples of absolute long-term decoupling are rare, but recently some industrialized countries have decoupled GDP from both production- and, weaklier, consumption-based CO _2 emissions. We analyze policies or strategies in the decoupling literature by classifying them into three groups: (1) Green growth, if sufficient reductions of resource use or emissions were deemed possible without altering the growth trajectory. (2) Degrowth, if reductions of resource use or emissions were given priority over GDP growth. (3) Others, e.g. if the role of energy for GDP growth was analyzed without reference to climate change mitigation. We conclude that large rapid absolute reductions of resource use and GHG emissions cannot be achieved through observed decoupling rates, hence decoupling needs to be complemented by sufficiency-oriented strategies and strict enforcement of absolute reduction targets. More research is needed on interdependencies between wellbeing, resources and emissions.
Published: 2020
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25. Dynamic transcriptome analysis measures rates of mRNA synthesis and decay in yeast

Author: Christian Miller, Björn Schwalb, Kerstin Maier, Daniel Schulz, Sebastian Dümcke, Benedikt Zacher, Andreas Mayer, Jasmin Sydow, Lisa Marcinowski, Lars Dölken, Dietmar E Martin, Achim Tresch, and Patrick Cramer
Subjects: gene expression, gene regulation, mRNA transcription, mRNA turnover, salt stress response, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Abstract To obtain rates of mRNA synthesis and decay in yeast, we established dynamic transcriptome analysis (DTA). DTA combines non‐perturbing metabolic RNA labeling with dynamic kinetic modeling. DTA reveals that most mRNA synthesis rates are around several transcripts per cell and cell cycle, and most mRNA half‐lives range around a median of 11 min. DTA can monitor the cellular response to osmotic stress with higher sensitivity and temporal resolution than standard transcriptomics. In contrast to monotonically increasing total mRNA levels, DTA reveals three phases of the stress response. During the initial shock phase, mRNA synthesis and decay rates decrease globally, resulting in mRNA storage. During the subsequent induction phase, both rates increase for a subset of genes, resulting in production and rapid removal of stress‐responsive mRNAs. During the recovery phase, decay rates are largely restored, whereas synthesis rates remain altered, apparently enabling growth at high salt concentration. Stress‐induced changes in mRNA synthesis rates are predicted from gene occupancy with RNA polymerase II. DTA‐derived mRNA synthesis rates identified 16 stress‐specific pairs/triples of cooperative transcription factors, of which seven were known. Thus, DTA realistically monitors the dynamics in mRNA metabolism that underlie gene regulatory systems.
Published: 2011
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26. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs): An Analytical and a Toxicological Challenge

Author: Norbert Heeb, Jan Czerwinski, Yan Zimmerli, Lukas Emmenegger, Kerstin Zeyer, Peter Honegger, Markus Zennegg, Adrian Wichser, Cornelia Seiler, Peter Schmid, Regula Haag, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Diesel particle filters, Genotoxicity, Heavy duty vehicles, Nitro-pahs, Pahs, Pcdd/fs, Chemistry, QD1-999
Published: 2015
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27. A Fast and Reliable in vitro Method for Screening of Exhaust Emission Toxicity in Lung Cells

Author: Christoph Bisig, Sandro Steiner, Jan Czerwinski, Pierre Comte, Andreas Mayer, Alke Petri-Fink, and Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
Subjects: 3d lung cell model, Adverse effects, Exhaust emission, Exposure system, Physicochemical properties of exhaust, Chemistry, QD1-999
Published: 2015
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28. Recruitment of TREX to the transcription machinery by its direct binding to the phospho-CTD of RNA polymerase II.

Author: Dominik M Meinel, Cornelia Burkert-Kautzsch, Anja Kieser, Eoghan O'Duibhir, Matthias Siebert, Andreas Mayer, Patrick Cramer, Johannes Söding, Frank C P Holstege, and Katja Sträßer
Subjects: Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis and export are tightly linked, but the molecular mechanisms of this coupling are largely unknown. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the conserved TREX complex couples transcription to mRNA export and mediates mRNP formation. Here, we show that TREX is recruited to the transcription machinery by direct interaction of its subcomplex THO with the serine 2-serine 5 (S2/S5) diphosphorylated CTD of RNA polymerase II. S2 and/or tyrosine 1 (Y1) phosphorylation of the CTD is required for TREX occupancy in vivo, establishing a second interaction platform necessary for TREX recruitment in addition to RNA. Genome-wide analyses show that the occupancy of THO and the TREX components Sub2 and Yra1 increases from the 5' to the 3' end of the gene in accordance with the CTD S2 phosphorylation pattern. Importantly, in a mutant strain, in which TREX is recruited to genes but does not increase towards the 3' end, the expression of long transcripts is specifically impaired. Thus, we show for the first time that a 5'-3' increase of a protein complex is essential for correct expression of the genome. In summary, we provide insight into how the phospho-code of the CTD directs mRNP formation and export through TREX recruitment.
Published: 2013
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29. Identification of genes affecting vacuole membrane fragmentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Author: Lydie Michaillat and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The equilibrium of membrane fusion and fission influences the volume and copy number of organelles. Fusion of yeast vacuoles has been well characterized but their fission and the mechanisms determining vacuole size and abundance remain poorly understood. We therefore attempted to systematically characterize factors necessary for vacuole fission. Here, we present results of an in vivo screening for deficiencies in vacuolar fragmentation activity of an ordered collection deletion mutants, representing 4881 non-essential genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The screen identified 133 mutants with strong defects in vacuole fragmentation. These comprise numerous known fragmentation factors, such as the Fab1p complex, Tor1p, Sit4p and the V-ATPase, thus validating the approach. The screen identified many novel factors promoting vacuole fragmentation. Among those are 22 open reading frames of unknown function and three conspicuous clusters of proteins with known function. The clusters concern the ESCRT machinery, adaptins, and lipases, which influence the production of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. A common feature of these factors of known function is their capacity to change membrane curvature, suggesting that they might promote vacuole fragmentation via this property.
Published: 2013
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30. Sequential analysis of trans-SNARE formation in intracellular membrane fusion.

Author: Kannan Alpadi, Aditya Kulkarni, Veronique Comte, Monique Reinhardt, Andrea Schmidt, Sarita Namjoshi, Andreas Mayer, and Christopher Peters
Subjects: Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: SNARE complexes are required for membrane fusion in the endomembrane system. They contain coiled-coil bundles of four helices, three (Q(a), Q(b), and Q(c)) from target (t)-SNAREs and one (R) from the vesicular (v)-SNARE. NSF/Sec18 disrupts these cis-SNARE complexes, allowing reassembly of their subunits into trans-SNARE complexes and subsequent fusion. Studying these reactions in native yeast vacuoles, we found that NSF/Sec18 activates the vacuolar cis-SNARE complex by selectively displacing the vacuolar Q(a) SNARE, leaving behind a Q(bc)R subcomplex. This subcomplex serves as an acceptor for a Q(a) SNARE from the opposite membrane, leading to Q(a)-Q(bc)R trans-complexes. Activity tests of vacuoles with diagnostic distributions of inactivating mutations over the two fusion partners confirm that this distribution accounts for a major share of the fusion activity. The persistence of the Q(bc)R cis-complex and the formation of the Q(a)-Q(bc)R trans-complex are both sensitive to the Rab-GTPase inhibitor, GDI, and to mutations in the vacuolar tether complex, HOPS (HOmotypic fusion and vacuolar Protein Sorting complex). This suggests that the vacuolar Rab-GTPase, Ypt7, and HOPS restrict cis-SNARE disassembly and thereby bias trans-SNARE assembly into a preferred topology.
Published: 2012
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31. A cytoplasmic complex mediates specific mRNA recognition and localization in yeast.

Author: Marisa Müller, Roland Gerhard Heym, Andreas Mayer, Katharina Kramer, Maria Schmid, Patrick Cramer, Henning Urlaub, Ralf-Peter Jansen, and Dierk Niessing
Subjects: Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: In eukaryotes, hundreds of mRNAs are localized by specialized transport complexes. For localization, transcripts are recognized by RNA-binding proteins and incorporated into motor-containing messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). To date, the molecular assembly of such mRNPs is not well understood and most details on cargo specificity remain unresolved. We used ASH1-mRNA transport in yeast to provide a first assessment of where and how localizing mRNAs are specifically recognized and incorporated into mRNPs. By using in vitro-interaction and reconstitution assays, we found that none of the implicated mRNA-binding proteins showed highly specific cargo binding. Instead, we identified the cytoplasmic myosin adapter She3p as additional RNA-binding protein. We further found that only the complex of the RNA-binding proteins She2p and She3p achieves synergistic cargo binding, with an at least 60-fold higher affinity for localizing mRNAs when compared to control RNA. Mutational studies identified a C-terminal RNA-binding fragment of She3p to be important for synergistic RNA binding with She2p. The observed cargo specificity of the ternary complex is considerably higher than previously reported for localizing mRNAs. It suggests that RNA binding for mRNP localization generally exhibits higher selectivity than inferred from previous in vitro data. This conclusion is fully consistent with a large body of in vivo evidence from different organisms. Since the ternary yeast complex only assembles in the cytoplasm, specific mRNA recognition might be limited to the very last steps of mRNP assembly. Remarkably, the mRNA itself triggers the assembly of mature, motor-containing complexes. Our reconstitution of a major portion of the mRNA-transport complex offers new and unexpected insights into the molecular assembly of specific, localization-competent mRNPs and provides an important step forward in our mechanistic understanding of mRNA localization in general.
Published: 2011
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32. Zur Genealogie des psychoanalytischen Settings

Author: Andreas Mayer
Subjects: History (General) and history of Europe
Abstract: The so-called psychoanalytic setting counts today as a familiar ritual, forming a set of conventions that are weil known, if not from first-hand experience, then at least from popular novels and films. Adopting an historical-anthropological viewpoint, this article unfolds a genealogy of Freud's famous invention. A genealogical approach of this kind has to account for both the social and the material arrangements from which psychoanalysis emerged at the end of the 19th century. lt is argued that Freud's conception of a certain spatial distribution of patient and doctor in the consulting room was not governed by either technical or theoretical necessity, but was rather the result of social and material reconfigurations which can be trac- ed back to the history of experimental hypnotism.
Published: 2003
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33. The Science of Walking: Investigations into Locomotion in the Long Nineteenth Century

Author: Andreas Mayer, Tilman Skowroneck, Robin Blanton
Published: 2020

34. Acellular Human Placenta Small-Diameter Vessels as a Favorable Source of Super-Microsurgical Vascular Replacements: A Proof of Concept

Author: Florian Falkner, Simon Andreas Mayer, Benjamin Thomas, Sarah Onon Zimmermann, Sonja Walter, Patrick Heimel, Wilko Thiele, Jonathan Paul Sleeman, Amir Khosrow Bigdeli, Herbert Kiss, Bruno Karl Podesser, Ulrich Kneser, Helga Bergmeister, and Karl Heinrich Schneider
Subjects: Life sciences, biology, human placenta, small diameter vascular grafts, arteriovenous loop, super-microsurgery, ddc:570, Bioengineering
Abstract: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the human placenta as a source of blood vessels that can be harvested for vascular graft fabrication in the submillimeter range. Our approach included graft modification to prevent thrombotic events. Submillimeter arterial grafts harvested from the human placenta were decellularized and chemically crosslinked to heparin. Graft performance was evaluated using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop (AVL) model in Lewis rats. Specimens were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin and CD31 staining of histological sections to analyze host cell immigration and vascular remodeling. Graft patency was determined 3 weeks after implantation using a vascular patency test, histology, and micro-computed tomography. A total of 14 human placenta submillimeter vessel grafts were successfully decellularized and implanted into AVLs in rats. An appropriate inner diameter to graft length ratio of 0.81 ± 0.16 mm to 7.72 ± 3.20 mm was achieved in all animals. Grafts were left in situ for a mean of 24 ± 4 days. Decellularized human placental grafts had an overall patency rate of 71% and elicited no apparent immunological responses. Histological staining revealed host cell immigration into the graft and re-endothelialization of the vessel luminal surface. This study demonstrates that decellularized vascular grafts from the human placenta have the potential to serve as super-microsurgical vascular replacements.
Published: 2023

35. Emerging roles of BET proteins in transcription and co-transcriptional RNA processing

Author: Nicole Eischer, Mirjam Arnold, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry
Abstract: Transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) gives rise to all nuclear protein-coding and a large set of non-coding RNAs, and is strictly regulated and coordinated with RNA processing. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family proteins including BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 have been implicated in the regulation of Pol II transcription in mammalian cells. However, only recent technological advances have allowed the analysis of direct functions of individual BET proteins with high precision in cells. These studies shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of transcription control by BET proteins challenging previous longstanding views. The most studied BET protein, BRD4, emerges as a master regulator of transcription elongation with roles also in coupling nascent transcription with RNA processing. In contrast, BRD2 is globally required for the formation of transcriptional boundaries to restrict enhancer activity to nearby genes. Although these recent findings suggest non-redundant functions of BRD4 and BRD2 in Pol II transcription, more research is needed for further clarification. Little is known about the roles of BRD3. Here, we illuminate experimental work that has initially linked BET proteins to Pol II transcription in mammalian cells, outline main methodological breakthroughs that have strongly advanced the understanding of BET protein functions, and discuss emerging roles of individual BET proteins in transcription and transcription-coupled RNA processing. Finally, we propose an updated model for the function of BRD4 in transcription and co-transcriptional RNA maturation. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing3' End Processing RNA ProcessingSplicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
Published: 2022

36. Sites of the Unconscious: Hypnosis and the Emergence of the Psychoanalytic Setting

Author: Andreas Mayer, Christopher Barber
Published: 2013

37. WIPI1 promotes fission of endosomal transport carriers and formation of autophagosomes through distinct mechanisms

Author: Philipp Berger, Maria Giovanna De Leo, and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Autophagosome, Endosome, Fission, WIPI, autophagosome, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Vacuole, Biology, complex mixtures, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, EGF receptor, Lysosome, CRISPR-Associated Protein 9, parasitic diseases, medicine, Autophagy, Humans, Molecular Biology, endosome, endosomal transport carrier, Gene Editing, Microscopy, Confocal, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, vacuole, Autophagosomes, Multivesicular Bodies, Membrane Proteins, Cell Biology, transferrin receptor, Endocytosis, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endosomal transport, WIPI proteins, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, lysosome, PROPPIN, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Research Article, Research Paper
Abstract: Autophagosome formation requires PROPPIN/WIPI proteins and monophosphorylated phosphoinositides, such as phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) or PtdIns5P. This process occurs in association with mammalian endosomes, where the PROPPIN WIPI1 has additional, undefined roles in vesicular traffic. To explore whether these functions are interconnected, we dissected routes and subreactions of endosomal trafficking requiring WIPI1. WIPI1 specifically acts in the formation and fission of tubulo-vesicular endosomal transport carriers. This activity supports the PtdIns(3,5)P 2 -dependent transport of endosomal cargo toward the plasma membrane, Golgi, and lysosomes, suggesting a general role of WIPI1 in endosomal protein exit. Three features differentiate the endosomal and macroautophagic/autophagic activities of WIPI1: phosphoinositide binding site II, the requirement for PtdIns(3,5)P 2 , and bilayer deformation through a conserved amphipathic α-helix. Their inactivation preserves autophagy but leads to a strong enlargement of endosomes, which accumulate micrometer-long endosomal membrane tubules carrying cargo proteins. WIPI1 thus supports autophagy and protein exit from endosomes by different modes of action. We propose that the type of phosphoinositides occupying its two lipid binding sites, the most unusual feature of PROPPIN/WIPI family proteins, switches between these effector functions.Abbreviations: EGF: epidermal growth factorEGFR: epidermal growth factor receptorKD: knockdownKO: knockoutPtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphatePtdIns5P: phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphatePtdIns(3,5)P 2 : phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphateTF: transferrinTFRC: transferrin receptorWT: wildtype.
Published: 2021

38. Early onset effects of single substrate accumulation recapitulate major features of LSD in patient-derived lysosomes

Author: Valeria De Pasquale, Luigi Michele Pavone, Massimo D'Agostino, Gianluca Scerra, Maurizio Renna, Andreas Mayer, Maria Gabriella Caporaso, Scerra, Gianluca, De Pasquale, Valeria, Pavone, Luigi Michele, Caporaso, Maria Gabriella, Mayer, Andrea, Renna, Maurizio, and D'Agostino, Massimo
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Biochemistry, Biological sciences, Cell biology, Molecular biology, Biological science, Science, Motility, 02 engineering and technology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Lysosome, Organelle, Extracellular, medicine, Secretion, Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, Endoplasmic reticulum, Substrate (chemistry), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, 0210 nano-technology, Homeostasis
Abstract: Summary Lysosome functions mainly rely on their ability to either degrade substrates or release them into the extracellular space. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are commonly characterized by a chronic lysosomal accumulation of different substrates, thereby causing lysosomal dysfunctions and secretion defects. However, the early effects of substrate accumulation on lysosomal homeostasis have not been analyzed so far. Here, we describe how the acute accumulation of a single substrate determines a rapid centripetal redistribution of the lysosomes, triggering their expansion and reducing their secretion, by limiting the motility of these organelles toward the plasma membrane. Moreover, we provide evidence that such defects could be explained by a trapping mechanism exerted by the extensive contacts between the enlarged lysosomes and the highly intertwined membrane structures of the endoplasmic reticulum which might represent a crucial biological cue ultimately leading to the clinically relevant secondary defects observed in the LSD experimental models and patients., Graphical abstract, Highlights • LEU-ME triggers a rapid expansion of the lysosomal compartment • Expanded lysosomes display motility and secretion defects • Enlarged lysosomes display extended endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites, Biological sciences; Biochemistry; Molecular biology; Cell biology
Published: 2021

39. Agroecological measures and circular economy strategies to ensure sufficient nitrogen for sustainable farming

Author: Tiago G. Morais, Andreas Mayer, Helmut Haberl, Ricardo F.M. Teixeira, Wilfried Winiwarter, Tiago Domingos, Karl-Heinz Erb, Lisa Kaufmann, Michaela C. Theurl, and Christian Lauk
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, business.industry, Circular economy, Geography, Planning and Development, Agricultural engineering, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Crop rotation, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Greenhouse gas, Sustainable agriculture, Organic farming, Food systems, Environmental science, business, Agroecology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Sustainable food systems face trade-offs between demands of low environmental pressures per unit area and requirements of increasing production. Organic farming has lower yields than conventional agriculture and requires the introduction of nitrogen (N) fixing legumes in crop rotations. Here we perform an integrated assessment of the feasibility of future food systems in terms of land and N availability and the potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results show that switching to 100% organic farming without additional measures results in N deficiency. Dietary change towards a reduced share of animal products can aggravate N limitations, which can be overcome through the implementation of a combination of agroecological, circular economy and decarbonization strategies. These measures help to recycle and transfer N from grassland. A vegan diet from fully decarbonized conventional production performs similarly as the optimized organic scenario. Sustainable food systems hence require measures beyond the agricultural sector.
Published: 2021

40. Conserved DNA sequence features underlie pervasive RNA polymerase pausing

Author: Andreas Mayer, Olga Jasnovidova, Martyna Gajos, Susanne Freier, Martin Vingron, and Alena van Bömmel
Subjects: Transcription, Genetic, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, DNA polymerase II, RNA polymerase II, chemistry.chemical_compound, RNA polymerase, Gene expression, Genetics, Humans, Gene Regulation, RNA-Seq, Gene, Conserved Sequence, Regulation of gene expression, Base Sequence, biology, Gene regulation, Chromatin and Epigenetics, RNA, 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, DNA, Chromatin, HEK293 Cells, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, chemistry, biology.protein, Epigenetics, RNA Polymerase II, Algorithms, HeLa Cells
Abstract: Pausing of transcribing RNA polymerase is regulated and creates opportunities to control gene expression. Research in metazoans has so far mainly focused on RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter-proximal pausing leaving the pervasive nature of pausing and its regulatory potential in mammalian cells unclear. Here, we developed a pause detecting algorithm (PDA) for nucleotide-resolution occupancy data and a new native elongating transcript sequencing approach, termed nested NET-seq, that strongly reduces artifactual peaks commonly misinterpreted as pausing sites. Leveraging PDA and nested NET-seq reveal widespread genome-wide Pol II pausing at single-nucleotide resolution in human cells. Notably, the majority of Pol II pauses occur outside of promoter-proximal gene regions primarily along the gene-body of transcribed genes. Sequence analysis combined with machine learning modeling reveals DNA sequence properties underlying widespread transcriptional pausing including a new pause motif. Interestingly, key sequence determinants of RNA polymerase pausing are conserved between human cells and bacteria. These studies indicate pervasive sequence-induced transcriptional pausing in human cells and the knowledge of exact pause locations implies potential functional roles in gene expression.
Published: 2021

41. Spaceship earth's odyssey to a circular economy - a century long perspective

Author: Andreas Mayer, Dominik Wiedenhofer, Fridolin Krausmann, Christian Lauk, and Willi Haas
Subjects: Economics and Econometrics, Biogeochemical cycle, Natural resource economics, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Biomass, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, 11. Sustainability, Planetary boundaries, Economics, Production (economics), Recycling, 021108 energy, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Sustainable biomass, Circular economy, Social metabolism, Material and energy flow analysis, 15. Life on land, Renewable energy, Industrialisation, Spaceship Earth, 13. Climate action, Sustainable resource use, business
Abstract: The circular economy is a rapidly emerging concept promoted as transformative approach towards sustainable resource use within Planetary Boundaries. It is gaining traction with policymakers, industry and academia worldwide. It promises to slow, narrow and close socioeconomic material cycles by retaining value as long as possible, thereby minimizing primary resource use, waste and emissions. Herein, we utilize a sociometabolic systems approach to investigate the global economy as embedded into a materially closed “spaceship earth” and to scrutinize the development of circularity during industrialization. We quantify primary material and energy inputs into the economy, as well as all outputs to the environment from 1900-2015. The assessment includes two fundamental cycles: a socioeconomic cycle of secondary materials from end-of-life waste and an ecological cycle in which resulting waste and emissions are assessed against regenerative capacities of biogeochemical systems. In a first approximation, we consider only the carbon-neutral fraction of biomass as renewable. We find that from 1900-2015, socioeconomic and ecological input cycling rates decreased from 43% (41-51%) to 27% (25-30%), while non-circular inputs increased 16-fold and non-circular outputs 10-fold. The contribution of ecological cycling to circularity declined from 91% to 76%. We conclude that realizing the transformative potential of the circular economy necessitates addressing four key challenges by research and policy: tackling the growth of material stocks, defining clear criteria for ecological cycling and eliminating unsustainable biomass production, integrating the decarbonization of the energy system with the circular economy and prioritizing absolute reductions of non-circular flows over maximizing (re)cyclingrates.
Published: 2020

42. Early life imprints the hierarchy of T cell clone sizes

Author: Maximilian Nguyen, Jonathan Desponds, Andreas Mayer, and Mario U Gaimann
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Aging, Databases, Factual, T-Lymphocytes, Physics of Living Systems, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunology and Inflammation, Biology (General), Receptor, Child, Pathogen, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, T cell immunity, power-law scaling, Repertoire, General Neuroscience, fluctuating fitness, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Acquired immune system, Early life, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Medicine, medicine.symptom, imprinting, Research Article, Human, Adult, Adolescent, QH301-705.5, T cell, Science, Population, Inflammation, Biology, Models, Biological, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, high-dimensional ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Immune system, Antigen, T cell clone, medicine, Humans, Computer Simulation, Quantitative Biology - Genomics, repertoire sequencing, education, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution, Potential mechanism, 030304 developmental biology, Aged, Cell Proliferation, Genomics (q-bio.GN), Stochastic Processes, General Immunology and Microbiology, Mechanism (biology), T-cell receptor, Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE), immune repertoire, Clone Cells, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, FOS: Biological sciences, Immunology, Immunologic Memory, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030215 immunology, Clonal selection
Abstract: The adaptive immune system responds to pathogens by selecting clones of cells with specific receptors. While clonal selection in response to particular antigens has been studied in detail, it is unknown how a lifetime of exposures to many antigens collectively shape the immune repertoire. Here, using mathematical modeling and statistical analyses of T cell receptor sequencing data, we develop a quantitative theory of human T cell dynamics compatible with the statistical laws of repertoire organization. We find that clonal expansions during a perinatal time window leave a long-lasting imprint on the human T cell repertoire, which is only slowly reshaped by fluctuating clonal selection during adult life. Our work provides a mechanism for how early clonal dynamics imprint the hierarchy of T cell clone sizes with implications for pathogen defense and autoimmunity., eLife digest The human immune system develops a memory of pathogens that it encounters over its lifetime, allowing it to respond quickly to future infections. It does this partly through T cells, white blood cells that can recognize different pathogens. During an infection, the T cells that recognize the specific pathogen attacking the body will divide until a large number of clones of these T cells is available to help in the fight. After the infection clears, the immune system ‘keeps’ some of these cells so it can recognize the pathogen in the future, and respond quicker to an infection. Over the course of their lives, people will be infected by many different pathogens, leading to a wide variety of T cells that each respond to one of these pathogens. However, it is not well understood how various infections throughout the human lifespan shape the overall population of different T cells. Gaimann et al. used mathematical modelling to study how the composition of the immune system changes in people of different ages. Different populations of T cells – each specialized against a specific antigen – had been previously identified through genetic sequencing. Gaimann et al. analyzed their dynamics to show that many of the largest populations originate around birth, during the formation of the immune system. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for how exposure to pathogens in infancy can influence the immune system much later in life. The results may also explain variations in how people respond to infections and in their risk of developing autoimmune conditions. This understanding could help develop new treatments or interventions to guide the immune system as it develops.
Published: 2020

43. Fusion Pores Live on the Edge

Author: Massimo D'Agostino, Edgar M. Blokhuis, Herre Jelger Risselada, Andreas Mayer, Blokhuis, Edgar M, D'Agostino, Massimo, Mayer, Andrea, and Risselada, Herre Jelger
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 030103 biophysics, Materials science, Cryoelectron Microscopy, Lipid Bilayers/chemistry, Lipid Bilayers/metabolism, Membrane Fusion/physiology, Models, Biological, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, SNARE Proteins/chemistry, SNARE Proteins/metabolism, Thermodynamics, Unilamellar Liposomes/chemistry, Unilamellar Liposomes/metabolism, Lipid Bilayers, Edge (geometry), Membrane Fusion, Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes, Contact angle, 03 medical and health sciences, Molecular dynamics, General Materials Science, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Unilamellar Liposomes, Physics::Biological Physics, Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, Fusion, Tension (physics), Vesicle, 030104 developmental biology, Membrane, Chemical physics, Vertex (curve), SNARE Proteins
Abstract: Biological transmission of vesicular content occurs by opening of a fusion pore. Recent experimental observations have illustrated that fusion pores between vesicles that are docked by an extended flat contact zone are located at the edge (vertex) of this zone. We modeled this experimentally observed scenario by coarse-grained molecular simulations and elastic theory. This revealed that fusion pores experience a direct attraction toward the vertex. The size adopted by the resulting vertex pore strongly depends on the apparent contact angle between the adhered vesicles even in the absence of membrane surface tension. Larger contact angles substantially increase the equilibrium size of the vertex pore. Because the cellular membrane fusion machinery actively docks membranes, it facilitates a collective expansion of the contact zone and increases the contact angle. In this way, the fusion machinery can drive expansion of the fusion pore by free energy equivalents of multiple tens of k B T from a distance and not only through the fusion proteins that reside within the fusion pore.
Published: 2020

44. A socio‐ecological model for predicting impacts of land‐use and climate change on regional plant diversity in the Austrian Alps

Author: Claudine Egger, Franz Essl, Stefan Dullinger, Wolfgang Willner, Veronika Gaube, Christian Gilli, Johannes Wessely, Kathrin Pascher, Andreas Mayer, Christoph Plutzar, Helmut Haberl, Andreas Bohner, Dietmar Moser, Iwona Dullinger, and Andreas Gattringer
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, plant species distribution, Species distribution, Biodiversity, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, land-use change, Environmental Chemistry, Primary Research Article, Land use, land-use change and forestry, global change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, biodiversity, Agent-based model, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Land use, business.industry, species distribution model, Environmental resource management, land‐use change, Global change, Primary Research Articles, agent-based model, plant diversity, Europe, Geography, climate change, Social ecological model, agent‐based model, business
Abstract: Climate and land‐use change jointly affect the future of biodiversity. Yet, biodiversity scenarios have so far concentrated on climatic effects because forecasts of land use are rarely available at appropriate spatial and thematic scales. Agent‐based models (ABMs) represent a potentially powerful but little explored tool for establishing thematically and spatially fine‐grained land‐use scenarios. Here, we use an ABM parameterized for 1,329 agents, mostly farmers, in a Central European model region, and simulate the changes to land‐use patterns resulting from their response to three scenarios of changing socio‐economic conditions and three scenarios of climate change until the mid of the century. Subsequently, we use species distribution models to, first, analyse relationships between the realized niches of 832 plant species and climatic gradients or land‐use types, respectively, and, second, to project consequent changes in potential regional ranges of these species as triggered by changes in both the altered land‐use patterns and the changing climate. We find that both drivers determine the realized niches of the studied plants, with land use having a stronger effect than any single climatic variable in the model. Nevertheless, the plants' future distributions appear much more responsive to climate than to land‐use changes because alternative future socio‐economic backgrounds have only modest impact on land‐use decisions in the model region. However, relative effects of climate and land‐use changes on biodiversity may differ drastically in other regions, especially where landscapes are still dominated by natural or semi‐natural habitat. We conclude that agent‐based modelling of land use is able to provide scenarios at scales relevant to individual species distribution and suggest that coupling ABMs with models of species' range change should be intensified to provide more realistic biodiversity forecasts., Land‐use and climate change will have important effects on the future of biodiversity. We predict changes to the potential distribution of vascular plants in response to these two drivers in a region of the Austrian Alps. We therefore combine agent‐based modelling of land owners' decisions with species distribution modelling. We find that both drivers determine the realized niches of the studied plants, with land use having a stronger effect than any single climatic variable in the model. Nevertheless, the plants' future distributions appear more responsive to climate than to land‐use changes.
Published: 2020

45. Receptor crosstalk improves concentration sensing of multiple ligands

Author: Gautam Reddy, Jonathan Desponds, Roshan Prizak, Thierry Mora, Ilya Nemenman, Andreas Mayer, Martín Carballo-Pacheco, Tatyana Gavrilchenko, Physico-Chimie-Curie (PCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques (LPTMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Physique Statistique et Inférence pour la Biologie, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS (UMR_8023)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Quantitative Biology - Subcellular Processes, Chemistry, Receptor crosstalk, Ligand, Chemotaxis, Receptors, Cell Surface, [SDV.BC.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology/Subcellular Processes [q-bio.SC], Ligands, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 03 medical and health sciences, Crosstalk (biology), Molecular recognition, FOS: Biological sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Biophysics, Proofreading, 010306 general physics, Receptor, Subcellular Processes (q-bio.SC), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Cells need to reliably sense external ligand concentrations to achieve various biological functions such as chemotaxis or signaling. The molecular recognition of ligands by surface receptors is degenerate in many systems leading to crosstalk between different receptors. Crosstalk is often thought of as a deviation from optimal specific recognition, as the binding of non-cognate ligands can interfere with the detection of the receptor’s cognate ligand, possibly leading to a false triggering of a downstream signaling pathway. Here we quantify the optimal precision of sensing the concentrations of multiple ligands by a collection of promiscuous receptors. We demonstrate that crosstalk can improve precision in concentration sensing and discrimination tasks. To achieve superior precision, the additional information about ligand concentrations contained in short binding events of the noncognate ligand should be exploited. We present a proofreading scheme to realize an approximate estimation of multiple ligand concentrations that reaches a precision close to the derived optimal bounds. Our results help rationalize the observed ubiquity of receptor crosstalk in molecular sensing.
Published: 2019

46. How a well-adapting immune system remembers

Author: Aleksandra M. Walczak, Vijay Balasubramanian, Thierry Mora, Andreas Mayer, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS (UMR_8023)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), City University of New York [New York] (CUNY), Physique Statistique et Inférence pour la Biologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Scheme (programming language), 0301 basic medicine, Immune repertoire, Computer science, Bayesian probability, Adaptive Immunity, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Models, Biological, 01 natural sciences, Immune memory, World Wide Web, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, biophysics, 0103 physical sciences, Animals, Lymphocytes, 010306 general physics, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, computer.programming_language, Multidisciplinary, Bayesian prediction, business.industry, Physics, Repertoire, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE), Memory pool, Acquired immune system, Adaptation, Physiological, 030104 developmental biology, PNAS Plus, Salient, FOS: Biological sciences, Physical Sciences, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Artificial intelligence, State (computer science), Stochastic dynamics, business, Immunologic Memory, computer, Antigen receptors
Abstract: Significance The adaptive immune system is able to protect us from a large variety of pathogens, even ones it has not seen yet. Can predicting the future pathogen distribution help in protection? We find that a combination of probabilistic forecasting and occasional sampling of the current environment reduces infection costs—a scheme easily implemented by the memory repertoire. The proposed theoretical framework offers a modular recipe for updating the memory repertoire, which quantitatively predicts the strength of the immune response in flu-vaccination experiments, unlike other update schemes. It also links the observed early life dynamics of the memory pool to the sparseness properties of the pathogen distribution and competitive receptor dynamics for pathogens., An adaptive agent predicting the future state of an environment must weigh trust in new observations against prior experiences. In this light, we propose a view of the adaptive immune system as a dynamic Bayesian machinery that updates its memory repertoire by balancing evidence from new pathogen encounters against past experience of infection to predict and prepare for future threats. This framework links the observed initial rapid increase of the memory pool early in life followed by a midlife plateau to the ease of learning salient features of sparse environments. We also derive a modulated memory pool update rule in agreement with current vaccine-response experiments. Our results suggest that pathogenic environments are sparse and that memory repertoires significantly decrease infection costs, even with moderate sampling. The predicted optimal update scheme maps onto commonly considered competitive dynamics for antigen receptors.
Published: 2018
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47. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author: Daniel J. Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M. Adams, Peter D. Adams, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J. Adhihetty, Sharon G. Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K. Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Patricia V. Aguilar, Julio Aguirre Ghiso, Edoardo M. Airoldi, Slimane Ait Si Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Mohamed Al Rubeai, Guillermo M. Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L. Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte Beceril, Emad S. Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez Erviti, Sandro Alves, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O. Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A. Anania, Stig U. Andersen, Usha P. Andley, Catherine K. Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Arias, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R. Ariosa, Jane L. Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askanas, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S. Atherton, Julie D. Atkin, Laura D. Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M. Backer, Dong Hun Bae, Jae sung Bae, Ok Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H. Baehrecke, Seung Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D. Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C. Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C. Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L. Baumgarner, K. Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J. David Beckham, Pierre André Bédard, Patrick J. Bednarski, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Georg MN Behrens, Kevin E. Behrns, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S. Bess, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K. Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard Piechaczyk, Viktor Billes, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W. Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A. Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boes, Kathleen Boesze Battaglia, Lawrence H. Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M. Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie Josée Boucher, Michael E. Boulton, Sebastien G. Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H. Braus, José M. Bravo San Pedro, Lisa A. Brennan, Emery H. Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C. Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S. Brookes, Eric J. Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti Pierri, Robert J. Bryson Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M. Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V. Bulavin, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E. Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B. Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Laura A. Carleton, Cathleen R. Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R. Carlsson, Didac Carmona Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castets, Susana Castro Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I. Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, CETRULLO, SILVIA, Hassan Chaachouay, Han Jung Chae, Andrei S. Chagin, Chee Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilos, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C. Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E. Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W. Chen, Jian Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S. L. Chen, Wei Chen, Wei Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau Hung Chen, Ye Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu Jen Chen, Yue Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong Hyung Cho, Ssang Goo Cho, William C. Cho, Yong Yeon Cho, Young Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui Ju Choi, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E. Choi, Seung Il Choi, Tsui Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen Li Chung, Yong Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J. Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M. Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coers, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S. Coll, Emma Colucci Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L. Cook, Graham H. Coombs, Cynthia D. Cooper, J. Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle Termeau, Mario D. Cordero, Cristina Corral Ramos, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Susan L. Cotman, Ana Coto Montes, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R. Covey, L. Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S. Cox, Fraser P. Coxon, Carolyn B. Coyne, Mark S. Cragg, Rolf J. Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M. Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R. Cutillas, Mark J. Czaja, Maria F. Czyzyk Krzeska, Ruben K. Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N. Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M. Darley Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R. Dass, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M. Davids, David Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Ted M. Dawson, Valina L. Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Matteis, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P. Del Re, Régis Delage Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P. Devarenne, Rodney J. Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz Araya, Ines Díaz Laviada, Maria T. Diaz Meco, Javier Diaz Nido, Chad A. Dickey, Robert C. Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P. Dinesh Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X. Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M. Donohue Jr, Kelly S. Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W. Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R. Duchen, Michel A. Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I. Dumit, Mara C. Duncan, Elaine A. Dunlop, William A. Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupuis, Raúl V. Durán, Thomas M. Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg Lerner, N. Tony Eissa, Wafik S. El Deiry, Victoria El Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M. Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L. Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban Martínez, Thomas J. Evans, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabrias, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J. Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W. Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Mathias Faure, Francois B. Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C. Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Maite G. Fernandez Barrena, Jose C. Fernandez Checa, Arsenio Fernández López, Martin E. Fernandez Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira Halder, Laszlo Fesus, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Eduardo C. Filippi Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H. Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, FLAMIGNI, FLAVIO, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R. Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francois, Aurélie François, Lisa B. Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G. Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L. Friedman, Daniel E. Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M. Fuentes, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F. Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K. Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G. Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia Macía, Carmen Garcia Ruiz, Abhishek D. Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A. Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J. Gibbings, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B. Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E. Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L. Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M. Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H. Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S. Goligorsky, Aldrin V. Gomes, Ligia C. Gomes, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez Manzano, Rubén Gómez Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalves, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B. Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez Cabo, Rosa Ana González Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Daphne R. Goring, Adrienne M. Gorman, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E. Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T. Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Jean Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun Lin Guan, Kun Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu Guang Guo, Andrea A. Gust, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G. Gutierrez, Ho Shin Gwak, Albert Haas, James E. Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R. Hahn, Andrew J. Halayko, Anne Hamacher Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamai, Andrea Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M. Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T. Handa, John A. Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji Trajkovic, J. Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G. Hawley, Teresa S. Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y. He, Fengtian He, Gu He, Rong Rong He, Xian Hui He, You Wen He, Yu Ying He, Joan K. Heath, Marie Josée Hébert, Robert A. Heinzen, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P. Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K. Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernandez, Sonia Hernández Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P. Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G. Hill, Joseph A. Hill, William D. Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Günter U. Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K. Holz, Yonggeun Hong, David A. Hood, Jeroen JM Hoozemans, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Chin Yuan Hsu, Li Chung Hsu, Dong Hu, Guochang Hu, Hong Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu Chen Hu, Zhuo Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey Lan Huang, Kuo How Huang, Kuo Yang Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei Pang Huang, Yi Ran Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won Ki Huh, Juha J. Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H. Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah NA Hussain, Salik Hussain, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas IS Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan L. Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo, Nancy Y. Ip, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra J. Isakovic, Harry Ischiropoulos, Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, Hiroyuki Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E. Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, Ken ichi Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh Navikas, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I. Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel John Jackson, William T. Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S. Jacques, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo Roberto Jannig, Patric J. Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yongjun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Cheng Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh Kumar Jinwal, Eun Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Daniel E. Johnson, Gail VW Johnson, James D. Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jones, Leo AB Joosten, Joaquin Jordan, Anna Maria Joseph, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U. Jung, Yong Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J. Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O. Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kambas, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis Liaskos, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas Kawula, A. Murat Kaynar, Po Yuan Ke, Zun Ji Ke, John H. Kehrl, Kate E. Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K. Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth KM Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G. Kiang, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L. Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do Hyung Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung Ryong Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D. Kim, Moon Moo Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo Youl Kim, Yong Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C. Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason S. King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A. Kley, Walter T. Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan C. Koch, Christelle Koechlin Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G. Konstantakou, Benjamin T. Kopp, Tamas Korcsmaros, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Nadya V. Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I. Koukourakis, Constantinos Koumenis, Attila L. Kovács, Tibor Kovács, Werner J. Kovacs, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Kramer, Tamara Kravic Stevovic, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, Janos Kriston Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C. Kruer, Rejko Kruger, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Christian Kuhn, Addanki Pratap Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H. Landowski, Darius JR Lane, Jon D. Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R. Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W. Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J. LaVoie, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Helen Ka wai Law, Kelsey B. Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Karine G. Le Roch, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung Hoon Lee, Che Hsin Lee, Erinna F. Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jae Keun Lee, Jongdae Lee, Juhyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung Shik Lee, Patty J. Lee, Sam W. Lee, Seung Jae Lee, Shiow Ju Lee, Stella Y. Lee, Sug Hyung Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Sung Joon Lee, Sunhee Lee, Ying Ray Lee, Yong J. Lee, Young H. Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Sylvain Lefort, Renaud Legouis, Jinzhi Lei, Qun Ying Lei, David A. Leib, Gil Leibowitz, Istvan Lekli, Stéphane D. Lemaire, John J. Lemasters, Marius K. Lemberg, Antoinette Lemoine, Shuilong Leng, Guido Lenz, Paola Lenzi, Lilach O. Lerman, Daniele Lettieri Barbato, Julia I. Ju Leu, Hing Y. Leung, Beth Levine, Patrick A. Lewis, Frank Lezoualc'h, Chi Li, Faqiang Li, Feng Jun Li, Jun Li, Ke Li, Lian Li, Min Li, Qiang Li, Rui Li, Sheng Li, Wei Li, Xiaotao Li, Yumin Li, Jiqin Lian, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yulin Liao, Joana Liberal, Pawel P. Liberski, Pearl Lie, Andrew P. Lieberman, Hyunjung Jade Lim, Kah Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Raquel T. Lima, Chang Shen Lin, Chiou Feng Lin, Fang Lin, Fangming Lin, Fu Cheng Lin, Kui Lin, Kwang Huei Lin, Pei Hui Lin, Tianwei Lin, Wan Wan Lin, Yee Shin Lin, Yong Lin, Rafael Linden, Dan Lindholm, Lisa M. Lindqvist, Paul Lingor, Andreas Linkermann, Lance A. Liotta, Marta M. Lipinski, Vitor A. Lira, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chong Liu, Chun Feng Liu, Fei Liu, Hung Jen Liu, Jianxun Liu, Jing Jing Liu, Jing Lan Liu, Ke Liu, Leyuan Liu, Liang Liu, Quentin Liu, Rong Yu Liu, Shiming Liu, Shuwen Liu, Wei Liu, Xian De Liu, Xiangguo Liu, Xiao Hong Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Xu Liu, Xueqin Liu, Yang Liu, Yule Liu, Zexian Liu, Zhe Liu, Juan P. Liuzzi, Gérard Lizard, Mila Ljujic, Irfan J. Lodhi, Susan E. Logue, Bal L. Lokeshwar, Yun Chau Long, Sagar Lonial, Benjamin Loos, Carlos López Otín, Cristina López Vicario, Mar Lorente, Philip L. Lorenzi, Péter Lõrincz, Marek Los, Michael T. Lotze, Penny E. Lovat, Binfeng Lu, Bo Lu, Jiahong Lu, Qing Lu, She Min Lu, Shuyan Lu, Yingying Lu, Frédéric Luciano, Shirley Luckhart, John Milton Lucocq, Paula Ludovico, Aurelia Lugea, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Julian J. Lum, Anders H. Lund, Honglin Luo, Jia Luo, Shouqing Luo, Claudio Luparello, Timothy Lyons, Jianjie Ma, Yi Ma, Yong Ma, Zhenyi Ma, Juliano Machado, Glaucia M. Machado Santelli, Fernando Macian, Gustavo C. MacIntosh, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, John D. MacMicking, Lee Ann MacMillan Crow, Frank Madeo, Muniswamy Madesh, Julio Madrigal Matute, Akiko Maeda, Tatsuya Maeda, Gustavo Maegawa, Emilia Maellaro, Hannelore Maes, Marta Magariños, Kenneth Maiese, Tapas K. Maiti, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Carl G. Maki, Roland Malli, Walter Malorni, Alina Maloyan, Fathia Mami Chouaib, Na Man, Joseph D. Mancias, Eva Maria Mandelkow, Michael A. Mandell, Angelo A. Manfredi, Serge N. Manié, Claudia Manzoni, Kai Mao, Zixu Mao, Zong Wan Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Anna Maria Marconi, Zvonimir Marelja, Gabriella Marfe, Marta Margeta, Eva Margittai, Muriel Mari, Francesca V. Mariani, Concepcio Marin, Sara Marinelli, Guillermo Mariño, Ivanka Markovic, Rebecca Marquez, MARTELLI, ALBERTO MARIA, Sascha Martens, Katie R. Martin, Seamus J. Martin, Shaun Martin, Miguel A. Martin Acebes, Paloma Martín Sanz, Camille Martinand Mari, Wim Martinet, Jennifer Martinez, Nuria Martinez Lopez, Ubaldo Martinez Outschoorn, Moisés Martínez Velázquez, Marta Martinez Vicente, Waleska Kerllen Martins, Hirosato Mashima, James A. Mastrianni, Giuseppe Matarese, Paola Matarrese, Roberto Mateo, Satoaki Matoba, Naomichi Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsushita, Akira Matsuura, Takeshi Matsuzawa, Mark P. Mattson, Soledad Matus, Norma Maugeri, Caroline Mauvezin, Andreas Mayer, Dusica Maysinger, Guillermo D. Mazzolini, Mary Kate McBrayer, Kimberly McCall, Craig McCormick, Gerald M. McInerney, Skye C. McIver, Sharon McKenna, John J. McMahon, Iain A. McNeish, Fatima Mechta Grigoriou, Jan Paul Medema, Diego L. Medina, Klara Megyeri, Maryam Mehrpour, Jawahar L. Mehta, Yide Mei, Ute Christiane Meier, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Gerry Melino, Sonia Melino, Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo, Maria A. Mena, Marc D. Meneghini, Javier A. Menendez, Regina Menezes, Liesu Meng, Ling hua Meng, Songshu Meng, Rossella Menghini, A. Sue Menko, Rubem FS Menna Barreto, Manoj B. Menon, Marco A. Meraz Ríos, Giuseppe Merla, Luciano Merlini, Angelica M. Merlot, Andreas Meryk, Stefania Meschini, Joel N. Meyer, Man tian Mi, Chao Yu Miao, Lucia Micale, Simon Michaeli, Carine Michiels, FRANCO MIGLIACCIO, ANNA RITA, Anastasia Susie Mihailidou, Dalibor Mijaljica, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Enrico Milan, Leonor Miller Fleming, Gordon B. Mills, Ian G. Mills, Georgia Minakaki, Berge A. Minassian, Xiu Fen Ming, Farida Minibayeva, Elena A. Minina, Justine D. Mintern, Saverio Minucci, Antonio Miranda Vizuete, Claire H. Mitchell, Shigeki Miyamoto, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Katarzyna Mnich, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Luis Ferreira Moita, Marco Molinari, Maurizio Molinari, Andreas Buch Møller, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Marco Mongillo, Martha M. Monick, Serena Montagnaro, Craig Montell, Darren J. Moore, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora Rodriguez, Paula I. Moreira, Etienne Morel, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Sandra Moreno, Michael J. Morgan, Arnaud Moris, Yuji Moriyasu, Janna L. Morrison, Lynda A. Morrison, Eugenia Morselli, Jorge Moscat, Pope L. Moseley, Serge Mostowy, Elisa Motori, Denis Mottet, Jeremy C. Mottram, Charbel E. H. Moussa, Vassiliki E. Mpakou, Hasan Mukhtar, Jean M. Mulcahy Levy, Sylviane Muller, Raquel Muñoz Moreno, Cristina Muñoz Pinedo, Christian Münz, Maureen E. Murphy, James T. Murray, Aditya Murthy, Indira U. Mysorekar, Ivan R. Nabi, Massimo Nabissi, Gustavo A. Nader, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Yoshitaka Nagai, Kazuhiro Nagata, Anika Nagelkerke, Péter Nagy, Samisubbu R. Naidu, Sreejayan Nair, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Gennaro Napolitano, Naweed I. Naqvi, Roberta Nardacci, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Ramesh Natarajan, Luiz C. Navegantes, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Volodymyr Y. Nazarko, Thomas Neill, Luca M. Neri, Mihai G. Netea, Romana T. Netea Maier, Bruno M. Neves, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. Nezis, Hang TT Nguyen, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Anne Sophie Nicot, Hilde Nilsen, Per Nilsson, Mikio Nishimura, Ichizo Nishino, Mireia Niso Santano, Hua Niu, Ralph A. Nixon, Vincent CO Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A. Noegel, Elsie Magdalena Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koenraad K. Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B. O'Donnell, Tracey O'Donovan, Peter J. O'Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L. Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Ogretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J. Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F. Javier Oliver, Karin Ollinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P. Orban, Paulina Ordonez, Idil Orhon, Laszlo Orosz, Eyleen J. O'Rourke, Helena Orozco, Angel L. Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D. Osellame, Junko Oshima, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D. Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing hsiung James Ou, Tiago F. Outeiro, Dong yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A. Ozbun, P. Hande Ozdinler, Bulent Ozpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Pages, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pajak, Stephen C. Pak, Karolina Pakos Zebrucka, Nazzy Pakpour, Zdena Palková, Francesca Palladino, Kathrin Pallauf, Nicolas Pallet, Marta Palmieri, Søren R. Paludan, Camilla Palumbo, Silvia Palumbo, Olatz Pampliega, Hongming Pan, Wei Pan, Theocharis Panaretakis, Aseem Pandey, Areti Pantazopoulou, Zuzana Papackova, Daniela L. Papademetrio, Issidora Papassideri, Alessio Papini, Nirmala Parajuli, Julian Pardo, Vrajesh V. Parekh, Giancarlo Parenti, Jong In Park, Junsoo Park, Ohkmae K. Park, Roy Parker, Rosanna Parlato, Jan B. Parys, Katherine R. Parzych, Jean Max Pasquet, Benoit Pasquier, Kishore BS Pasumarthi, Daniel Patschan, Cam Patterson, Sophie Pattingre, Scott Pattison, Arnim Pause, Hermann Pavenstädt, Flaminia Pavone, Zully Pedrozo, Fernando J. Peña, Miguel A. Peñalva, Mario Pende, Jianxin Peng, Fabio Penna, Josef M. Penninger, Anna Pensalfini, Salvatore Pepe, Gustavo JS Pereira, Paulo C. Pereira, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, María Esther Pérez Pérez, Diego Pérez Rodríguez, Dolores Pérez Sala, Celine Perier, Andras Perl, David H. Perlmutter, Ida Perrotta, Shazib Pervaiz, Maija Pesonen, Jeffrey E. Pessin, Godefridus J. Peters, Morten Petersen, Irina Petrache, Basil J. Petrof, Goran Petrovski, James M. Phang, Mauro Piacentini, Marina Pierdominici, Philippe Pierre, Valérie Pierrefite Carle, Federico Pietrocola, Felipe X. Pimentel Muiños, Mario Pinar, Benjamin Pineda, Ronit Pinkas Kramarski, Marcello Pinti, Paolo Pinton, Bilal Piperdi, James M. Piret, Leonidas C. Platanias, Harald W. Platta, Edward D. Plowey, Stefanie Pöggeler, Marc Poirot, Peter Polčic, Angelo Poletti, Audrey H. Poon, Hana Popelka, Blagovesta Popova, Izabela Poprawa, Shibu M. Poulose, Joanna Poulton, Scott K. Powers, Ted Powers, Mercedes Pozuelo Rubio, Krisna Prak, Reinhild Prange, Mark Prescott, Muriel Priault, Sharon Prince, Richard L. Proia, Tassula Proikas Cezanne, Holger Prokisch, Vasilis J. Promponas, Karin Przyklenk, Rosa Puertollano, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Luigi Puglielli, Aurora Pujol, Julien Puyal, Dohun Pyeon, Xin Qi, Wen bin Qian, Zheng Hong Qin, Yu Qiu, Ziwei Qu, Joe Quadrilatero, Frederick Quinn, Nina Raben, Hannah Rabinowich, Flavia Radogna, Michael J. Ragusa, Mohamed Rahmani, Komal Raina, Sasanka Ramanadham, Rajagopal Ramesh, Abdelhaq Rami, Sarron Randall Demllo, Felix Randow, Hai Rao, V. Ashutosh Rao, Blake B. Rasmussen, Tobias M. Rasse, Edward A. Ratovitski, Pierre Emmanuel Rautou, Swapan K. Ray, Babak Razani, Bruce H. Reed, Fulvio Reggiori, Markus Rehm, Andreas S. Reichert, Theo Rein, David J. Reiner, Eric Reits, Jun Ren, Xingcong Ren, Maurizio Renna, Jane EB Reusch, Jose L. Revuelta, Leticia Reyes, Alireza R. Rezaie, Robert I. Richards, Des R. Richardson, Clémence Richetta, Michael A. Riehle, Bertrand H. Rihn, Yasuko Rikihisa, Brigit E. Riley, Gerald Rimbach, Maria Rita Rippo, Konstantinos Ritis, Federica Rizzi, Elizete Rizzo, Peter J. Roach, Jeffrey Robbins, Michel Roberge, Gabriela Roca, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Sonia Rocha, Cecilia MP Rodrigues, Clara I. Rodríguez, Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba, Natalia Rodriguez Muela, Jeroen Roelofs, Vladimir V. Rogov, Troy T. Rohn, Bärbel Rohrer, Davide Romanelli, Luigina Romani, Patricia Silvia Romano, M. Isabel G. Roncero, Jose Luis Rosa, Alicia Rosello, Kirill V. Rosen, Philip Rosenstiel, Magdalena Rost Roszkowska, Kevin A. Roth, Gael Roué, Mustapha Rouis, Kasper M. Rouschop, Daniel T. Ruan, Diego Ruano, David C. Rubinsztein, Edmund B. Rucker III, Assaf Rudich, Emil Rudolf, Ruediger Rudolf, Markus A. Ruegg, Carmen Ruiz Roldan, Avnika Ashok Ruparelia, Paola Rusmini, David W. Russ, Gian Luigi Russo, Giuseppe Russo, Rossella Russo, Tor Erik Rusten, Victoria Ryabovol, Kevin M. Ryan, Stefan W. Ryter, David M. Sabatini, Michael Sacher, Carsten Sachse, Michael N. Sack, Junichi Sadoshima, Paul Saftig, Ronit Sagi Eisenberg, Sumit Sahni, Pothana Saikumar, Tsunenori Saito, Tatsuya Saitoh, Koichi Sakakura, Machiko Sakoh Nakatogawa, Yasuhito Sakuraba, María Salazar Roa, Paolo Salomoni, Ashok K. Saluja, Paul M. Salvaterra, Rosa Salvioli, Afshin Samali, Anthony MJ Sanchez, José A. Sánchez Alcázar, Ricardo Sanchez Prieto, Marco Sandri, Miguel A. Sanjuan, Stefano Santaguida, Laura Santambrogio, Giorgio Santoni, Claudia Nunes dos Santos, Shweta Saran, Marco Sardiello, Graeme Sargent, Pallabi Sarkar, Sovan Sarkar, Maria Rosa Sarrias, Minnie M. Sarwal, Chihiro Sasakawa, Motoko Sasaki, Miklos Sass, Ken Sato, Miyuki Sato, Joseph Satriano, Niramol Savaraj, Svetlana Saveljeva, Liliana Schaefer, Ulrich E. Schaible, Michael Scharl, Hermann M. Schatzl, Randy Schekman, Wiep Scheper, Alfonso Schiavi, Hyman M. Schipper, Hana Schmeisser, Jens Schmidt, Ingo Schmitz, Bianca E. Schneider, E. Marion Schneider, Jaime L. Schneider, Eric A. Schon, Miriam J. Schönenberger, Axel H. Schönthal, Daniel F. Schorderet, Bernd Schröder, Sebastian Schuck, Ryan J. Schulze, Melanie Schwarten, Thomas L. Schwarz, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Kathleen Scotto, A. Ivana Scovassi, Robert A. Screaton, Mark Screen, Hugo Seca, Simon Sedej, Laura Segatori, Nava Segev, Per O. Seglen, Jose M. Seguí Simarro, Juan Segura Aguilar, Ekihiro Seki, Iban Seiliez, Christian Sell, Clay F. Semenkovich, Gregg L. Semenza, Utpal Sen, Andreas L. Serra, Ana Serrano Puebla, Hiromi Sesaki, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J. Shacka, Ayesha N. Shajahan Haq, Irving M. Shapiro, Shweta Sharma, Hua She, C. K. James Shen, Chiung Chyi Shen, Han Ming Shen, Sanbing Shen, Weili Shen, Rui Sheng, Xianyong Sheng, Zu Hang Sheng, Trevor G. Shepherd, Junyan Shi, Qiang Shi, Qinghua Shi, Yuguang Shi, Shusaku Shibutani, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng Jer Shieh, Chwen Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Dong Wook Shin, Mari L. Shinohara, Michiko Shintani, Takahiro Shintani, Tetsuo Shioi, Ken Shirabe, Ronit Shiri Sverdlov, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C. Shore, Chih Wen Shu, Deepak Shukla, Andriy A. Sibirny, Valentina Sica, Christina J. Sigurdson, Einar M. Sigurdsson, Puran Singh Sijwali, Beata Sikorska, Wilian A. Silveira, Sandrine Silvente Poirot, Gary A. Silverman, Jan Simak, Thomas Simmet, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Matias Simons, Anne Simonsen, Rajat Singh, Shivendra V. Singh, Shrawan K. Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A. Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M. Siu, Efthimios Sivridis, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S. Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R. Smith, Stefaan J. Soenen, Scott A. Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H. Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y. Soo, Anil K. Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R. Soto Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P. Spaink, Paul N. Span, Anne Spang, Janet D. Sparks, Peter G. Speck, Stephen A. Spector, Claudia D. Spies, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Staels, Michael T. Stang, Daniel T. Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W. Steele, Leonidas Stefanis, Joan Steffan, Christine M. Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M. Stepkowski, Stęphan T. Stern, Craig Stevens, Brent R. Stockwell, Veronika Stoka, Zuzana Storchova, Björn Stork, Vassilis Stratoulias, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Pavel Strnad, Anne Marie Strohecker, Anna Lena Ström, Per Stromhaug, Jiri Stulik, Yu Xiong Su, Zhaoliang Su, Carlos S. Subauste, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Carolyn M. Sue, Sang Won Suh, Xinbing Sui, Supawadee Sukseree, David Sulzer, Fang Lin Sun, Jiaren Sun, Jun Sun, Shi Yong Sun, Yang Sun, Yi Sun, Yingjie Sun, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Joseph Sung, Hidekazu Suzuki, Kuninori Suzuki, Naoki Suzuki, Tadashi Suzuki, Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Michele S. Swanson, Charles Swanton, Karl Swärd, Ghanshyam Swarup, Sean T. Sweeney, Paul W. Sylvester, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Eva Szegezdi, Peter W. Szlosarek, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Emmanuel Taillebourg, Stephen WG Tait, Krisztina Takacs Vellai, Yoshinori Takahashi, Szabolcs Takáts, Genzou Takemura, Nagio Takigawa, Nicholas J. Talbot, Elena Tamagno, Jerome Tamburini, Cai Ping Tan, Lan Tan, Mei Lan Tan, Ming Tan, Yee Joo Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A. Tannous, Jose A. Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset Cuevas, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Allen Taylor, Graham S. Taylor, Gregory A. Taylor, J. Paul Taylor, Mark J. Taylor, Elena V. Tchetina, Andrew R. Tee, Fatima Teixeira Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba Bie Teng, Ru Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L. Theiss, Anne E. Theron, Kelly Jean Thomas, Marcos P. Thomé, Paul G. Thomes, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan yun Ting, Vladimir I. Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A. Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Towns, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H. Travassos, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P. Trougakos, Anita C. Truttmann, Kuen Jer Tsai, Mario P. Tschan, Yi Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S. Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A. Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A. Tveita, Suresh C. Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya Shirafuji, Benjamin R. Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N. Uversky, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I. Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M. Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R. van den Brink, F. Gisou van der Goot, Ida J. van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G. van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L. van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela Nieto, M. Helena Vasconcelos, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G. Vavvas, Ignacio Vega Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D. Velentzas, Panagiotis D. Velentzas, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Veras, Mireille Verdier, Beata G. Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D. Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H. Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindis, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T. Vogl, Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E. Voth, Valérie Vouret Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M. Vyas, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J. Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei Qing Wang, Pei Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C. Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao jia Wang, Xiao Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warnes, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E. Full Terms, Conditions of access, use can be found at h.t.t.p.:././.w.w.w. t.a.n.d.f.o.n.l.i.n.e. com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D. Weekes, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C. Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Weis, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M. Weyand, Anthony R. White, Eileen White, J. Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J. Whitworth, Joëlle Wiels, Franziska Wild, Manon E. Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris Williams, Katherine Williams, Peter R. Williamson, Konstanze F. Winklhofer, Steven S. Witkin, Stephanie E. Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J. Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G. William Wong, Richard W. Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A. Woodcock, Karen L. 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Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao Ming Yin, Calvin K. Yip, Yeong Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung Yong Yoon, Ken Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H. Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J. Yu, Jin Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W. Haung Yu, Xiao Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N. Zacks, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S. Zervos, Donna D. Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G. Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J. Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu Feng Zhou, Xu jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E. Zois, Teresa Zoladek, Wei Xing Zong, Antonio Zorzano, Susu M. Zughaier, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Tokyo Medical University, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Partenaires INRAE, University of Toronto, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), University of Colorado [Boulder], Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Vienna [Vienna], Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Georgetown University, Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Cleveland Clinic, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College of London [London] (UCL)-Institute of Neurology, Thérapie génique, Génomique et Epigénomique (U 1169), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Osaka University, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, University of Barcelona, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides (U1162), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), Fondation Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California (USC), Physiopathologie de la survie et de la mort cellulaire et infection virale, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Giannina Gaslini Institute, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Physiopathologie du système nerveux central - Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-IFR8-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Experimental Virology - Department of Medical Microbiology [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam - CINIMA [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive, University of Edinburgh, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University [Istanbul], University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] (USTB), Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Polytechnic University of Marche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Fondation de Recherche Cancer et Sang - Hôpital Kirchberg, China University of Petroleum, Unilever R&D, University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Institute for Advanced Study [Tsinghua], Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Nanayang Technological University (NTU), Nanayang Technological University, Institute of Microelectronics [Beijing] (IMETU), Laboratoire de photonique et de nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], City University of Hong Kong (CityU), Department of Mathematics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang University, University of Cincinnati (UC), Réponses immunes : régulation et développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNV, University of Valparaiso, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery [Jena], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète - U 1011 (RNMCD), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Macrophages et Développement de l’Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire - Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise pré-clinique du médicament (CITHEFOR), Université de Lorraine (UL), This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, including Public Health Service grant GM053396 to D.J.K. Due to space and other limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of financial support., In a rapidly expanding and highly dynamic field such as autophagy, it is possible that some authors who should have been included on this article have been missed. D.J.K. extends his apologies to researchers in the field of autophagy who, due to oversight or any other reason, could not be included on this article. I also note that two of our colleagues on this manuscript have passed away: Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud and Wouter van Doorn., Life Sciences Institute [Ann Arbor, MI, USA], Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS UMR 5200, Université de Bordeaux, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France., Amelio, Ivano [0000-0002-9126-5391], Beale, Rupert [0000-0002-6705-8560], Floto, Andres [0000-0002-2188-5659], Frezza, Christian [0000-0002-3293-7397], Ktistakis, Nicholas [0000-0001-9397-2914], Melino, Gerry [0000-0001-9428-5972], Narita, Masashi [0000-0001-7764-577X], Rubinsztein, David [0000-0001-5002-5263], Underwood, Benjamin [0000-0003-3427-9487], Whitworth, Alex [0000-0002-1154-6629], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Université Catholique de Louvain, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR50-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de Nutrition Humaine - Clermont Auvergne (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Tsinghua University [Beijing], Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète (EGID), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Klionsky, D., Abdelmohsen, K., Abe, A., Abedin, M., Abeliovich, H., Acevedo Arozena, A., Adachi, H., Adams, C., Adams, P., Adeli, K., Adhihetty, P., Adler, S., Agam, G., Agarwal, R., Aghi, M., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguilar, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J., Airoldi, E., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Akematsu, T., Akporiaye, E., Al-Rubeai, M., Albaiceta, G., Albanese, C., Albani, D., Albert, M., Aldudo, J., Algül, H., Alirezaei, M., Alloza, I., Almasan, A., Almonte-Beceril, M., Alnemri, E., Alonso, C., Altan-Bonnet, N., Altieri, D., Alvarez, S., Alvarez-Erviti, L., Alves, S., Amadoro, G., Amano, A., Amantini, C., Ambrosio, S., Amelio, I., Amer, A., Amessou, M., Amon, A., An, Z., Anania, F., Andersen, S., Andley, U., Andreadi, C., Andrieu-Abadie, N., Anel, A., Ann, D., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., Antonioli, M., Aoki, H., Apostolova, N., Aquila, S., Aquilano, K., Araki, K., Arama, E., Aranda, A., Araya, J., Arcaro, A., Arias, E., Arimoto, H., Ariosa, A., Armstrong, J., Arnould, T., Arsov, I., Asanuma, K., Askanas, V., Asselin, E., Atarashi, R., Atherton, S., Atkin, J., Attardi, L., Auberger, P., Auburger, G., Aurelian, L., Autelli, R., Avagliano, L., Avantaggiati, M., Avrahami, L., Awale, S., Azad, N., Bachetti, T., Backer, J., Bae, D., Bae, J., Bae, O., Bae, S., Baehrecke, E., Baek, S., Baghdiguian, S., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Bai, H., Bai, J., Bai, X., Bailly, Y., Balaji, K., Balduini, W., Ballabio, A., Balzan, R., Banerjee, R., Bánhegyi, G., Bao, H., Barbeau, B., Barrachina, M., Barreiro, E., Bartel, B., Bartolomé, A., Bassham, D., Bassi, M., Bast, R., Basu, A., Batista, M., Batoko, H., Battino, M., Bauckman, K., Baumgarner, B., Bayer, K., Beale, R., Beaulieu, J., Beck, G., Becker, C., Beckham, J., Bédard, P., Bednarski, P., Begley, T., Behl, C., Behrends, C., Behrens, G., Behrns, K., Bejarano, E., Belaid, A., Belleudi, F., Bénard, G., Berchem, G., Bergamaschi, D., Bergami, M., Berkhout, B., Berliocchi, L., Bernard, A., Bernard, M., Bernassola, F., Bertolotti, A., Bess, A., Besteiro, S., Bettuzzi, S., Bhalla, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Bhutia, S., Biagosch, C., Bianchi, M., Biard-Piechaczyk, M., Billes, V., Bincoletto, C., Bingol, B., Bird, S., Bitoun, M., Bjedov, I., Blackstone, C., Blanc, L., Blanco, G., Blomhoff, H., Boada-Romero, E., Böckler, S., Boes, M., Boesze-Battaglia, K., Boise, L., Bolino, A., Boman, A., Bonaldo, P., Bordi, M., Bosch, J., Botana, L., Botti, J., Bou, G., Bouché, M., Bouchecareilh, M., Boucher, M., Boulton, M., Bouret, S., Boya, P., Boyer-Guittaut, M., Bozhkov, P., Brady, N., Braga, V., Brancolini, C., Braus, G., Bravo-San Pedro, J., Brennan, L., Bresnick, E., Brest, P., Bridges, D., Bringer, M., Brini, M., Brito, G., Brodin, B., Brookes, P., Brown, E., Brown, K., Broxmeyer, H., Bruhat, A., Brum, P., Brumell, J., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Bryson-Richardson, R., Buch, S., Buchan, A., Budak, H., Bulavin, D., Bultman, S., Bultynck, G., Bumbasirevic, V., Burelle, Y., Burke, R., Burmeister, M., Bütikofer, P., Caberlotto, L., Cadwell, K., Cahova, M., Cai, D., Cai, J., Cai, Q., Calatayud, S., Camougrand, N., Campanella, M., Campbell, G., Campbell, M., Campello, S., Candau, R., Caniggia, I., Cantoni, L., Cao, L., Caplan, A., Caraglia, M., Cardinali, C., Cardoso, S., Carew, J., Carleton, L., Carlin, C., Carloni, S., Carlsson, S., Carmona-Gutierrez, D., Carneiro, L., Carnevali, O., Carra, S., Carrier, A., Carroll, B., Casas, C., Casas, J., Cassinelli, G., Castets, P., Castro-Obregon, S., Cavallini, G., Ceccherini, I., Cecconi, F., Cederbaum, A., Ceña, V., Cenci, S., Cerella, C., Cervia, D., Cetrullo, S., Chaachouay, H., Chae, H., Chagin, A., Chai, C., Chakrabarti, G., Chamilos, G., Chan, E., Chan, M., Chandra, D., Chandra, P., Chang, C., Chang, R., Chang, T., Chatham, J., Chatterjee, S., Chauhan, S., Che, Y., Cheetham, M., Cheluvappa, R., Chen, C., Chen, G., Chen, H., Chen, J., Chen, M., Chen, P., Chen, Q., Chen, S., Chen, W., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Cheng, A., Cheng, C., Cheng, H., Cheong, H., Cherry, S., Chesney, J., Cheung, C., Chevet, E., Chi, H., Chi, S., Chiacchiera, F., Chiang, H., Chiarelli, R., Chiariello, M., Chieppa, M., Chin, L., Chiong, M., Chiu, G., Cho, D., Cho, S., Cho, W., Cho, Y., Choi, A., Choi, E., Choi, J., Choi, M., Choi, S., Chou, T., Chouaib, S., Choubey, D., Choubey, V., Chow, K., Chowdhury, K., Chu, C., Chuang, T., Chun, T., Chung, H., Chung, T., Chung, Y., Chwae, Y., Cianfanelli, V., Ciarcia, R., Ciechomska, I., Ciriolo, M., Cirone, M., Claerhout, S., Clague, M., Clària, J., Clarke, P., Clarke, R., Clementi, E., Cleyrat, C., Cnop, M., Coccia, E., Cocco, T., Codogno, P., Coers, J., Cohen, E., Colecchia, D., Coletto, L., Coll, N., Colucci-Guyon, E., Comincini, S., Condello, M., Cook, K., Coombs, G., Cooper, C., Cooper, J., Coppens, I., Corasaniti, M., Corazzari, M., Corbalan, R., Corcelle-Termeau, E., Cordero, M., Corral-Ramos, C., Corti, O., Cossarizza, A., Costelli, P., Costes, S., Cotman, S., Coto-Montes, A., Cottet, S., Couve, E., Covey, L., Cowart, L., Cox, J., Coxon, F., Coyne, C., Cragg, M., Craven, R., Crepaldi, T., Crespo, J., Criollo, A., Crippa, V., Cruz, M., Cuervo, A., Cuezva, J., Cui, T., Cutillas, P., Czaja, M., Czyzyk-Krzeska, M., Dagda, R., Dahmen, U., Dai, C., Dai, W., Dai, Y., Dalby, K., Dalla Valle, L., Dalmasso, G., D'Amelio, M., Damme, M., Darfeuille-Michaud, A., Dargemont, C., Darley-Usmar, V., Dasarathy, S., Dasgupta, B., Dash, S., Dass, C., Davey, H., Davids, L., Dávila, D., Davis, R., Dawson, T., Dawson, V., Daza, P., de Belleroche, J., de Figueiredo, P., de Figueiredo, R., de la Fuente, J., De Martino, L., De Matteis, A., De Meyer, G., De Milito, A., De Santi, M., de Souza, W., De Tata, V., De Zio, D., Debnath, J., Dechant, R., Decuypere, J., Deegan, S., Dehay, B., Del Bello, B., Del Re, D., Delage-Mourroux, R., Delbridge, L., Deldicque, L., Delorme-Axford, E., Deng, Y., Dengjel, J., Denizot, M., Dent, P., Der, C., Deretic, V., Derrien, B., Deutsch, E., Devarenne, T., Devenish, R., Di Bartolomeo, S., Di Daniele, N., Di Domenico, F., Di Nardo, A., Di Paola, S., Di Pietro, A., Di Renzo, L., Diantonio, A., Díaz-Araya, G., Díaz-Laviada, I., Diaz-Meco, M., Diaz-Nido, J., Dickey, C., Dickson, R., Diederich, M., Digard, P., Dikic, I., Dinesh-Kumar, S., Ding, C., Ding, W., Ding, Z., Dini, L., Distler, J., Diwan, A., Djavaheri-Mergny, M., Dmytruk, K., Dobson, R., Doetsch, V., Dokladny, K., Dokudovskaya, S., Donadelli, M., Dong, X., Dong, Z., Donohue, T., Doran, K., D'Orazi, G., Dorn, G., Dosenko, V., Dridi, S., Drucker, L., Du, J., Du, L., du Toit, A., Dua, P., Duan, L., Duann, P., Dubey, V., Duchen, M., Duchosal, M., Duez, H., Dugail, I., Dumit, V., Duncan, M., Dunlop, E., Dunn, W., Dupont, N., Dupuis, L., Durán, R., Durcan, T., Duvezin-Caubet, S., Duvvuri, U., Eapen, V., Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D., Echard, A., Eckhart, L., Edelstein, C., Edinger, A., Eichinger, L., Eisenberg, T., Eisenberg-Lerner, A., Eissa, N., El-Deiry, W., El-Khoury, V., Elazar, Z., Eldar-Finkelman, H., Elliott, C., Emanuele, E., Emmenegger, U., Engedal, N., Engelbrecht, A., Engelender, S., Enserink, J., Erdmann, R., Erenpreisa, J., Eri, R., Eriksen, J., Erman, A., Escalante, R., Eskelinen, E., Espert, L., Esteban-Martínez, L., Evans, T., Fabri, M., Fabrias, G., Fabrizi, C., Facchiano, A., Færgeman, N., Faggioni, A., Fairlie, W., Fan, C., Fan, D., Fan, J., Fang, S., Fanto, M., Fanzani, A., Farkas, T., Faure, M., Favier, F., Fearnhead, H., Federici, M., Fei, E., Felizardo, T., Feng, H., Feng, Y., Ferguson, T., Fernández, Á., Fernandez-Barrena, M., Fernandez-Checa, J., Fernández-López, A., Fernandez-Zapico, M., Feron, O., Ferraro, E., Ferreira-Halder, C., Fesus, L., Feuer, R., Fiesel, F., Filippi-Chiela, E., Filomeni, G., Fimia, G., Fingert, J., Finkbeiner, S., Finkel, T., Fiorito, F., Fisher, P., Flajolet, M., Flamigni, F., Florey, O., Florio, S., Floto, R., Folini, M., Follo, C., Fon, E., Fornai, F., Fortunato, F., Fraldi, A., Franco, R., Francois, A., François, A., Frankel, L., Fraser, I., Frey, N., Freyssenet, D., Frezza, C., Friedman, S., Frigo, D., Fu, D., Fuentes, J., Fueyo, J., Fujitani, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Fujiya, M., Fukuda, M., Fulda, S., Fusco, C., Gabryel, B., Gaestel, M., Gailly, P., Gajewska, M., Galadari, S., Galili, G., Galindo, I., Galindo, M., Galliciotti, G., Galluzzi, L., Galy, V., Gammoh, N., Gandy, S., Ganesan, A., Ganesan, S., Ganley, I., Gannagé, M., Gao, F., Gao, J., García Nannig, L., García Véscovi, E., Garcia-Macía, M., Garcia-Ruiz, C., Garg, A., Garg, P., Gargini, R., Gassen, N., Gatica, D., Gatti, E., Gavard, J., Gavathiotis, E., Ge, L., Ge, P., Ge, S., Gean, P., Gelmetti, V., Genazzani, A., Geng, J., Genschik, P., Gerner, L., Gestwicki, J., Gewirtz, D., Ghavami, S., Ghigo, E., Ghosh, D., Giammarioli, A., Giampieri, F., Giampietri, C., Giatromanolaki, A., Gibbings, D., Gibellini, L., Gibson, S., Ginet, V., Giordano, A., Giorgini, F., Giovannetti, E., Girardin, S., Gispert, S., Giuliano, S., Gladson, C., Glavic, A., Gleave, M., Godefroy, N., Gogal, R., Gokulan, K., Goldman, G., Goletti, D., Goligorsky, M., Gomes, A., Gomes, L., Gomez, H., Gomez-Manzano, C., Gómez-Sánchez, R., Gonçalves, D., Goncu, E., Gong, Q., Gongora, C., Gonzalez, C., Gonzalez-Alegre, P., Gonzalez-Cabo, P., González-Polo, R., Goping, I., Gorbea, C., Gorbunov, N., Goring, D., Gorman, A., Gorski, S., Goruppi, S., Goto-Yamada, S., Gotor, C., Gottlieb, R., Gozes, I., Gozuacik, D., Graba, Y., Graef, M., Granato, G., Grant, G., Grant, S., Gravina, G., Green, D., Greenhough, A., Greenwood, M., Grimaldi, B., Gros, F., Grose, C., Groulx, J., Gruber, F., Grumati, P., Grune, T., Guan, J., Guan, K., Guerra, B., Guillen, C., Gulshan, K., Gunst, J., Guo, C., Guo, L., Guo, M., Guo, W., Guo, X., Gust, A., Gustafsson, Å., Gutierrez, E., Gutierrez, M., Gwak, H., Haas, A., Haber, J., Hadano, S., Hagedorn, M., Hahn, D., Halayko, A., Hamacher-Brady, A., Hamada, K., Hamai, A., Hamann, A., Hamasaki, M., Hamer, I., Hamid, Q., Hammond, E., Han, F., Han, W., Handa, J., Hanover, J., Hansen, M., Harada, M., Harhaji-Trajkovic, L., Harper, J., Harrath, A., Harris, A., Harris, J., Hasler, U., Hasselblatt, P., Hasui, K., Hawley, R., Hawley, T., He, C., He, F., He, G., He, R., He, X., He, Y., Heath, J., Hébert, M., Heinzen, R., Helgason, G., Hensel, M., Henske, E., Her, C., Herman, P., Hernández, A., Hernandez, C., Hernández-Tiedra, S., Hetz, C., Hiesinger, P., Higaki, K., Hilfiker, S., Hill, B., Hill, J., Hill, W., Hino, K., Hofius, D., Hofman, P., Höglinger, G., Höhfeld, J., Holz, M., Hong, Y., Hood, D., Hoozemans, J., Hoppe, T., Hsu, C., Hsu, L., Hu, D., Hu, G., Hu, H., Hu, M., Hu, Y., Hu, Z., Hua, F., Hua, Y., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huang, K., Huang, S., Huang, W., Huang, Y., Huber, T., Huebbe, P., Huh, W., Hulmi, J., Hur, G., Hurley, J., Husak, Z., Hussain, S., Hwang, J., Hwang, S., Hwang, T., Ichihara, A., Imai, Y., Imbriano, C., Inomata, M., Into, T., Iovane, V., Iovanna, J., Iozzo, R., Ip, N., Irazoqui, J., Iribarren, P., Isaka, Y., Isakovic, A., Ischiropoulos, H., Isenberg, J., Ishaq, M., Ishida, H., Ishii, I., Ishmael, J., Isidoro, C., Isobe, K., Isono, E., Issazadeh-Navikas, S., Itahana, K., Itakura, E., Ivanov, A., Iyer, A., Izquierdo, J., Izumi, Y., Izzo, V., Jäättelä, M., Jaber, N., Jackson, D., Jackson, W., Jacob, T., Jacques, T., Jagannath, C., Jain, A., Jana, N., Jang, B., Jani, A., Janji, B., Jannig, P., Jansson, P., Jean, S., Jendrach, M., Jeon, J., Jessen, N., Jeung, E., Jia, K., Jia, L., Jiang, H., Jiang, L., Jiang, T., Jiang, X., Jiang, Y., Jiménez, A., Jin, C., Jin, H., Jin, L., Jin, M., Jin, S., Jinwal, U., Jo, E., Johansen, T., Johnson, D., Johnson, G., Johnson, J., Jonasch, E., Jones, C., Joosten, L., Jordan, J., Joseph, A., Joseph, B., Joubert, A., Ju, D., Ju, J., Juan, H., Juenemann, K., Juhász, G., Jung, H., Jung, J., Jung, Y., Jungbluth, H., Justice, M., Jutten, B., Kaakoush, N., Kaarniranta, K., Kaasik, A., Kabuta, T., Kaeffer, B., Kågedal, K., Kahana, A., Kajimura, S., Kakhlon, O., Kalia, M., Kalvakolanu, D., Kamada, Y., Kambas, K., Kaminskyy, V., Kampinga, H., Kandouz, M., Kang, C., Kang, R., Kang, T., Kanki, T., Kanneganti, T., Kanno, H., Kanthasamy, A., Kantorow, M., Kaparakis-Liaskos, M., Kapuy, O., Karantza, V., Karim, M., Karmakar, P., Kaser, A., Kaushik, S., Kawula, T., Kaynar, A., Ke, P., Ke, Z., Kehrl, J., Keller, K., Kemper, J., Kenworthy, A., Kepp, O., Kern, A., Kesari, S., Kessel, D., Ketteler, R., Kettelhut, I., Khambu, B., Khan, M., Khandelwal, V., Khare, S., Kiang, J., Kiger, A., Kihara, A., Kim, A., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kim, E., Kim, H., Kim, J., Kim, K., Kim, M., Kim, P., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Kimchi, A., Kimmelman, A., Kimura, T., King, J., Kirkegaard, K., Kirkin, V., Kirshenbaum, L., Kishi, S., Kitajima, Y., Kitamoto, K., Kitaoka, Y., Kitazato, K., Kley, R., Klimecki, W., Klinkenberg, M., Klucken, J., Knævelsrud, H., Knecht, E., Knuppertz, L., Ko, J., Kobayashi, S., Koch, J., Koechlin-Ramonatxo, C., Koenig, U., Koh, Y., Köhler, K., Kohlwein, S., Koike, M., Komatsu, M., Kominami, E., Kong, D., Kong, H., Konstantakou, E., Kopp, B., Korcsmaros, T., Korhonen, L., Korolchuk, V., Koshkina, N., Kou, Y., Koukourakis, M., Koumenis, C., Kovács, A., Kovács, T., Kovacs, W., Koya, D., Kraft, C., Krainc, D., Kramer, H., Kravic-Stevovic, T., Krek, W., Kretz-Remy, C., Krick, R., Krishnamurthy, M., Kriston-Vizi, J., Kroemer, G., Kruer, M., Kruger, R., Ktistakis, N., Kuchitsu, K., Kuhn, C., Kumar, A., Kumar, D., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kundu, M., Kung, H., Kuno, A., Kuo, S., Kuret, J., Kurz, T., Kwok, T., Kwon, T., Kwon, Y., Kyrmizi, I., La Spada, A., Lafont, F., Lahm, T., Lakkaraju, A., Lam, T., Lamark, T., Lancel, S., Landowski, T., Lane, D., Lane, J., Lanzi, C., Lapaquette, P., Lapierre, L., Laporte, J., Laukkarinen, J., Laurie, G., Lavandero, S., Lavie, L., Lavoie, M., Law, B., Law, H., Law, K., Layfield, R., Lazo, P., Le Cam, L., Le Roch, K., Le Stunff, H., Leardkamolkarn, V., Lecuit, M., Lee, B., Lee, C., Lee, E., Lee, G., Lee, H., Lee, J., Lee, M., Lee, P., Lee, S., Lee, Y., Leeuwenburgh, C., Lefort, S., Legouis, R., Lei, J., Lei, Q., Leib, D., Leibowitz, G., Lekli, I., Lemaire, S., Lemasters, J., Lemberg, M., Lemoine, A., Leng, S., Lenz, G., Lenzi, P., Lerman, L., Lettieri Barbato, D., Leu, J., Leung, H., Levine, B., Lewis, P., Lezoualc'H, F., Li, C., Li, F., Li, J., Li, K., Li, L., Li, M., Li, Q., Li, R., Li, S., Li, W., Li, X., Li, Y., Lian, J., Liang, C., Liang, Q., Liao, Y., Liberal, J., Liberski, P., Lie, P., Lieberman, A., Lim, H., Lim, K., Lima, R., Lin, C., Lin, F., Lin, K., Lin, P., Lin, T., Lin, W., Lin, Y., Linden, R., Lindholm, D., Lindqvist, L., Lingor, P., Linkermann, A., Liotta, L., Lipinski, M., Lira, V., Lisanti, M., Liton, P., Liu, B., Liu, C., Liu, F., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, K., Liu, L., Liu, Q., Liu, R., Liu, S., Liu, W., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Liuzzi, J., Lizard, G., Ljujic, M., Lodhi, I., Logue, S., Lokeshwar, B., Long, Y., Lonial, S., Loos, B., López-Otín, C., López-Vicario, C., Lorente, M., Lorenzi, P., Lõrincz, P., Los, M., Lotze, M., Lovat, P., Lu, B., Lu, J., Lu, Q., Lu, S., Lu, Y., Luciano, F., Luckhart, S., Lucocq, J., Ludovico, P., Lugea, A., Lukacs, N., Lum, J., Lund, A., Luo, H., Luo, J., Luo, S., Luparello, C., Lyons, T., Ma, J., Ma, Y., Ma, Z., Machado, J., Machado-Santelli, G., Macian, F., Macintosh, G., Mackeigan, J., Macleod, K., Macmicking, J., MacMillan-Crow, L., Madeo, F., Madesh, M., Madrigal-Matute, J., Maeda, A., Maeda, T., Maegawa, G., Maellaro, E., Maes, H., Magariños, M., Maiese, K., Maiti, T., Maiuri, L., Maiuri, M., Maki, C., Malli, R., Malorni, W., Maloyan, A., Mami-Chouaib, F., Man, N., Mancias, J., Mandelkow, E., Mandell, M., Manfredi, A., Manié, S., Manzoni, C., Mao, K., Mao, Z., Marambaud, 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L, Chen, Wei, Chen, Wei Jung, Chen, Wen Qiang, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Yau Hung, Chen, Ye Guang, Chen, Yin, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongshun, Chen, Yu Jen, Chen, Yue Qin, Chen, Yujie, Chen, Zhen, Chen, Zhong, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher Hk, Cheng, Hua, Cheong, Heesun, Cherry, Sara, Chesney, Jason, Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio, Chevet, Eric, Chi, Hsiang Cheng, Chi, Sung Gil, Chiacchiera, Fulvio, Chiang, Hui Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiariello, Mario, Chieppa, Marcello, Chin, Lih Shen, Chiong, Mario, Chiu, Gigi Nc, Cho, Dong Hyung, Cho, Ssang Goo, Cho, William C, Cho, Yong Yeon, Cho, Young Seok, Choi, Augustine Mk, Choi, Eui Ju, Choi, Eun Kyoung, Choi, Jayoung, Choi, Mary E, Choi, Seung Il, Chou, Tsui Fen, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chow, Kuan Chih, Chowdhury, Kamal, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung Hsien, Chun, Taehoon, Chung, Hyewon, Chung, Taijoon, Chung, Yuen Li, Chwae, Yong Joon, Cianfanelli, Valentina, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciechomska, Iwona A, Ciriolo, Maria Rosa, Cirone, Mara, Claerhout, Sofie, Clague, Michael J, Clària, Joan, Clarke, Peter Gh, Clarke, Robert, Clementi, Emilio, Cleyrat, Cédric, Cnop, Miriam, Coccia, Eliana M, Cocco, Tiziana, Codogno, Patrice, Coers, Jörn, Cohen, Ezra Ew, Colecchia, David, Coletto, Luisa, Coll, Núria S, Colucci Guyon, Emma, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Cook, Katherine L, Coombs, Graham H, Cooper, Cynthia D, Cooper, J. Mark, Coppens, Isabelle, Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana, Corazzari, Marco, Corbalan, Ramon, Corcelle Termeau, Elisabeth, Cordero, Mario D, Corral Ramos, Cristina, Corti, Olga, Cossarizza, Andrea, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Cotman, Susan L, Coto Montes, Ana, Cottet, Sandra, Couve, Eduardo, Covey, Lori R, Cowart, L. 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Tony, El Deiry, Wafik S, El Khoury, Victoria, Elazar, Zvulun, Eldar Finkelman, Hagit, Elliott, Chris Jh, Emanuele, Enzo, Emmenegger, Urban, Engedal, Nikolai, Engelbrecht, Anna Mart, Engelender, Simone, Enserink, Jorrit M, Erdmann, Ralf, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Eri, Rajaraman, Eriksen, Jason L, Erman, Andreja, Escalante, Ricardo, Eskelinen, Eeva Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Esteban Martínez, Lorena, Evans, Thomas J, Fabri, Mario, Fabrias, Gemma, Fabrizi, Cinzia, Facchiano, Antonio, Færgeman, Nils J, Faggioni, Alberto, Fairlie, W. 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Berghe, G, Van Den Bosch, L, van den Brink, Gr, van der Goot, Fg, van der Klei, Ij, van der Laan, Lj, van Doorn, Wg, van Egmond, M, van Golen, Kl, Van Kaer, L, van Lookeren Campagne, M, Vandenabeele, P, Vandenberghe, W, Vanhorebeek, I, Varela Nieto, I, Vasconcelos, Mh, Vasko, R, Vavvas, Dg, Vega Naredo, I, Velasco, G, Velentzas, Ad, Velentzas, Pd, Vellai, T, Vellenga, E, Vendelbo, Mh, Venkatachalam, K, Ventura, N, Ventura, S, Veras, P, Verdier, M, Vertessy, Bg, Viale, A, Vidal, M, Vieira, H, Vierstra, Rd, Vigneswaran, N, Vij, N, Vila, M, Villar, M, Villar, Vh, Villarroya, J, Vindis, C, Viola, G, Viscomi, Mt, Vitale, G, Vogl, Dt, Voitsekhovskaja, Ov, von Haefen, C, von Schwarzenberg, K, Voth, De, Vouret Craviari, V, Vuori, K, Vyas, Jm, Waeber, C, Walker, Cl, Walker, Mj, Walter, J, Wan, L, Wan, X, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, Cy, Wang, D, Wang, F, Wang, G, Wang, Hj, Wang, H, Wang, Hg, Wang, Hd, Wang, J, Wang, M, Wang, Mq, Wang, Py, Wang, P, Wang, Rc, Wang, S, Wang, Tf, Wang, X, Wang, Xj, 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Yang, W, Yang, Wy, Yang, X, Yang, Y, Yang, Z, Yao, Mc, Yao, Pj, Yao, X, Yao, Z, Yasui, L, Ye, M, Yedvobnick, B, Yeganeh, B, Yeh, E, Yeyati, Pl, Yi, F, Yi, L, Yin, Xm, Yip, Ck, Yoo, Ym, Yoo, Yh, Yoon, Sy, Yoshida, Ki, Yoshimori, T, Young, Kh, Yu, H, Yu, Jj, Yu, Jt, Yu, J, Yu, L, Yu, Wh, Yu, Xf, Yu, Z, Yuan, J, Yuan, Zm, Yue, By, Yue, J, Yue, Z, Zacks, Dn, Zacksenhaus, E, Zaffaroni, N, Zaglia, T, Zakeri, Z, Zecchini, V, Zeng, J, Zeng, M, Zeng, Q, Zervos, A, Zhang, Dd, Zhang, F, Zhang, G, Zhang, Gc, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, Jp, Zhang, L, Zhang, My, Zhang, X, Zhang, Xd, Zhang, Y, Zhao, M, Zhao, Wl, Zhao, X, Zhao, Yg, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Yx, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Zj, Zheng, D, Zheng, Xl, Zheng, X, Zhivotovsky, B, Zhong, Q, Zhou, Gz, Zhou, G, Zhou, H, Zhou, Sf, Zhou, Xj, Zhu, H, Zhu, Wg, Zhu, W, Zhu, Xf, Zhu, Y, Zhuang, Sm, Zhuang, X, Ziparo, E, Zois, Ce, Zoladek, T, Zong, Wx, Zorzano, A, Zughaier, Sm, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Other departments, CCA -Cancer Center Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Radiotherapy, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Medical Biochemistry, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Cell Biology and Histology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Daniel J Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M Adam, Peter D Adam, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J Adhihetty, Sharon G Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostini, Patricia V Aguilar, Julio Aguirre-Ghiso, Edoardo M Airoldi, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T Akporiaye, Mohamed Al-Rubeai, Guillermo M Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte-Beceril, Emad S Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Dario C Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez- Erviti, Sandro Alve, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A Anania, Stig U Andersen, Usha P Andley, Catherine K Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu- Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Aria, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R Ariosa, Jane L Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askana, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S Atherton, Julie D Atkin, Laura D Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M Backer, Dong- Hun Bae, Jae-sung Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H Baehrecke, Seung-Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue-Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L Baumgarner, K Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean-François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J David Beckham, Pierre-André Bédard, Patrick J Bednarski, Thomas J Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrend, Georg MN Behren, Kevin E Behrn, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S Be, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Viktor Bille, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada-Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boe, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia, Lawrence H Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie- Josée Boucher, Michael E Boulton, Sebastien G Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer-Guittaut, Peter V Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H Brau, José M Bravo-San Pedro, Lisa A Brennan, Emery H Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridge, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S Brooke, Eric J Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Robert J Bryson-Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V Bulavin, Scott J Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S Carew, Laura A Carleton, Cathleen R Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R Carlsson, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casa, Josefina Casa, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castet, Susana Castro-Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, Silvia Cetrullo, Hassan Chaachouay, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei S Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilo, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih-Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun-Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W Chen, Jian-Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang- Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S-L Chen, Wei Chen, Wei-Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau-Hung Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu- Jen Chen, Yue-Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung-Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui-Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih-Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong-Hyung Cho, Ssang-Goo Cho, William C Cho, Yong-Yeon Cho, Young-Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui-Ju Choi, Eun-Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E Choi, Seung-Il Choi, Tsui-Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan-Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T Chu, Tsung-Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Yong-Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coer, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S Coll, Emma Colucci-Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L Cook, Graham H Coomb, Cynthia D Cooper, J Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppen, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau, Mario D Cordero, Cristina Corral-Ramo, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Coste, Susan L Cotman, Ana Coto-Monte, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R Covey, L Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S Cox, Fraser P Coxon, Carolyn B Coyne, Mark S Cragg, Rolf J Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R Cutilla, Mark J Czaja, Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska, Ruben K Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M Darley-Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R Da, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M David, David Dávila, Roger J Davi, Ted M Dawson, Valina L Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Mattei, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P Del Re, Régis Delage-Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P Devarenne, Rodney J Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz-Araya, Ines Díaz-Laviada, Maria T Diaz-Meco, Javier Diaz-Nido, Chad A Dickey, Robert C Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P Dinesh-Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M Donohue Jr, Kelly S Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li-Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R Duchen, Michel A Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I Dumit, Mara C Duncan, Elaine A Dunlop, William A Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupui, Raúl V Durán, Thomas M Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L Edelstein, Aimee L Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg-Lerner, N Tony Eissa, Wafik S El-Deiry, Victoria El-Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar-Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna-Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva- Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban-Martínez, Thomas J Evan, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabria, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farka, Mathias Faure, Francois B Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A Ferguson, Álvaro F Fernández, Maite G Fernandez-Barrena, Jose C Fernandez-Checa, Arsenio Fernández-López, Martin E Fernandez-Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder, Laszlo Fesu, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C Fiesel, Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B Fisher, Marc Flajolet, Flavio Flamigni, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francoi, Aurélie Françoi, Lisa B Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L Friedman, Daniel E Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M Fuente, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen-Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian-Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia-Macía, Carmen Garcia- Ruiz, Abhishek D Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathioti, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po-Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E Gestwicki, David A Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J Gibbing, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S Goligorsky, Aldrin V Gome, Ligia C Gome, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalve, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo, Rosa Ana González-Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V Gorbunov, Daphne R Goring, Adrienne M Gorman, Sharon M Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto- Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A Gottlieb, Illana Goze, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gro, Charles Grose, Jean-Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun-Lin Guan, Kun-Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu-Guang Guo, Andrea A Gust, Åsa B Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G Gutierrez, Ho-Shin Gwak, Albert Haa, James E Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R Hahn, 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L Semenza, Utpal Sen, Andreas L Serra, Ana Serrano-Puebla, Hiromi Sesaki, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J Shacka, Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq, Irving M Shapiro, Shweta Sharma, Hua She, C-K James Shen, Chiung-Chyi Shen, Han-Ming Shen, Sanbing Shen, Weili Shen, Rui Sheng, Xianyong Sheng, Zu-Hang Sheng, Trevor G Shepherd, Junyan Shi, Qiang Shi, Qinghua Shi, Yuguang Shi, Shusaku Shibutani, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng- Jer Shieh, Chwen-Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Dong Wook Shin, Mari L Shinohara, Michiko Shintani, Takahiro Shintani, Tetsuo Shioi, Ken Shirabe, Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C Shore, Chih-Wen Shu, Deepak Shukla, Andriy A Sibirny, Valentina Sica, Christina J Sigurdson, Einar M Sigurdsson, Puran Singh Sijwali, Beata Sikorska, Wilian A Silveira, Sandrine Silvente-Poirot, Gary A Silverman, Jan Simak, Thomas Simmet, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans-Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Matias Simon, Anne Simonsen, Rajat Singh, Shivendra V Singh, Shrawan K Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M Siu, Efthimios Sivridi, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R Smith, Stefaan J Soenen, Scott A Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju-Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y Soo, Anil K Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R Soto-Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P Spaink, Paul N Span, Anne Spang, Janet D Spark, Peter G Speck, Stephen A Spector, Claudia D Spie, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Stael, Michael T Stang, Daniel T Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W Steele, Leonidas Stefani, Joan Steffan, Christine M Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M Stepkowski, Stęphan T Stern, Craig Steven, Brent R Stockwell, Veronika Stoka, Zuzana Storchova, Björn Stork, Vassilis Stratoulia, Dimitrios J Stravopodi, Pavel Strnad, Anne Marie Strohecker, Anna- Lena Ström, Per Stromhaug, Jiri Stulik, Yu-Xiong Su, Zhaoliang Su, Carlos S Subauste, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Carolyn M Sue, Sang Won Suh, Xinbing Sui, Supawadee Sukseree, David Sulzer, Fang-Lin Sun, Jiaren Sun, Jun Sun, Shi-Yong Sun, Yang Sun, Yi Sun, Yingjie Sun, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Joseph Sung, Hidekazu Suzuki, Kuninori Suzuki, Naoki Suzuki, Tadashi Suzuki, Yuichiro J Suzuki, Michele S Swanson, Charles Swanton, Karl Swärd, Ghanshyam Swarup, Sean T Sweeney, Paul W Sylvester, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Eva Szegezdi, Peter W Szlosarek, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Emmanuel Taillebourg, Stephen WG Tait, Krisztina Takacs-Vellai, Yoshinori Takahashi, Szabolcs Takát, Genzou Takemura, Nagio Takigawa, Nicholas J Talbot, Elena Tamagno, Jerome Tamburini, Cai-Ping Tan, Lan Tan, Mei Lan Tan, Ming Tan, Yee-Joo Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A Tannou, Jose A Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset-Cueva, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernaraki, Allen Taylor, Graham S Taylor, Gregory A Taylor, J Paul Taylor, Mark J Taylor, Elena V Tchetina, Andrew R Tee, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba-Bie Teng, Ru-Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L Thei, Anne E Theron, Kelly Jean Thoma, Marcos P Thomé, Paul G Thome, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan-yun Ting, Vladimir I Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Town, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H Travasso, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P Trougako, Anita C Truttmann, Kuen-Jer Tsai, Mario P Tschan, Yi-Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing-Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A Tveita, Suresh C Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Benjamin R Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N Uversky, Néstor L Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R van den Brink, F Gisou van der Goot, Ida J van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela-Nieto, M Helena Vasconcelo, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G Vavva, Ignacio Vega- Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D Velentza, Panagiotis D Velentza, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Vera, Mireille Verdier, Beata G Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindi, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T Vogl, Olga V Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E Voth, Valérie Vouret-Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M Vya, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao-Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai-jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong-Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng-Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei-Qing Wang, Pei-Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting-Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao-jia Wang, Xiao-Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying-Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi-Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warne, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D Weeke, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Wei, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M Weyand, Anthony R White, Eileen White, J Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J Whitworth, Joëlle Wiel, Franziska Wild, Manon E Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris William, Katherine William, Peter R Williamson, Konstanze F Winklhofer, Steven S Witkin, Stephanie E Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G William Wong, Richard W Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A Woodcock, Karen L Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J Xavier, Gui-Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan-Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi-Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun-Sheng Yang, Jin-Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei-Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng-Chao Yao, Pamela J Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S Yeh, Patricia L Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao-Ming Yin, Calvin K Yip, Yeong-Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung-Yong Yoon, Ken-Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J Yu, Jin-Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W Haung Yu, Xiao-Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi-Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N Zack, Eldad Zacksenhau, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S Zervo, Donna D Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo-Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing-pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming-Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei-Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu-xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi-Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang-Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu-Feng Zhou, Xu-jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei- Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao-Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi-Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E Zoi, Teresa Zoladek, Wei-Xing Zong, and Antonio Zorzano & Susu M Zughaier
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], autophagosome, Review Article, ddc:616.07, stress, stre, LC3, MESH: Animals, Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate, Settore BIO/06 - Anatomia Comparata E Citologia, chaperone-mediated autophagy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Settore BIO/11, Pharmacology. Therapy, Settore BIO/13, standards [Biological Assay], autolysosome, MESH: Autophagy*/physiology, lysosome, methods [Biological Assay], Biological Assay, Settore BIO/17 - ISTOLOGIA, Erratum, Human, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Settore BIO/06, physiology [Autophagy], Chaperonemediated autophagy, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, NO, autophagy, guidelines, molecular biology, ultrastructure, flux, macroautophagy, phagophore, vacuole, MESH: Biological Assay/methods, MESH: Computer Simulation, ddc:570, Autolysosome, Autophagosome, Chaperonemediated autophagy, Flux, LC3, Lysosome, Macroautophagy, Phagophore, Stress, Vacuole, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, Settore BIO/10, ddc:612, Biology, MESH: Humans, Animal, 0601 Biochemistry And Cell Biology, MESH: Biological Assay/standards, Human medicine
Abstract: Seuls les 100 premiers auteurs dont les auteurs INRA ont été entrés dans la notice. La liste complète des auteurs et de leurs affiliations est accessible sur la publication.; International audience; In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Published: 2016

48. A detailed protocol for subcellular RNA sequencing (subRNA-seq)

Author: L. Stirling Churchman and Andreas Mayer
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genetics, Sequence Analysis, RNA, genetic processes, Intracellular Space, RNA, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, RNA-binding protein, Computational biology, Biology, Non-coding RNA, Long non-coding RNA, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, RNA silencing, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, natural sciences, Small nucleolar RNA, Molecular Biology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Small nuclear RNA
Abstract: In eukaryotic cells, RNAs at various maturation and processing levels are distributed across cellular compartments. The standard approach to determine transcript abundance and identity in vivo is RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq relies on RNA isolation from whole-cell lysates and thus mainly captures fully processed, stable, and more abundant cytoplasmic RNAs over nascent, unstable, and nuclear RNAs. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol for subcellular RNA-seq (subRNA-seq). subRNA-seq allows the quantitative measurement of RNA polymerase II-generated RNAs from the chromatin, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm of mammalian cells. This approach relies on cell fractionation prior to RNA isolation and sequencing library preparation. High-throughput sequencing of the subcellular RNAs can then be used to reveal the identity, abundance, and subcellular distribution of transcripts, thus providing insights into RNA processing and maturation. Deep sequencing of the chromatin-associated RNAs further offers the opportunity to study nascent RNAs. Subcellular RNA-seq libraries are obtained within 5 days. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Published: 2017

49. BET Bromodomain Proteins Function as Master Transcription Elongation Factors Independent of CDK9 Recruitment

Author: Dennis L. Buckley, Michelle A. Kelliher, Sarah Vittori, Shiva Dastjerdi, Charles Y. Lin, Justine E. Roderick, Georg E. Winter, Joshiawa Paulk, Justin M. Roberts, Christopher J. Ott, Nathanael S. Gray, Thomas G. Scott, Andreas Mayer, Michael A. Erb, Jaime M. Reyes, Calla M. Olson, Rhamy Zeid, L. Stirling Churchman, Kate C. Lachance, Amanda Souza, Sophie Bauer, James E. Bradner, and Julia di Iulio
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Time Factors, Transcription Elongation, Genetic, RNA polymerase II, Cell Cycle Proteins, Mice, SCID, Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma, Jurkat Cells, 0302 clinical medicine, Transcription (biology), Mice, Inbred NOD, P-TEFb, Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic, Protein Stability, Nuclear Proteins, hemic and immune systems, Cell biology, DNA-Binding Proteins, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, RNA Polymerase II, BRD4, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Antineoplastic Agents, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Transfection, DNA-binding protein, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Humans, Enhancer, Molecular Biology, Transcription factor, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Cell Biology, HCT116 Cells, Molecular biology, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Bromodomain, 030104 developmental biology, HEK293 Cells, Multiprotein Complexes, Proteolysis, biology.protein, Peptide Hydrolases, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Processive elongation of RNA Polymerase II from a proximal promoter paused state is a rate-limiting event in human gene control. A small number of regulatory factors influence transcription elongation on a global scale. Prior research using small-molecule BET bromodomain inhibitors, such as JQ1, linked BRD4 to context-specific elongation at a limited number of genes associated with massive enhancer regions. Here, the mechanistic characterization of an optimized chemical degrader of BET bromodomain proteins, dBET6, led to the unexpected identification of BET proteins as master regulators of global transcription elongation. In contrast to the selective effect of bromodomain inhibition on transcription, BET degradation prompts a collapse of global elongation that phenocopies CDK9 inhibition. Notably, BRD4 loss does not directly affect CDK9 localization. These studies, performed in translational models of T cell leukemia, establish a mechanism-based rationale for the development of BET bromodomain degradation as cancer therapy.
Published: 2017

50. Population dynamics of immune repertoires

Author: Jonathan Desponds, Andreas Mayer, Thierry Mora, and Aleksandra M. Walczak
Subjects: FOS: Biological sciences, Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE), Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract: The evolution of the adaptive immune system is characterized by changes in the relative abundances of the B and T-cell clones that make up its repertoires. To fully capture this evolution, we need to describe the complex dynamics of the response to pathogenic and self-antigenic stimulations, as well as the statistics of novel lymphocyte receptors introduced throughout life. Recent experiments, ranging from high-throughput immune repertoire sequencing to quantification of the response to specific antigens, can help us characterize the effective dynamics of the immune response. Here we describe mathematical models informed by experiments that lead to a picture of clonal competition in a highly stochastic context. We discuss how different types of competition, noise and selection shape the observed clone-size distributions, and contrast them with predictions of a neutral theory of clonal evolution. These mathematical models show that memory and effector immune repertoire evolution is far from neutral, and is driven by the history of the pathogenic environment, while naive repertoire dynamics are consistent with neutral theory and competition in a fixed antigenic environment. Lastly, we investigate the effect of long-term clonal selection on repertoire aging.
Published: 2017

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